194:, the rate of fire is primarily a mechanical property. A high cyclic firing rate is advantageous for use against targets that are exposed to a machine gun for a limited time span, like aircraft or targets that minimize their exposure time by quickly moving from cover to cover. For targets that can be fired on by a machine gun for longer periods than just a few seconds the cyclic firing rate becomes less important.
32:
179:. This is because the crew operating in the open can move more freely and can stack ammunition where it is most convenient. Inside a vehicle, ammunition storage may not be optimized for fast handling due to other design constraints, and crew movement may be constricted. Artillery rates of fire were increased in the late 19th century by innovations including
426:
guns can sustain fire far longer than ground-based counterparts, firing close to their cyclic rate of fire. However, due to the weight of the ammunition, sustained fire is constrained by ammunition payload, as many aircraft cannons only carry enough ammunition for a few seconds' worth of firing; for
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is capable of firing up to 6,000 rpm. Realistically, firing the weapon for a continuous sixty seconds would likely melt parts of the weapon. Sustained rate-of-fire depends on several factors, including reloading, aiming, barrel changes, cartridge fired, and user expertise. Knowing the effective rate
201:, the rate of fire is primarily governed by the ability of the operator to actively pull the trigger and, for aimed fire, the operator's shot-to-shot recovery time. No other factors significantly contribute to the rate of fire. Generally, a semi-automatic firearm automatically chambers a round using
336:
Rapid or sustained rate of fire may be considered a weapon's absolute maximum firing rate. The term sustained refers to firing a fully-automatic weapon continuously, while rapid is limited to semi-automatic or manually operated firearms. Rapid and sustained fire are usually reserved for close-range
139:
There are three different measurements for the rate of fire: cyclic, sustained, and rapid. Cyclic is the maximum rate of fire given only mechanical function, not taking into account degradation of function due to heat, wear, or ammunition constraints. Sustained is the maximum efficient rate of fire
135:
can fire or launch its projectiles. This can be influenced by several factors, including operator training level, mechanical limitations, ammunition availability, and weapon condition. In modern weaponry, it is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min) or rounds per second (RPS or
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of fire for a weapon can be useful for determining ammunition reserve and resupply requirements. Machine guns are typically fired in short bursts to preserve ammunition and barrel life, reserving long strings of fire for emergencies. Sustained rate-of-fire also applies to box magazine fed
362:
around the barrel to cool the weapon. A modern machine gun team will carry at least one spare barrel for their weapon, which can be swapped out within a few seconds by a trained crew. Problems with overheating can range from ammunition firing unintentionally
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carries a similar amount at 480 rounds, which equates to roughly five seconds of firing at the M61 Vulcan's 6000 rpm (100 rounds per second) cyclic rate. (Some aircraft, due to the purpose of the design, do carry more, such as the
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design, which saw service both on the air and ground during World War I and World War II. Due to their disadvantages, water-cooled weapons have gradually been replaced by much lighter air-cooled weapons. For weapons mounted on
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The major limitation in higher rates of fire arises due to the problem of heat. Even a manually operated rifle generates heat as rounds are fired. A machine gun builds up heat so rapidly that steps must be taken to prevent
205:
energy, but does not fire the new round until the trigger is released to a reset point and actively pulled again. A semi-automatic's rate of fire is significantly different from and should not be confused with a
140:
given the time taken to load the weapon and keep it cool enough to operate. Finally, rapid is the maximum reasonable rate of fire in an emergency when the rate of fire need not be upheld for long periods.
341:. Such scenarios trade control, ammunition, and even aiming for sheer volume of fire. These fire rates push weapons and soldiers to their physical limits and cannot be sustained for long periods.
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This measures how quickly an automatic or semi-automatic firearm can fire a single cartridge. At the end of a cycle, the weapon should be ready to fire or begin firing another round. In an
451:
who have to carry a reasonable supply of ammunition with them. For this and other reasons, weapons with such high rates of fire are typically only found on vehicles or fixed emplacements.
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weapon, this starts with pulling the trigger to release the bolt. The bolt pushes a cartridge into the barrel from a magazine and fires it. The energy propelling the bullet also
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Water-cooled weapons can achieve very high effective rates of fire (approaching their cyclic rate) but are very heavy and vulnerable to damage. A well-known example is the
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than much larger units equipped with older weapons. Over the 20th century, this increased firepower was due almost entirely to the higher rate of fire of modern weapons.
