816:
December 1984 to May 1985 turned up a continued variety of problems, failing 22 of 163 contract requirements, and 22 serious failures in operational readiness. Contrary to the Army's earlier reports, OT&E Director Jack Krings said the tests showed, "the SGT YORK was not operationally effective in adequately protecting friendly forces during simulated combat, even though its inherent capabilities provided improvement over the current Vulcan gun system. The SGT YORK was not operationally suitable because of its low availability during the tests." They measured the availability of the system at 33%, as opposed to the required 90%.
759:
jumped for cover. Technicians worked on the problem, and the system was restarted. This time it started shooting toward the target, but fired into the ground 300 metres (980 ft) in front of the tank. In spite of several attempts to get it working properly, the vehicle never successfully engaged the sample targets. A Ford manager claimed that the problems were due to the vehicle being washed for the demonstration and fouling the electronics. In a report on the test, Easterbrook jokingly wondered if it ever rained in central Europe.
696:. Like the General Dynamics entry, it also mounted a complete optical sighting and ranging system. The radar was a modified AN/APG-68 with an AN/APG-66 transmitter. Some critics claim that Ford's use of the 40 mm Bofors appears to have been a business decision, not a technical one. While the 35 mm round was already a widely accepted NATO standard and was technically well respected, Ford had a marketing agreement with
51:
672:' entry also mounted twin Oerlikon KDA cannons, but mounted them side by side in a new aluminum turret, as opposed to either side of the turret as in the Gepard. They could be fired in either the automatic or semiautomatic mode, and their combined rate of fire was 1,100 rounds per minute from a 600-round magazine. The radar and fire control systems were derived from their
755:(ECCM) suite could be defeated by only minor jamming. The used guns taken from U.S. Army stock were in twisted condition due to careless warehousing. Perhaps the most surprising problem was that the 30-year-old M48 chassis with the new 20-ton turret meant the vehicle had trouble keeping pace with the newer M1 and M2, the vehicles it was meant to protect.
487:
567:
604:
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been able to operate in a degraded manner a further 2% of the time and have had an 8% inoperable rate." He later stated that the "gun still had problems with software and electronic countermeasures, but my sensing was that it was certainly no worse than many weapon systems at this period in their gestation".
762:
In
February 1984 the Defense Department sent a "cure-notice" censuring Ford Aerospace for numerous "totally unacceptable" delays in the program. In March 1984 the Army took delivery, six months late, of the first production model for testing. One of the early models was reported to have locked onto a
742:
After the 29-month Phase One trial, Ford's entry was selected as the winner of the DIVADs contest on 7 May 1981, and given a fixed-price $ 6.97 billion development and initial production contract for deliveries at various rates. The system was officially named M247 Sergeant York when the contract was
437:
cannon, the M113 chassis, and an all-optical fire control system with a simple lead-computing gunsight. Suitable for "snap shots" against nearby targets, the VADS system was equipped only with a small ranging radar for the gunsight, its firing range being too small to justify a larger tracking radar.
819:
On 27 August 1985, Weinberger killed the project after about 50 vehicles had been produced. He said, "the tests demonstrated that while there are marginal improvements that can be made in the York gun, they are not worth the additional cost-so we will not invest any more funds in the system." Noting
774:
Nevertheless, the program's manager within the Army was cautiously positive. Major
General Maloney said, "The DIVAD battery-eight systems plus one spare-activated 1 November 1984, at Fort Bliss to prepare for tests, has been demonstrating 90% reliability for full systems capability. The systems have
730:
in June 1980. On schedule, both companies delivered their prototypes to the North McGregor Test
Facility and head-to-head testing began. The shoot-off was delayed for two months "because the prototypes which arrived at Fort Bliss test range were too technically immature." In the DT/OT II test series
713:
However, the Bofors 40 mm L/70 cannon also had worldwide popularity and had become NATO standard back in the mid-1950s. In addition, FACC had developed a proximity-sensing round for the 40 mm, which increased probability of a kill, and the shell carried either a greater explosive charge or
708:
Immediately the lobbying began. Ford had a marketing agreement with ... Bofors, a maker of 40-mm but not 35-mm cannons; while Ford could have switched to a 35-mm weapon for DIVAD, the potential profits from a 40-mm weapon were higher. Department of
Defense lawyers, the Army pleading to Congress, had
594:
tank chassis, provided by the Army, which were held in large quantities in surplus depots. DIVAD called for the gun to acquire a target and start firing within five seconds (later extended to eight) of it becoming visible or coming into its 3,000 m range, and had to have a 50% chance of hitting
798:
ordered a $ 54 million series of battlefield-condition tests. Congress authorized production money to keep the program alive through a test-fix-test cycle but with a caveat; the funds would be released only if
Weinberger certified that the gun "meets or exceeds the performance specifications of its
747:
fire on high-angle targets, the barrels projected into the radar's line of sight and further confused the system. Additionally, the reaction time was far too slow; against hovering helicopters it was 10 to 11 seconds, but against high-speed targets it was from 11 to 19, far too long to take a shot.
