586:
689:
760:
721:
654:
217:
609:) in Pakistan, Shehzad et al. (2012) identified a total of 18 prey taxa using DNA barcoding on faeces. Eight distinct bird taxa were reported, while previous studies based on conventional methods did not identify any bird species in the leopard cat diet. Another example is the use of DNA barcoding to identify soft remains of prey in the stomach contents of predators e.g.
33:
578:, DNA barcoding of ingested plants can be a crucial tool giving an accurate picture of food utilization. Additionally, the fine resolution in plant identification obtained with DNA barcoding allows researchers to understand change in diet composition over time and variability among individuals, as observed in the
393:
of consumed species. Indeed, when compared to traditional morphological analysis, DNA barcoding enables a more reliable separation of closely related taxa reducing the observed bias. Moreover, DNA barcoding enables to detect soft and highly digested items, not recognisable through morphological
479:
recovered to estimate the abundance of prey species in diet contents (e.g. gut, faeces). For example, if the wolf ate more moose than wild boar, there should be more moose DNA in their gut, and thus, more moose sequences are recovered. Despite the evidence for general correlations between the
601:. Diet assessment through DNA barcoding of faeces can have a greater efficiency in prey species detection compared to traditional diet analysis, which mostly rely upon the morphological identification of undigested hard remains in the faeces. Estimating the vertebrate diet diversity of the
417:
contents, with on average 90% of DNA-sequences being identified to genus or species level in comparison to 75% of plant fragments recognised with macroscopy. Morevoer, another empirically tested advantage of metabarcoding compared to traditional time-consuming methods, involves higher cost
463:
Despite the improvement of diet assessment via DNA barcoding, secondary consumption (prey of the prey, parasites, etc.) still represents a confounding factor. In fact, some secondary prey may result in the analysis as primary prey items, introducing a
582:(Rupicapra rupicapra). Between October and November, by analyzing the faeces composition via DNA barcoding, the alpine chamois showed a shift in diet preferences. Also, different diet categories were observed amongst individuals within each month.
1868:
Shehzad W, Riaz T, Nawaz MA, Miquel C, Poillot C, Shah SA, Pompanon F, Coissac E, Taberlet P (April 2012). "Carnivore diet analysis based on next-generation sequencing: application to the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in
Pakistan".
2399:
MĂ©heust E, Alfonsi E, Le MĂ©nec P, Hassani S, Jung JL (2014-11-19). "DNA barcoding for the identification of soft remains of prey in the stomach contents of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)".
2164:
Kowalczyk R, Taberlet P, Coissac E, Valentini A, Miquel C, KamiĆski T, WĂłjcik JM (February 2011). "Influence of management practices on large herbivore dietâCase of
European bison in BiaĆowieĆŒa Primeval Forest (Poland)".
480:
sequence number and the biomass, actual evaluations of this method have been unsuccessful. This can be explained by the fact that tissues originally contain different densities of DNA and can be digested differently.
443:. Moreover, DNA provides detailed information of the most recent events (e.g. 24â48 hr) but it is not able to provide a longer dietary prospect unless a continuous sampling is conducted. Additionally, when using
2355:
Rayé G, Miquel C, Coissac E, Redjadj C, Loison A, Taberlet P (2010-11-23). "New insights on diet variability revealed by DNA barcoding and high-throughput pyrosequencing: chamois diet in autumn as a case study".
447:
that amplify âbarcodeâ regions from a broad range of food species, the amplifiable host DNA may largely outnumber the presence of prey DNA, complicating prey detection. However, a strategy to prevent the host
2492:
Clare EL, Fraser EE, Braid HE, Fenton MB, Hebert PD (June 2009). "Species on the menu of a generalist predator, the eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis): using a molecular approach to detect arthropod prey".
434:
With DNA barcoding it is not possible to retrieve information about sex or age of prey species, which can be crucial. This limitation can anyway be overcome with an additional step in the analysis by using
2448:
De Barba M, Miquel C, Boyer F, Mercier C, Rioux D, Coissac E, Taberlet P (March 2014). "DNA metabarcoding multiplexing and validation of data accuracy for diet assessment: application to omnivorous diet".
1053:
Harwood JD, Desneux N, Yoo HJ, Rowley DL, Greenstone MH, Obrycki JJ, O'Neil RJ (October 2007). "Tracking the role of alternative prey in soybean aphid predation by Orius insidiosus: a molecular approach".