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pieces, the rate of fire is governed primarily by the training of the operator or crew, within some mechanical limitations. Rate of fire may also be affected by
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418:, no cooling device is necessary due to the outside air cooling the weapon as the aircraft is moving. Consequently, aircraft-mounted machine guns,
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This is the duration of firing that a weapon could be expected to realistically withstand or output in a realistic environment. On paper, the
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275:. After the bolt is stopped by either the spring or the rear of the receiver, it is pushed forward to either fire again or catch on the
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pieces, a gun on a towed mount can usually achieve a higher rate of fire than the same weapon mounted within the cramped confines of a
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would use approximately 6.3 kilograms (14 lb) of 7.62 mm ammunition; this alone would make it an impractical weapon for
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There are diverse measurements of rate of fire. The speed of the fire will vary depending on the type of automatic weapon.
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Another factor influencing rate of fire is the supply of ammunition. At 50 rps (3,000 rpm), a five-second burst from an
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mounted on the A-10 Thunderbolt, which carries 1,150 rounds of ammunition sufficient for 17 seconds of firing).
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heavier so that they heat up more slowly, making barrels rapidly replaceable by the crews, or using
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ended in 1918. Its performance was improved during that time mainly by advances in the field of
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and other combat vehicles can achieve rates of fire of over 100 rounds per second (6,000 rpm).
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heavy machine gun, which is still in service, as well as many adaptions, such as the
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For a third hybrid class of weapons, common in handguns and rifles, known as a
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feature that 'downgrades' them to semi-automatic mode by changing a switch.
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factors. For rifles, ease-of-use features such as the design of the bolt or
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machine gun, used by US forces throughout World War II, as well as the
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324:, although these weapons rarely expend ammunition at the same rate as
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unit armed with modern rifles and machine guns can generate more
405:. Another legendarily reliable heavy machine gun is the British
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Over time, weapons have attained higher rates of fire. A small
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and its variants carry 511 rounds of 20mm ammunition, and the
25:
19:"Firing rate" redirects here. For firing rate in neurons, see
481:"United States of America 0.50"/90 (12.7 mm) M2 Browning MG"
279:. Typical cyclic rates of fire are 600–1100 rpm for
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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386:. It became the basis of the much more common
232:An example of increase in rate of fire is the
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236:that was developed in 1884 and used until
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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148:For manually operated weapons such as
210:'s rate of fire. Many full-automatic
164:release can affect the rate of fire.
131:is the frequency at which a specific
7:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
14:
30:
41:needs additional citations for
271:the bolt rearward against the
190:For automatic weapons such as
1:
2689:Firearms by country
2604:Civilian Marksmanship Program
382:and used by US forces during
401:aircraft machine gun during
337:defense against ambushes or
2860:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
2758:Campaign Against Arms Trade
354:. Solutions include making
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2814:High-capacity magazine ban
1940:Mean time between failures
372:M1917 Browning machine gun
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291:, and 600–1,500 rpm for
2844:by U.S. state
2254:Overpressure ammunition
2189:Improved Military Rifle
1895:Circular error probable
814:Personal defence weapon
461:Multiple-barrel firearm
332:Sustained or rapid rate
2538:Civilian gun ownership
2067:Firing (Shooting)
199:semi-automatic firearm
2012:Handgun effectiveness
1945:Minute of Angle (MOA)
1821:Ballistic coefficient
797:Semi-automatic pistol
345:Technical limitations
322:semi-automatic rifles
2629:in the United States
2287:Armour piercing
1848:Rangefinding/keeping
1760:Push/Controlled feed
1552:Synchronization gear
1287:Blank-firing adapter
1138: or famous
299:Miniguns mounted on
50:improve this article
2721:Privately made
2684:Firearm brands
2570:State firearms
2550:Exhibition shooting
2533:Celebratory gunfire
2392:Plastic tipped
2322:High explosive
1843:Physics of firearms
407:Vickers machine gun
283:, 400–1400 rpm for
2819:Right to bear arms
2765:Featureless rifles
2711:Improvised firearm
2672:3D printed firearm
2560:United States
2455:Fully powered
2362:Total metal jacket
2002:Stock measurements
725:Underwater firearm
621: versus
339:human wave attacks
326:light machine guns
301:attack helicopters
177:self-propelled gun
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608:Types of firearms
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411:Maxim machine gun
376:heavy machine gun
234:Maxim machine gun
185:quick-firing guns
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1982:Precision-guided
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1364:Flash suppressor
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1900:Effective range
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1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:Combat shotgun