746:
Ford's prototype vehicle started demonstrating problems almost immediately. The main concerns had to do with the tracking radar, which demonstrated considerable problems with ground clutter. In testing, it was unable to distinguish between helicopters and trees. When the guns were pointed upward to
534:
The Vulcan could react quickly enough to the fleeting targets, but its 20 mm gun had an effective range of only about 1,200 metres (1,300 yd), far shorter than the 3,000 to 5,000 metres (3,300 to 5,500 yd) range of the 9K114. While the
Chaparral had enough range to engage the "Hind",
530:
or radio-command missiles meant the total engagement time was kept to a minimum, as there was little or no "lock-on" time required; the operator simply fired as soon as they were clear of the terrain, and then adjusted the missile's flight path onto the target while it flew. Against these aircraft,
425:
chassis, along with detection and tracking radars. Mauler featured a completely automatic fire control system, with the operators simply selecting targets and pressing "OK". It would be able to respond to low-flying high-speed targets at any angle out to a range of about five miles. However, Mauler
687:
cannons, twin-mounted in the center of the turret in a fashion similar to the
General Dynamics entry. The relatively large and boxy turret also mounted separate long-range search and short-range tracking radars on top. The radars were mounted on booms to give them a clear view of the sky, and both
582:
and holding it throughout a conflict. In keeping with this, the Army had previously placed relatively low priority on anti-aircraft weapons. This gave them time to mature through testing and shakedowns. In the case of DIVADs the threat was considered so serious and rapidly developing that the Army
815:
The OT&E concluded that the gun could perform the mission as originally specified, but the tests also showed that the system had considerable reliability problems, many as the result of trying to adapt a radar system developed for aircraft to the ground role. Initial production tests run from
811:
by having it find a man standing alone in the middle of an empty parking lot, covered with steaks. The system now tracked the drone, and after firing a lengthy burst of shells the drone was knocked off target. As it flew out of control, the range safety officer had it destroyed by remote control.
783:
In spite of the bad press and development problems, the Army continued to press for the system's deployment as they had no other system in the pipeline to replace it. To add to the problems, another generation of Soviet helicopter and missile designs was pushing their envelope out to 6,000 metres
758:
In
February 1982 the prototype was demonstrated for a group of US and British officers at Fort Bliss, along with members of Congress and other VIPs. When the computer was activated, it immediately started aiming the guns at the review stands, causing several minor injuries as members of the group
574:
For all of these reasons, the Army developed the "Advanced Radar-directed Gun Air
Defense System" (ARGADS) requirement for a new weapon system combining the reaction speed of the Vulcan with the range of the Chaparral, and placing them on a chassis that could keep up with the new tanks in combat.
449:
missile with a more heavily modified version of the M113 chassis. The
Chaparral's AIM-9D missiles were capable of tail-chase launches only, but offered ranges up to five miles (8.0 km). Also using an all-optical firing system, the Chaparral nevertheless required the operator to "settle" the
586:
Colonel Russell Parker testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee in March 1977 that "We expect this somewhat unorthodox approach to permit a much reduced development time, thus resulting in an earliest fielding date, albeit with higher but acceptable risks... the manufacturer will be
750:
The RAM-D (reliability, availability, maintainability and durability) tests ran from November 1981 to February 1982, demonstrating a wide range of operation concerns. The turret proved to have too slow a traverse to track fast moving targets, and had serious problems operating in cold weather,
535:
its lengthy lock-on period meant the Hind would have hit its target and hidden behind terrain again before the Sidewinder would reach it. Additionally, the older Sidewinder missiles used on the Chaparral homed in on exhaust, and had limited capability against helicopters faced head-on.
399:. While capable for the era it was designed in, by the time it reached widespread service in the late 1950s it was clear that it was ineffective against high-speed jet-powered targets. The Duster was completely removed from service by 1963, only to be re-introduced briefly during the
709:
advised that specifying the caliber ... would be 'anti-competitive' and could lead to lawsuits—'the most ludicrous excuse I've ever heard' a high-ranking Pentagon official... When the final DIVAD requirements were issued they called for a gun 'in the 30-mm to 40-mm range'.