2560:
Leray M, Meyer CP, Mills SC. (2015) "Metabarcoding dietary analysis of coral dwelling predatory fish demonstrates the minor contribution of coral mutualists to their highly partitioned, generalist diet".
632:
predators, feeding on many different species with both plants and animal origin. This methodology does not require knowledge about the food consumed by animals in the habitat they occupy. In a study on
284:
present in dietary samples, e.g. individual food remains, regurgitates, gut and fecal samples, homogenized body of the host organism, target of the diet study (for example with whole body of
1268:
Santos T, Fonseca C, Barros T, Godinho R, Bastos-Silveira C, Bandeira V, Rocha RG (2015-05-20). "Using stomach contents for diet analysis of carnivores through DNA barcoding".
398:
feed on pre-digested bodies of insects or other small animals and their stomach content is too decomposed and morphologically unrecognizable using traditional methods such as
1501:"Analysing diet of small herbivores: the efficiency of DNA barcoding coupled with high-throughput pyrosequencing for deciphering the composition of complex plant mixtures"
1552:"Is DNA barcoding actually cheaper and faster than traditional morphological methods: results from a survey of freshwater bioassessment efforts in the United States?"
2121:
Deagle BE, Chiaradia A, McInnes J, Jarman SN (2010-06-17). "Pyrosequencing faecal DNA to determine diet of little penguins: is what goes in what comes out?".
641:) diet, DNA metabarcoding allowed accurate reconstruction of a wide range of taxonomically different items present in faecal samples collected in the field.
2303:
Valentini A, Miquel C, Nawaz MA, Bellemain E, Coissac E, Pompanon F, Gielly L, Cruaud C, Nascetti G, Wincker P, Swenson JE, Taberlet P (January 2009).
1666:
Griffiths R, Tiwari B (December 1993). "Primers for the differential amplification of the sex-determining region Y gene in a range of mammal species".
248:
84:
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and to a higher level of degradation, DNA of secondary prey might represent only a minor part of sequences recovered compared to primary prey.
456:. Indeed, blocking primers for suppressing amplification of predator DNA allows the amplification of the other vertebrate groups and produces
1499:
Soininen EM, Valentini A, Coissac E, Miquel C, Gielly L, Brochmann C, Brysting AK, SĂžnstebĂž JH, Ims RA, Yoccoz NG, Taberlet P (August 2009).
115:
1814:"Blocking primers to enhance PCR amplification of rare sequences in mixed samples - a case study on prey DNA in Antarctic krill stomachs"
504:. Some differences in the methodology can be observed depending on the feeding strategy of the target mammal species, i.e. whether it is
1971:
Vestheim H, Deagle BE, Jarman SN (October 2010). "Application of
Blocking Oligonucleotides to Improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio in a PCR".
708:
provided by the metabarcoding approach highlights a complex interaction web and demonstrates that levels of trophic partitioning among
2073:"A pragmatic approach to the analysis of diets of generalist predators: the use of next-generation sequencing with no blocking probes"
1335:"A pragmatic approach to the analysis of diets of generalist predators: the use of next-generation sequencing with no blocking probes"
202:
1988:
346:
2535:
Roslin, T. and
Majaneva, S. (2016) "The use of DNA barcodes in food web constructionâterrestrial and aquatic ecologists unite!".
1385:"Collembola as alternative prey sustaining spiders in arable ecosystems: prey detection within predators using molecular markers"
192:
369:
level. For animal prey, the most broadly used DNA barcode markers to identify diets are the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxydase (
475:
The quantitative interpretation of DNA barcoding results is not straightforward. There have been attempts to use the number of
2194:"Assessment of the food habits of the Moroccan dorcas gazelle in M'Sabih Talaa, west central Morocco, using the trnL approach"
1100:
Kress WJ, GarcĂa-Robledo C, Uriarte M, Erickson DL (January 2015). "DNA barcodes for ecology, evolution, and conservation".
964:
Kress WJ, GarcĂa-Robledo C, Uriarte M, Erickson DL (January 2015). "DNA barcodes for ecology, evolution, and conservation".
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556:
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and macroscopic analysis. For instance, Nichols et al. (2016) highlighted the taxonomic precision of metabarcoding on
186:
453:
444:
308:
304:
172:
241:
156:
1912:
Jarman SN, McInnes JC, Faux C, Polanowski AM, Marthick J, Deagle BE, Southwell C, Emmerson L (December 2013).