1051:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
981:
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978:
977:
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965:
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948:
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921:
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865:
860:
854:
848:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
823:
822:
821:
819:Submachine gun
816:
809:Pistol caliber
806:
805:
804:
794:
793:
792:
782:
777:
772:
767:
766:
765:
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
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697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
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612:
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581:
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566:
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527:
525:
524:
517:
510:
502:
494:
493:
471:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
456:
453:
388:Browning M1919
346:
343:
333:
330:
318:assault rifles
308:
307:Effective rate
305:
281:assault rifles
257:
254:
249:
246:
216:selective fire
208:full-automatic
181:breech-loading
145:
142:
124:
123:
65:"Rate of fire"
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2911:
2900:
2897:
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2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Most-produced
2714:
2712:
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2700:
2697:
2696:
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2197:
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2128:
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2110:
2107:
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2100:
2097:
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2080:
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2068:
2065:
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2047:
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2039:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
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1941:
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1918:
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1911:
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1791:
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1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
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1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Muzzleloading
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Breechloading
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1679:
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1528:
1525:
1521:
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1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Muzzle shroud
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:Stripper clip
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:High-capacity
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
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1350:
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1337:
1335:
1332:
1328:
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1323:
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1300:
1298:
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1278:
1275:
1271:
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1231:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Mauser rifles
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:Shotgun shell
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
986:
982:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Anti-materiel
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
832:
829:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:
732:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
620:
617:
616:
613:
609:
604:
600:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
503:
500:
482:
476:
473:
466:
462:
459:
458:
454:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
438:GAU-8 Avenger
434:
430:
427:example, the
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:John Browning
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
360:water jackets
357:
353:
344:
342:
340:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:recoil spring
270:
266:
263:
255:
253:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
195:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
141:
137:
134:
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:December 2007
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2736:Arms control
2616:Gun violence
2583:Jungle style
2582:
2555:Gun cultures
2460:Intermediate
2137:Fire forming
1987:Rate of fire
1986:
1858:Stadiametric
1836:Transitional
1780:Self-loading
1735:Gas-operated
1695:Blow-forward
1627:Red dot
1537:Squeeze bore
1485:Pistol slide
1470:Muzzle brake
1438:Bottom metal
985:Machine guns
643:Line thrower
623:muzzleloader
619:Breechloader
486:December 19,
484:. Retrieved
475:
445:M134 Minigun
442:
424:Gatling-type
403:World War II
378:designed by
369:
348:
335:
310:
293:machine guns
259:
256:Cyclic rate
251:
231:
220:
196:
192:machine guns
189:
166:
147:
138:
129:Rate of fire
128:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2850:Legislation
2802:in the U.S.
2753:Disarmament
2748:Gun control
2445:Handloading
2232:Dummy round
2104:Cooking off
2099:Malfunction
2087:Field strip
2082:Maintenance
1972:Penetration
1935:Match grade
1853:Mathematics
1785:Single-shot
1725:Closed bolt
1639:Scope mount
1602:Holographic
1592:Finderscope
1480:Pistol grip
1458:Speedloader
1312:Telescoping
1292:Breechblock
1165:Gatling gun
1064:Pump action
705:Single-shot
628:Combination
433:F-22 Raptor
429:F-16 Falcon
395:.50 caliber
392:Browning M2
352:overheating
248:Measurement
238:World War I
150:bolt-action
2889:Ammunition
2883:Categories
2654:Gun safety
2649:Gunfighter
2440:Centrefire
2422:Cartridges
2402:Snake shot
2342:Round shot
2332:Projectile
2317:Incendiary
2215:Ammunition
2174:Propellant
2142:Obturation
2114:Squib load
2042:ammunition
1880:Accurizing
1816:Ballistics
1730:Electronic
1649:Telescopic
1500:Recoil pad
1359:Firing pin
1334:Bump stock
1297:Breechface
1238:Components
1230:components
1083:Ammunition
831:Wallet gun
775:Pepper-box
720:Spring-gun
715:Smoothbore
710:Sleeve gun
467:References
420:autocannon
212:small arms
152:rifles or
136:round/s).