426:
proved to be beyond the state-of-the-art and ran into intractable problems during development. Realizing it was not going to enter service any time soon, it was downgraded to a technology demonstration program in 1963, and eventually canceled outright in 1965.
802:
The results were abysmal. When the gun proved unable to hit drones moving even in a straight line, the tests were relaxed to hovering targets. The radar proved unable to lock even to this target, as the return was too small. The testers then started adding
587:
required by the fixed price warranty provisions, to correct deficiencies." It was claimed that this would cut up to five years from the development cycle, although it would require problems to be found in service and fixed on the operational vehicles.
525:
Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, attack helicopters had the ability to loiter near the front behind cover and pick their targets. They would then "pop up", launch a missile, and return to cover as soon as the missile hit its target. Using fast-reacting
625:
in the anti-aircraft role. The gun could be fired at 3,000 rounds per minute for anti-aircraft use, or 180 rounds per minute for use against ground targets, fed from a 1,464-round magazine. The aluminium turret was topped by two radars and an
465:
At one point the Army started to become concerned about developments in sensor technologies that would allow attacks by fixed-wing aircraft at night or in bad weather. They developed a requirement for a weapon system able to operate using
676:
system, with the tracking radar mounted on the front of the turret, beside the guns, and the search radar on top. The turret also included independently stabilized optical sights and a laser range finder for manual engagements.
799:
contract." The tests were monitored by the Pentagon's new Director, Operational Test and Evaluation Office (DOT&E), mandated by Congress in 1983 to serve as an independent watchdog. The tests were carried out late in 1984.
546:
vehicles, which had dramatically improved cross-country performance. The M113-based Vulcan and Chaparral could not keep up with them on the advance, which would leave the new vehicles open to attack in a fast moving front.
832:, an adaptation of the M2 with Stinger missiles. Although far less capable than the ADATS missile, the Linebacker is able to keep up with mobile heavy forces. The Linebacker has been retired from active service, while the
714:
higher deadweight mass than the smaller anti-aircraft platforms. These factors would be important in the primary scenario for which the DIVAD was to be deployed, that being the large-theater land operations vs the
1407:
429:
Still lacking an effective anti-aircraft system, the Army started development of two stop-gap systems that were meant to operate in concert as the "Chaparral-Vulcan Air Defense System". The
1412:
807:
to the drone to address this "problem", eventually having to add four. Easterbrook, still covering the ongoing debacle, described this as being similar to demonstrating the abilities of a
538:
The limited effectiveness of the Vulcan/Chaparral was not the only problem the US Army was facing in the late 1970s. At the time they were also in the process of introducing the new
366:
technologies that were intended to allow rapid and low-cost development, a series of technical problems and massive cost overruns resulted in the cancelation of the project in 1985.
558:
batteries would fly low, directly into the Shilka's envelope. Several aircraft were lost or damaged. The Shilka proved that a modern SPAAG was effective against modern aircraft.
812:
This was interpreted by the press as an attempt to "fake" the results, describing it as "sophomoric deceits". From that point on, every test success was written off as faked.
450:
missiles on the target for a period of time to allow them to lock on, limiting its ability to deal with quickly moving targets. Both vehicles were optionally supported by the
478:
was able to carry out only limited operations in bad weather, and the Soviets had a considerably less capable force in this regard. The idea gained little traction and died.
414:
proposed as the basis for a new SPAAG. Although the gun was extremely powerful, at some point in the late 1950s the Army decided that all gun-based systems were out of date.
1422:
820:
that canceling the project did not imply a lack of need, he started the process of studying a missile-based system to fill the same niche. This led to the Oerlikon Canada
743:
awarded. The decision was controversial, as the General Dynamics entry had "outscored" the Ford design consistently in testing, nineteen "kills" to nine by most accounts.
771:, who broke this aspect of the story, received a conference call in which Ford officials asked him to describe the target as a 'building fan' or 'exhaust fan' instead."
847:
where its namesake hailed from, one is in the Wahner E. Brooks Historical Exhibit at the U.S. Army Yuma Proving Grounds, AZ, another is located at the AAF Museum in
595:
a target with a 30-round burst. In addition to all-weather capability, it also needed to have optical aiming capabilities, including a FLIR and laser rangefinder.