688:
307:
species with diet items more difficult to identify, it is conceivable to determine all consumed species using
1137:"Cytochrome b or cytochrome c oxidase subunit I for mammalian species identificationâAn answer to the debate"
2593:
1237:"Assessment of Animal-Based Methods Used for Estimating and Monitoring Rangeland Herbivore Diet Composition"
803:
61:
2598:
234:
221:
2305:"New perspectives in diet analysis based on DNA barcoding and parallel pyrosequencing: the trnL approach"
2192:
Ait
Baamrane MA, Shehzad W, Ouhammou A, Abbad A, Naimi M, Coissac E, Taberlet P, Znari M (2012-04-27).
523:
contents collected from road kills or animals killed during regular hunting. Within DNA barcoding, the
2205:
2025:
1925:
1763:
1622:
1563:
1448:
1189:
813:
705:
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enables detection of highly digested plant items with a higher number of taxa identified compared to
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71:
66:
808:
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76:
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1414:
1365:
1079:
1035:
913:
864:
795:
598:
423:
167:
151:
131:
89:
1437:"Diet Assessment Based on Rumen Contents: A Comparison between DNA Metabarcoding and Macroscopy"
2014:"DNA metabarcoding reveals diverse diet of the three-spined stickleback in a coastal ecosystem"
1178:"DNA metabarcoding reveals diverse diet of the three-spined stickleback in a coastal ecosystem"
2510:
2466:
2417:
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1994:
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1315:
1217:
1158:
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1027:
981:
905:
856:
709:
700:, French Polynesia. Dietary partitioning among three predatory fish species as detected using
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300:
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breadth of the target consumer. For organisms feeding on one or only few species, traditional
181:
109:
32:
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973:
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338:
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efficiency. Finally, with its fine resolution, DNA barcoding represents a crucial tool in
362:
350:
1550:
Stein ED, Martinez MC, Stiles S, Miller PE, Zakharov EV (April 2014). Casiraghi M (ed.).
389:
A major benefit of using DNA barcoding in diet assessment is the ability to provide high
321:
utilized for amplification will differ depending on the diet of the target organism. For
2209:
2029:
1929:
1767:
1752:"Detection of a diverse marine fish fauna using environmental DNA from seawater samples"
1750:
Thomsen PF, Kielgast J, Iversen LL, MĂžller PR, Rasmussen M, Willerslev E (August 2012).
1626:
1567:
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2013:
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1679:
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1551:
1527:
1500:
1471:
1436:
1212:
1177:
933:"Advances in molecular ecology: tracking trophic links through predator-prey food-webs"
527:
L approach can be used to identify plant species by using a very short but informative
436:
330:
318:
292:
2253:"ecoPrimers: inference of new DNA barcode markers from whole genome sequence analysis"
2072:
1334:
759:
720:
653:
2587:
2506:
2321:
2304:
2107:
1898:
1882:
1401:
1384:
1369:
1298:
Valentini A, Pompanon F, Taberlet P (February 2009). "DNA barcoding for ecologists".
1067:
1022:
1005:
949:
932:
900:
883:
851:
835:"Molecular analysis of predation: a review of best practice for DNA-based approaches"
834:
693:
539:). Potentially, this application is applicable to all herbivorous species feeding on
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406:
378:
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315:
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43:
39:
24:
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1418:
1004:
Pompanon F, Deagle BE, Symondson WO, Brown DS, Jarman SN, Taberlet P (April 2012).
882:
Pompanon F, Deagle BE, Symondson WO, Brown DS, Jarman SN, Taberlet P (April 2012).
594:
440:
374:
334:
126:
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AgustĂ N, Shayler SP, Harwood JD, Vaughan IP, Sunderland KD, Symondson WO (2003).
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2218:
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1980:
1938:
1776:
1611:"Evaluation of plant contamination in metabarcoding diet analysis of a herbivore"
1576:
1461:
1202:
1153:
1136:
628:
DNA metabarcoding is a game changer for the study of complex diets, such as for
602:
540:
2251:
Riaz T, Shehzad W, Viari A, Pompanon F, Taberlet P, Coissac E (November 2011).
1634:
1311:
1253:
1236:
1113:
977:
2369:
2134:
1975:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 687. Humana Press. pp. 265â74.