76:newspapers
2899:Frequency
2694:Gun shops
2644:Forensics
2619:and
2565:Gun shows
2307:Frangible
2297:Expanding
2249:Gas check
2244:Flechette
2227:Cannelure
2152:Gunpowder
2109:Hang fire
2077:Firefight
1930:Lock time
1920:Headspace
1885:Bore axis
1770:Repeating
1720:Open bolt
1634:Magnifier
1520:Auto sear
1426:Wheellock
1421:Flintlock
1399:Half-cock
1354:Extractor
1255:Feed ramp
1185:Tommy Gun
1175:M1 Garand
1110:.410 bore
1074:Sawed-off
1049:Coach gun
963:Repeating
956:Polygonal
880:Automatic
863:Anti-tank
748:Derringer
638:Flare gun
262:open bolt
227:firepower
169:artillery
158:ergonomic
154:artillery
2855:Politics
2775:Gun laws
2706:Gunsmith
2594:Politics
2513:industry
2435:Caseless
2237:Snap cap
2130:Ignition
2121:Ricochet
2062:Dry fire
2038:Shooting
1965:Velocity
1831:Terminal
1826:External
1790:Slamfire
1775:Revolver
1690:Blowback
1557:Tapering
1532:Silencer
1495:Receiver
1433:Magazine
1389:Foregrip
1379:Freebore
1349:Cylinder
1307:Rotating
1270:Trunnion
1136:Historic
1027:Shotguns
946:Marksman
924:Elephant
826:Starting
785:Revolver
753:Duelling
743:Cane gun
735:Handguns
695:Riot gun
663:Takedown
648:Long gun
633:Elephant
537:glossary
529:Firearms
455:See also
449:infantry
416:aircraft
365:cook-off
223:infantry
203:blowback
162:magazine
144:Overview
2842: (
2809:License
2577:Hunting
2525:Society
2505:Society
2482:Wildcat
2477:Pinfire
2407:Spitzer
2337:Raufoss
2279:Bullets
2269:Wadding
2184:Cordite
2162:Rimfire
2092:Fouling
2072:Gunshot
2050:Gunshot
1890:Caliber
1873:Metrics
1804:Physics
1705:Boxlock
1678:Actions
1664:Zeroing
1659:Thermal
1617:Reticle
1587:Diopter
1562:Trigger
1409:Striker
1384:Forearm
1369:Fluting
1339:Chamber
1327:Tilting
1317:Flapper
1277:Bayonet
1265:Threads
1029: (
951:Rifling
939:Varmint
929:Express
919:Buffalo
914:Hunting
897:Carbine
868:Assault
843: (
770:Machine
690:Pen gun
685:Net gun
680:Needler
672: (
653:Carbine
574:History
557:Firearm
531: (
356:barrels
242:cooling
214:have a
90:scholar
2639:Deaths
2621:safety
2509:safety
2387:Meplat
2367:Tracer
2194:Ramrod
2147:Primer
1992:Recoil
1955:Energy
1950:Muzzle
1622:Reflex
1579:Sights
1527:Shroud
1510:Safety
1404:Linear
1394:Hammer
1322:Roller
1250:Barrel
1003:Medium
968:Sniper
909:Double
885:Battle
841:Rifles
780:Pocket
758:Pistol
700:Rotary
658:Musket
589:Weapon
579:Safety
541:topics
539:, and
399:Ho-103
269:pushes
133:weapon
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2472:Paper
2430:Blank
2397:ABCBC
2382:Minié
2327:HEIAP
2312:Green
2264:Sabot
1997:Group
1905:Gauge
1740:Lever
1715:Break
1612:Laser
1597:Globe
1567:guard
1547:Stock
1542:Choke
1210:Glock
1205:M1911
1190:MP 40
1150:AR-15
1145:AK-47
1008:Heavy
998:Light
562:lists
97:JSTOR
83:books
2840:Laws
2744:Arms
2699:list
2677:list
2517:laws
2465:list
2347:SLAP
2292:Cast
2040:and
1960:Rise
1755:Pump
1700:Bolt
1644:Tang
1607:Iron
1515:Sear
1448:Drum
1443:Clip
1416:Lock
1302:Bolt
1282:Belt
1260:Slug
1122:Slug
1117:Shot
1069:Riot
1031:list
973:list
934:Punt
902:list
890:list
873:list
845:list
802:list
790:list
763:list
674:list
533:list
488:2012
374:, a
320:and
313:M134
297:M134
287:and
277:sear
183:and
173:tank
167:For
69:news
2412:VLD
2259:PCA
1505:Rim
1195:Uzi
1155:M16
1013:SAW
584:War
569:Gun
422:or
384:WWI
175:or
52:by
2885::
2511:,
2507:,
535:,
328:.
295:.
244:.
187:.
2846:)
1033:)
847:)
676:)
543:)
521:e
514:t
507:v
490:.
363:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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