888:
607:
General Dynamics entered the XM246 into the DIVAD project. The large round object on the front of the turret is the targeting radar, the search radar is on top.
726:
On 13 January 1978, General Dynamics and Ford were given development contracts for one prototype each, the XM246 and XM247 respectively, to be delivered to
1417:
590:
Colonel Parker unveiled the DIVAD plan to 49 industry representatives on 18 May 1977. The DIVAD's requirement demanded that the entrants be based on the
1378:
840:
56:
1362:
1317:
451:
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latrine fan, mistaking its return for a moving target of low-priority. Reporting on the incident in another article on the vehicle's woes,
554:"Shilka" SPAAG, which was cause for some concern after it appeared in the Middle East. Israeli pilots attempting to avoid fire from Syrian
825:
792:
752:
583:
decided to skip the traditional development period and try to go straight into production by using a number of "off-the-shelf" parts.
1392:
1220:
1058:
856:
1118:
391:. When the M24 and vehicles on the same chassis were retired, the turrets were taken from the M19s, modified and mounted onto the
688:
had the ability to be folded down to reduce the vehicle's height during travel. The tracking radar was a modified version of the
293:
879:
Laser Guided Bomb, is severely criticised for its lack of success in testing, despite the long and expensive efforts put forth.
907:
684:
384:
380:
309:
237:
68:
852:
829:
651:
422:
654:. Most of the turret remained the same as the original Gepard, including the twin 35 mm Oerlikon KDA cannons, but used
644:. It included a single search/track radar adapted from the earlier FAAR, although they later suggested an improved system.
784:(6,600 yd), rendering DIVADs ineffective at long range. In response, the Army announced it would consider adding the
839:
Most of the production Sergeants York ended up as targets on air force bombing ranges. However, one is on display at the
821:
627:
860:
575:
They also worked in the earlier FLIR/laser requirement. The system was later renamed "Division Air Defense" (DIVAD).
474:
in order to counter these threats. However, the rest of the military establishment disapproved of the idea; even the
903:
618:
1302:
Rudolph Penner, "Army Air Defense for Forward Areas: Strategies and Costs", U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986
502:
improved to the point where they became a major threat to armoured operations. The U.S. led the field with their
462:. The pair of weapons was, at best, a nuisance to the enemy and had limited performance against modern aircraft.
1075:
363:
28:
1093:
DIVAD Hearings, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Tactical Warfare of the Senate Committee on Armed Services
1265:
258:
186:
693:
617:
entered a system based on their older Vigilante gun, modified to fire the 35 mm round from the
851:, one at the Fort Snelling Military Museum in Minneapolis, MN (now closed), and one located at the
641:
527:
1159:
964:
659:
507:
392:
166:
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1346:
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340:
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446:
442:
348:
1247:
1062:
804:
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fire-control computer. Raytheon demonstrated that the turret, although designed for the
1387:
Philip Trewhitt, "Armoured Fighting Vehicles", Prospero Books, 1999 (second edition?).
911:
785:
680:
407:
297:
91:
50:
1401:
1017:
1001:
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844:
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637:
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At the time, most U.S. military policy was based on the US Air Force quickly gaining
418:
356:
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848:
673:
515:
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206:
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614:
411:
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systems of limited performance that had been introduced when the more advanced
808:
732:
727:
591:
543:
510:, demonstrating this powerful combination in combat in the Vietnam War's 1972
503:
495:
459:
434:
396:
328:
313:
301:
196:
522:(called the "Hind" by NATO) in the 1970s offered the USSR a level of parity.
1171:
989:
736:
663:
539:
519:
514:. The Soviets initially lagged behind the U.S., but the introduction of the
455:
430:
421:
missile system. Mauler mounted a nine-missile magazine on top of an adapted
344:
332:
324:
824:
system, which suffered problems of its own and entered service only in the
788:
to the DIVAD system, leading to even more cries about its ineffectiveness.
647:
551:
336:
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tank, it replaced the Patton's turret with a new one that featured twin
876:
486:
176:
767:
reported that "Michael Duffy, a reporter for the industry publication
697:
689:
17:
791:
As Washington became increasingly fed up with the DIVAD's problems,
1074:
It did not fare much better against fixed-wing targets either, see
1213:"New Weapons, Old Politics: America's Military Procurement Muddle"
602:
566:
565:
485:
379:
The first effective SPAAG in U.S. Army service was the all-manual
305:
636:
entered a version with a small turret mounting their 30 mm
622:
603:
555:
467:
650:
proposed using the turret from the Dutch version of the German
417:
The next proposed replacement for the Duster was the ambitious
1125:, US Army Armor Center, Fort Knox, July/August 1996, pp 15–20
570:
A M247 in Nevada. The twin barrels are side-on to the camera.