634:
560:
544:
519:
For herbivore mammal species, DNA is usually extracted from faeces samples or
399:
358:
2421:
2377:
2142:
1736:
1176:
JakubaviÄiĆ«tÄ E, Bergström U, Eklöf JS, Haenel Q, Bourlat SJ (October 2017).
1162:
2462:
2091:
1914:"Adélie penguin population diet monitoring by analysis of food DNA in scats"
1353:
610:
509:
505:
410:
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2012:
JakubaviÄiĆ«tÄ E, Bergström U, Eklöf JS, Haenel Q, Bourlat SJ (2017-10-23).
1998:
1957:
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Ando H, Fujii C, Kawanabe M, Ao Y, Inoue T, Takenaka A (October 2018).
579:
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469:
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365:(noncoding intergenic spacer) used to identify diet items to genus and
277:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1807:
1805:
1430:
1428:
1006:"Who is eating what: diet assessment using next generation sequencing"
884:"Who is eating what: diet assessment using next generation sequencing"
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2441:
2439:
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Piñol J, San Andrés V, Clare EL, Mir G, Symondson WO (January 2014).
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Piñol J, San Andrés V, Clare EL, Mir G, Symondson WO (January 2014).
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When studying small herbivores with a cryptic life style, such as
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342:
571:
465:
354:
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approaches is crucial especially when dealing with elusive and
426:
and animals that can cause feeding damages to the environment.
754:
715:
648:
281:
1711:"Non-invasive genetic sampling and individual identification"
833:
King RA, Read DS, Traugott M, Symondson WO (February 2008).
276:. This approach is based on the identification of consumed
1141:
Forensic
Science International: Genetics Supplement Series
770:
731:
664:
272:
of organisms. and further detect and describe their
2298:
2296:
1435:Nichols RV, Ă
kesson M, Kjellander P (June 2016).
1135:Tobe SS, Kitchener A, Linacre A (December 2009).
329:will differ significantly depending on the plant
589:Faeces of wolf (Canis lupus) collected in Sweden
381:is used to identify most of the consumed items.
1235:Garnick S, Barboza PS, Walker JW (July 2018).
2350:
2348:
242:
8:
452:can be the addition of a predator-specific
377:). When the diet is broad and diverse, DNA
249:
235:
15:
2320:
2276:
2227:
2217:
2047:
2037:
1947:
1937:
1839:
1829:
1785:
1775:
1726:
1715:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
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1585:
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1516:
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1400:
1252:
1211:
1201:
1152:
1021:
948:
899:
850:
1709:Taberlet P, Luikart G (September 1999).
931:Sheppard SK, Harwood JD (October 2005).
800:Aquatic macroinvertebrates DNA barcoding
584:
405:When investigating herbivores diet, DNA
825:
460:mixes that are predominately food DNA.
100:
52:
23:
567:can be used to amplify plant species.
295:approach to be adopted depends on the
468:. However, due to a much lower total
353:are used, which differ from the loci
7:
1812:Vestheim H, Jarman SN (July 2008).
1728:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01157.x
1680:10.1111/j.1365-294x.1993.tb00034.x
1241:Rangeland Ecology & Management
422:to identify the feeding habits of
203:Consortium for the Barcode of Life
14:
1300:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1102:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
966:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2507:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04184.x
2322:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02352.x
1883:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05424.x
1402:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02014.x
1068:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03482.x
1023:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05403.x
950:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01041.x
901:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05403.x
852:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03613.x
758:
719:
712:have likely been underestimated.