277:
836:
HMMWV-based Stinger-equipped systems have been downsized.
704:
later commented on the politicized nature of the contest.
531:
the Vulcan/Chaparral combination was effectively useless.
1408:
Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the United States
920:
Earlier Soviet equivalent that also never entered service
875:", where it, along with other Army projects, such as the
1139:
John Adam, "The Sergeant York Gun: A Massive Misfire",
1012:
1010:
406:
The first proposed replacement for the Duster was the
323:
The Sergeant York was intended to fight alongside the
312:
rapid-fire guns. The vehicle was named after Sergeant
871:
The M247 Sergeant York was referenced in the movie "
666:, could be mounted on the M48 with some adaptation.
1248:"The DIVAD Procurement: A Weapon System Case Study"
1040:"40-mm DIVISION AIR DEFENSE GUN: DIVAD (Sgt. York)"
611:Several companies responded to the DIVADs contest.
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264:
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1215:, Brookings Institution Press, 1989, pp. 102–104,
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550:Finally, the Soviets were widely introducing the
441:VADS was intended to operate in concert with the
1413:Abandoned military projects of the United States
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
410:, which referred to the six-barreled 37 mm
751:including numerous hydraulic leaks. The simple
387:guns based on the same chassis as used for the
130:7.67 m (25 ft 2 in) gun forward
889:List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces
494:During the late 1960s the combination of the
8:
1106:"The Yom Kippur War 1973: The Golan Heights"
1082:, US Army, September/October 1976, pg. 59–60
132:6.42 m (21 ft 1 in) hull only
27:"M247" redirects here. For the highway, see
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
739:helicopters and twenty-one smaller drones.
38:
1423:Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s
1242:
1240:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1091:Statements by General Louis Wagner, Jr.,
828:. The niche was eventually filled by the
454:(FAAR), but this system was towed by the
1056:"TOW System History: Project Management"
1333:Gregg Easterbrook, "York, York, York",
1312:
1310:
1308:
1135:
1133:
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929:
1207:
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1199:
1034:
1032:
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841:Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Park
57:Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Park
1379:Air Defense Artillery April–June 2005
452:AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar
7:
403:when its replacement never arrived.
55:An M247 Sergeant York on display at
445:missile system, which combined the
292:DIVAD (Division Air Defense) was a
1418:Tracked armoured fighting vehicles
1117:Asher Sharoni and Lawrence Bacon,
1104:Simon Dunstan and Howard Gerrard,
1095:, 98th Congress, 2nd Session, 1984
753:electronic counter-countermeasures
395:light tank chassis to produce the
335:, in a role similar to the Soviet
25:
1316:Bruce van Voost and Amy Wilentz,
1119:"Forward Area Air-Ground Defense"
1108:, Osprey Publishing, 2003, pg. 25
990:"The Red Queen and the Vigilante"
1318:"No More Time for Sergeant York"
1002:"General Dynamics MIM-46 Mauler"
300:in the late 1970s. Based on the
294:self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
49:
1264:Biddle, Wayne (23 March 1994).
458:and could not be used near the
381:M19 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage
248:Continental AVDS-1790-2D diesel
69:Self-propelled antiaircraft gun
36:Self-propelled antiaircraft gun
853:Arkansas National Guard Museum
683:'s entry was based around the
423:M113 Armored Personnel Carrier
345:M163 Vulcan Air Defense System
216:Maximum firing range
1:
1172:"The Red Queen and Vigilante"
1076:"Chaparral Air Defence Tests"
1189:Gregg Easterbrook, "DIVAD",
1363:"Gunning for Sergeant York"
1266:"Censuring an Arms Builder"
1232:Jane's Armour and Artillery
861:North Little Rock, Arkansas
1439:
1160:"M247 Sergeant York DIVAD"
656:Hollandse Signaalapparaten
383:, which consisted of twin
359:missile failed to mature.
26:
1193:, October 1982, pp. 29–39
1080:With Our Comrades in Arms
630:system, all from Sperry.
272:500 km (310 mi)
223:
171:0.96 kg (projectile)
160:
75:Place of origin
48:
362:Despite the use of many
29:M-247 (Michigan highway)
1061:7 November 2010 at the
1046:, March 2002, pp. 15–22
1018:"Ford MIM-72 Chaparral"
621:series, widely used in
343:. It would replace the
1347:"No time for Sergeant"
1291:The Washington Monthly
1254:, August 1988, pp. 3–9
1246:Major Michael Ditton,
925:References & notes
690:Westinghouse AN/APG-66
608:
571:
491:
296:(SPAAG), developed by
207:Rate of fire
606:
569:
490:A cutaway of the M247
489:
385:40 mm L60 Bofors
1234:, Volume 11, pg. 544
980:, globalsecurity.org
965:"M247 Sergeant York"
793:Secretary of Defense
694:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1289:Gregg Easterbrook,
731:they shot down two
642:A-10 Thunderbolt II
43:M247 Sergeant York
1337:, 30 December 1985
1324:, 9 September 1985
1270:The New York Times
1211:Thomas McNaugher,
1170:Anthony Williams,
1065:, Redstone Arsenal
765:Washington Monthly
660:Oerlikon Contraves
609:
572:
500:anti-tank missiles
492:
393:M41 Walker Bulldog
290:M247 Sergeant York
83:Production history
967:. Military-Today.
906:that also uses a
796:Caspar Weinberger
702:Gregg Easterbrook
685:Bofors 40 mm L/70
652:Flakpanzer Gepard
472:laser rangefinder
341:Flakpanzer Gepard
286:
285:
240:(with 580 rounds)
238:Bofors 40 mm L/70
16:(Redirected from
1430:
1381:
1376:
1370:
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1354:
1353:, September 1985
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1338:
1335:The New Republic
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1191:Atlantic Monthly
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1053:
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1038:Irene Willhite,
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1021:
1016:Andreas Parsch,
1014:
1005:
1000:Andreas Parsch,
998:
992:
987:
981:
975:
969:
968:
961:
918:ZSU-37-2 Yenisei
805:radar reflectors
670:General Dynamics
640:cannon from the
634:General Electric
512:Easter Offensive
447:AIM-9 Sidewinder
443:MIM-72 Chaparral
408:Sperry Vigilante
349:MIM-72 Chaparral
279:
53:
44:
39:
21:
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1297:
1293:, November 1984
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978:"M42 Duster"
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310:Bofors 40 mm
289:
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219:12.5 km
59:, Tennessee.
33:
908:40mm Bofors
779:Cancelation
722:Development
716:Warsaw Pact
615:Sperry Rand
528:wire-guided
504:TOW missile
460:front lines
412:Gatling gun
401:Vietnam War
389:M24 Chaffee
339:and German
318:World War I
316:, a famous
266:Operational
259:Torsion bar
191:−5° to +85°
1402:Categories
1351:The Nation
914:ammunition
901:CV9040 AAV
809:bloodhound
733:F-86 Sabre
728:Fort Bliss
592:M48 Patton
544:M2 Bradley
496:helicopter
435:M61 Vulcan
397:M42 Duster
347:SPAAG and
329:M2 Bradley
314:Alvin York
308:-directed
302:M48 Patton
255:Suspension
1275:16 August
895:Non-NATO:
737:UH-1 Huey
692:from the
664:Leopard 1
540:M1 Abrams
520:Mil Mi-24
456:Gama Goat
431:M163 VADS
351:missile,
333:U.S. Army
325:M1 Abrams
187:Elevation
101:1977–1985
1059:Archived
883:See also
648:Raytheon
599:Entrants
552:ZSU-23-4
337:ZSU-23-4
232:armament
197:Traverse
122:54.4 ton
106:Produced
98:Designed
88:Designer
877:Paveway
506:on the
370:History
331:in the
211:600 rpm
177:Caliber
1391:
1219:
1020:, 2002
1004:, 2002
698:Bofors
470:and a
353:ad hoc
320:hero.
250:750 hp
245:Engine
145:Height
140:3.63 m
127:Length
1123:Armor
910:with
822:ADATS
562:DIVAD
306:radar
268:range
167:Shell
137:Width
18:DIVAD
1389:ISBN
1367:Time
1322:Time
1277:2018
1217:ISBN
623:NATO
556:SA-6
542:and
498:and
468:FLIR
327:and
288:The
236:2 ×
230:Main
201:360°
153:Crew
148:3.42
119:Mass
65:Type
904:APC
855:at
843:in
628:IFF
1404::
1365:,
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1307:^
1268:.
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863:.
859:,
718:.
109:50
1279:.
156:3
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