652:
325:diets, the standard DNA barcode
262:DNA barcoding in diet assessment
216:
215:
31:
702:metabarcoding dietary analysis
1:
2167:Forest Ecology and Management
537:chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron
496:diet is widely studied using
394:identification. For example,
333:. Therefore, for identifying
2414:10.1080/17451000.2014.943240
2219:10.1371/journal.pone.0035643
2179:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.026
2039:10.1371/journal.pone.0186929
1981:10.1007/978-1-60761-944-4_19
1939:10.1371/journal.pone.0082227
1777:10.1371/journal.pone.0041732
1577:10.1371/journal.pone.0095525
1462:10.1371/journal.pone.0157977
1270:Wildlife Biology in Practice
1203:10.1371/journal.pone.0186929
1154:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.053
303:techniques can be used. For
2451:Molecular Ecology Resources
2309:Molecular Ecology Resources
2080:Molecular Ecology Resources
1342:Molecular Ecology Resources
692:Food web reconstruction by
593:For carnivores, the use of
437:microsatellite polymorphism
2620:
1635:10.1038/s41598-018-32845-w
1312:10.1016/j.tree.2008.09.011
1254:10.1016/j.rama.2018.03.003
1114:10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.008
978:10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.008
441:Y-chromosome amplification
173:High throughput sequencing
2370:10.1007/s11284-010-0780-5
2135:10.1007/s10592-010-0096-6
607:Prionailurus bengalensis
551:L approach, the markers
110:Environmental DNA (eDNA)
2463:10.1111/1755-0998.12188
2402:Marine Biology Research
2092:10.1111/1755-0998.12156
1354:10.1111/1755-0998.12156
804:Microbial DNA barcoding
280:by characterization of
2257:Nucleic Acids Research
1831:10.1186/1742-9994-5-12
1518:10.1186/1742-9994-6-16
767:This section is empty.
728:This section is empty.
713:
661:This section is empty.
590:
2549:10.1139/gen-2015-0229
2123:Conservation Genetics
1282:10.2461/wbp.2015.11.4
696:at the coral reef of
691:
588:
547:Alternatively to the
1818:Frontiers in Zoology
1505:Frontiers in Zoology
814:Pollen DNA barcoding
706:taxonomic resolution
391:taxonomic resolution
373:) and cytochrome b (
274:trophic interactions
2358:Ecological Research
2210:2012PLoSO...735643A
2030:2017PLoSO..1286929J
1930:2013PLoSO...882227J
1768:2012PLoSO...741732T
1627:2018NatSR...815563A
1568:2014PLoSO...995525S
1453:2016PLoSO..1157977N
1194:2017PLoSO..1286929J
809:Algae DNA barcoding
420:wildlife management
345:level, the markers
143:Metatranscriptomics
19:Part of a series on
2575:10.7717/peerj.1047
2269:10.1093/nar/gkr732
1615:Scientific Reports
937:Functional Ecology
796:Fish DNA barcoding
714:
615:Halichoerus grypus
599:endangered species
591:
424:endangered species
168:Shotgun sequencing
85:macroinvertebrates
2495:Molecular Ecology
1871:Molecular Ecology
1668:Molecular Ecology
1395:(12): 3467â3475.
1389:Molecular Ecology
1056:Molecular Ecology
1010:Molecular Ecology
888:Molecular Ecology
839:Molecular Ecology
787:
786:
748:
747:
710:coral reef fishes
681:
680:
623:Phocoena phocoena
619:harbour porpoises
450:DNA amplification
337:at the taxonomic
301:Sanger sequencing
259:
258:
182:Extracellular RNA
116:environmental RNA
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2024:(10): e0186929.
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1167:
1166:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1062:(20): 4390â400.
1050:
1044:
1043:
1025:
1001:
990:
989:
961:
955:
954:
952:
928:
922:
921:
903:
879:
873:
872:
854:
830:
782:
779:
769:You can help by
762:
755:
743:
740:
730:You can help by
723:
716:
676:
673:
663:You can help by
656:
649:
535:(P6 loop of the
251:
244:
237:
224:
219:
218:
35:
16:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2559:
2555:
2534:
2530:
2501:(11): 2532â42.
2491:
2490:
2486:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1991:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1447:(6): e0157977.
1434:
1433:
1426:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1003:
1002:
993:
963:
962:
958:
930:
929:
925:
881:
880:
876:
832:
831:
827:
822:
792:
783:
777:
774:
753:
744:
738:
735:
686:
677:
671:
668:
647:
533:chloroplast DNA
491:
486:
454:blocking primer
445:generic primers
432:
387:
331:taxonomic level
309:NGS methodology
268:to analyse the
255:
214:
207:
198:Diet assessment
189:
177:
163:
147:
138:
122:
112:
96:
48:
46:
38:
12:
11:
5:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Bioinformatics
2586:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2553:
2543:(9): 603â628.
2528:
2484:
2435:
2408:(4): 385â395.
2391:
2364:(2): 265â276.
2344:
2292:
2243:
2184:
2173:(4): 821â828.
2156:
2113:
2063:
2004:
1989:
1963:
1924:(12): e82227.
1904:
1877:(8): 1951â65.
1855:
1801:
1742:
1721:(1â2): 41â55.
1701:
1658:
1601:
1542:
1486:
1424:
1375:
1325:
1287:
1260:
1247:(4): 449â457.
1227:
1168:
1147:(1): 306â307.
1127:
1089:
1045:
1016:(8): 1931â50.
991:
956:
943:(5): 751â762.
923:
894:(8): 1931â50.
874:
824:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
798:
791:
788:
785:
784:
778:September 2020
765:
763:
752:
749:
746:
745:
739:September 2020
726:
724:
685:
682:
679:
678:
672:September 2020
659:
657:
646:
643:
580:alpine chamois
490:
487:
485:
482:
431:
428:
411:microhistology
386:
383:
293:DNA sequencing
264:is the use of
257:
256:
254:
253:
246:
239:
231:
228:
227:
226:
225:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
184:
178:
176:
175:
170:
164:
162:
161:
160:
159:
148:
146:
145:
139:
137:
136:
135:
134:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
106:
103:
102:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2616:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:DNA barcoding
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(2): 306â23.
2456:
2452:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:(4): e35643.
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1990:9781607619437
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:PCR Protocols
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:(8): e41732.
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:(4): e95525.
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
848:
845:(4): 947â63.
844:
840:
836:
829:
826:
819:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
781:
772:
768:
764:
761:
757:
756:
750:
742:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
717:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
683:
675:
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
650:
644:
642:
640:
636:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:metabarcoding
499:
498:DNA barcoding
495:
488:
483:
481:
478:
473:
471:
467:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
429:
427:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
407:metabarcoding
403:
401:
397:
392:
384:
382:
380:
379:metabarcoding
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:DNA barcoding
263:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
232:
230:
229:
223:
213:
212:
211:
210:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:Amplification
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
117:
114:
113:
111:
108:
107:
105:
104:
99:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:Metabarcoding
41:
40:DNA barcoding
34:
30:
29:
26:
25:DNA barcoding
22:
18:
17:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2454:
2450:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2361:
2357:
2315:(1): 51â60.
2312:
2308:
2263:(21): e145.
2260:
2256:
2246:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2086:(1): 18â26.
2083:
2079:
2066:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1972:
1966:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1874:
1870:
1821:
1817:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1674:(6): 405â6.
1671:
1667:
1661:
1621:(1): 15563.
1618:
1614:
1604:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1508:
1504:
1444:
1440:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1348:(1): 18â26.
1345:
1341:
1328:
1306:(2): 110â7.
1303:
1299:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1108:(1): 25â35.
1105:
1101:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1013:
1009:
972:(1): 25â35.
969:
965:
959:
940:
936:
926:
891:
887:
877:
842:
838:
828:
775:
771:adding to it
766:
736:
732:adding to it
727:
701:
694:DNA barcodes
669:
665:adding to it
660:
639:Ursus arctos
638:
627:
622:
614:
606:
595:non-invasive
592:
569:
548:
524:
518:
492:
474:
462:
433:
404:
388:
351:trn-L-intron
335:plant tissue
313:
290:
261:
260:
197:
127:Metagenomics
603:leopard cat
545:gymnosperms
541:angiosperms
305:polyphagous
2588:Categories
820:References
751:Arthropods
635:brown bear
611:grey seals
430:Challenges
400:microscopy
385:Advantages
193:Healthcare
2569:: e1047.
2422:1745-1000
2378:0912-3814
2143:1566-0621
2108:206946302
1899:205364612
1824:(1): 12.
1737:0024-4066
1511:(1): 16.
1370:206946302
1163:1875-1768
630:omnivores
565:trnH-psbA
510:carnivore
506:herbivore
477:sequences
396:Arachnids
363:trnH-psbA
323:herbivore
62:Microbial
2515:19457192
2479:25972059
2471:24128180
2430:83991013
2386:20754195
2331:21564566
2287:21930509
2238:22558187
2198:PLOS ONE
2151:19992150
2100:23957910
2058:29059215
2018:PLOS ONE
1999:20967615
1958:24358158
1918:PLOS ONE
1891:22250784
1850:18638418
1796:22952584
1756:PLOS ONE
1696:43323282
1653:30349088
1596:24755838
1556:PLOS ONE
1537:19695081
1481:27322387
1441:PLOS ONE
1411:14629361
1362:23957910
1320:19100655
1222:29059215
1182:PLOS ONE
1122:25468359
1084:21211301
1076:17784913
1040:10013333
1032:22171763
986:25468359
918:10013333
910:22171763
869:44796921
861:18208490
790:See also
576:lemmings
529:fragment
514:omnivore
484:Examples
458:amplicon
222:Category
81:Aquatic
2604:Ecology
2523:3940026
2339:5308081
2278:3241669
2229:3338736
2206:Bibcode
2049:5653352
2026:Bibcode
1949:3864945
1926:Bibcode
1841:2517594
1787:3430657
1764:Bibcode
1688:8162230
1644:6197254
1623:Bibcode
1587:3995707
1564:Bibcode
1528:2736939
1472:4913902
1449:Bibcode
1419:7985256
1213:5653352
1190:Bibcode
494:Mammals
489:Mammals
470:biomass
367:species
319:markers
316:barcode
286:insects
278:species
187:Chimera
132:viruses
53:By taxa
37:
2537:Genome
2521:
2513:
2477:
2469:
2428:
2420:
2384:
2376:
2337:
2329:
2285:
2275:
2236:
2226:
2149:
2141:
2106:
2098:
2056:
2046:
1997:
1987:
1956:
1946:
1897:
1889:
1848:
1838:
1794:
1784:
1735:
1694:
1686:
1651:
1641:
1594:
1584:
1535:
1525:
1479:
1469:
1417:
1409:
1368:
1360:
1318:
1220:
1210:
1161:
1120:
1082:
1074:
1038:
1030:
984:
916:
908:
867:
859:
704:. The
698:Moorea
617:) and
339:family
220:
72:Pollen
67:Fungal
47:
2563:PeerJ
2519:S2CID
2475:S2CID
2426:S2CID
2382:S2CID
2335:S2CID
2147:S2CID
2104:S2CID
2076:(PDF)
1895:S2CID
1692:S2CID
1415:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1338:(PDF)
1276:(1).
1080:S2CID
1036:S2CID
914:S2CID
865:S2CID
645:Birds
572:voles
521:rumen
512:, or
415:rumen
343:genus
101:Other
77:Algae
2511:PMID
2467:PMID
2418:ISSN
2374:ISSN
2327:PMID
2283:PMID
2234:PMID
2139:ISSN
2096:PMID
2054:PMID
1995:PMID
1985:ISBN
1954:PMID
1887:PMID
1846:PMID
1792:PMID
1733:ISSN
1684:PMID
1649:PMID
1592:PMID
1533:PMID
1477:PMID
1407:PMID
1358:PMID
1316:PMID
1218:PMID
1159:ISSN
1118:PMID
1072:PMID
1028:PMID
982:PMID
906:PMID
857:PMID
684:Fish
574:and
561:matK
557:ITS2
553:rbcL
543:and
500:and
466:bias
439:and
375:cytb
359:matK
355:ITS2
349:and
347:rbcL
327:loci
314:The
297:diet
291:The
270:diet
90:fish
2571:doi
2545:doi
2503:doi
2459:doi
2410:doi
2366:doi
2317:doi
2273:PMC
2265:doi
2224:PMC
2214:doi
2175:doi
2171:261
2131:doi
2088:doi
2044:PMC
2034:doi
1977:doi
1944:PMC
1934:doi
1879:doi
1836:PMC
1826:doi
1782:PMC
1772:doi
1723:doi
1676:doi
1639:PMC
1631:doi
1582:PMC
1572:doi
1523:PMC
1513:doi
1467:PMC
1457:doi
1397:doi
1350:doi
1308:doi
1278:doi
1249:doi
1208:PMC
1198:doi
1149:doi
1110:doi
1064:doi
1018:doi
974:doi
945:doi
896:doi
847:doi
773:.
734:.
667:.
625:).
549:trn
531:of
525:trn
371:COI
341:or
288:).
282:DNA
157:PCR
2590::
2565:,
2541:59
2539:,
2517:.
2509:.
2499:18
2497:.
2473:.
2465:.
2455:14
2453:.
2438:^
2424:.
2416:.
2406:11
2404:.
2380:.
2372:.
2362:26
2360:.
2347:^
2333:.
2325:.
2311:.
2307:.
2295:^
2281:.
2271:.
2261:39
2259:.
2255:.
2232:.
2222:.
2212:.
2200:.
2196:.
2169:.
2145:.
2137:.
2127:11
2125:.
2102:.
2094:.
2084:14
2082:.
2078:.
2052:.
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