861:(DNS Service Discovery) allows clients to discover a named list of service instances and to resolve those services to hostnames using standard DNS queries. The specification is compatible with existing unicast DNS server and client software, but works equally well with mDNS in a zero-configuration environment. Each service instance is described using a DNS SRV and DNS TXT record. A client discovers the list of available instances for a given service type by querying the DNS PTR record of that service type's name; the server returns zero or more names of the form <Service>.<Domain>, each corresponding to a SRV/TXT record pair. The
587:), so discovering the autoconfigured link-local address of another host on the network can be difficult. Discovering the DHCP-assigned address of another host requires either distributed name resolution or a unicast DNS server with this information; Some networks feature DNS servers that are automatically updated with DHCP-assigned host and address information.
470:
address assignment mechanisms that do not require user involvement for initialization and management. These systems automatically give themselves common names chosen either by the equipment manufacturer, such as a brand and model number or chosen by users for identifying their equipment. The names and addresses are then automatically entered into a
694:(SMB) suite of open protocols which are also available on Linux and iOS, although Windows typically supports a wider range of so-called dialects which can be negotiated between Windows clients that support it. For example, Computer Browser Services running on server operating systems or later versions of Windows are elected as so-called
674:, normally requires administrator access to the DNS server and is often accomplished manually. Additionally, traditional DNS servers are not expected to automatically correct for changes in configuration. For instance, if a printer is moved from one floor to another it might be assigned a new IP address by the local DHCP server.
506:
while each machine built its own local directory service using a protocol known as Name
Binding Protocol (NBP). NBP included not only a name but the type of device and any additional user-provided information such as its physical location or availability. Users could look up any device on the network with the application
1083:(DLNA) is another suite of standards that uses UPnP for the discovery of networked devices. DLNA has a long list of prominent manufacturers producing devices such as TVs, NAS devices and so forth that support it. DLNA is supported by all major operating systems. DLNA service discovery is layered on top of SSDP.
638:
Internet protocols use IP addresses for communications, but these are not easy for humans to use; IPv6 in particular uses very long strings of digits that are not easily entered manually. To address this issue, the internet has long used DNS, which allows human-readable names to be associated with IP
505:
in the 1980s. Macs, as well as other devices supporting the protocol, could be added to the network by simply plugging them in; all further configuration was automated. Network addresses were automatically selected by each device using a protocol known as AppleTalk
Address Resolution Protocol (AARP),
800:
NetBIOS on
Windows supports individual hosts on the network to advertise services, such as file shares and printers. It also supports, for example, a network printer to advertise itself as a host sharing a printer device and any related services it supports. Depending on how a device is attached (to
813:
which includes built-in providers for PnP, Registry, NetBIOS, SSDP and WSD of which the former two are local-only and the latter three support discovery of networked devices. None of these need any configuration for use on the local subnet. NetBIOS has traditionally been supported only in expensive
582:
Most IPv4 hosts use link-local addressing only as a last resort when a DHCP server is unavailable. An IPv4 host otherwise uses its DHCP-assigned address for all communications, global or link-local. One reason is that IPv4 hosts are not required to support multiple addresses per interface, although
650:
Looking up an address using DNS requires the IP address of the DNS server to be known. This has normally been accomplished by typing in the address of a known server into a field in one of the devices on the network. In early systems, this was normally required on every device, but this has been
590:
IPv6 hosts are required to support multiple addresses per interface; moreover, every IPv6 host is required to configure a link-local address even when global addresses are available. IPv6 hosts may additionally self-configure additional addresses on receipt of router advertisement messages, thus
469:
Similarly to telephones being labeled with their telephone number, it was a common practice in early networks to attach an address label to networked devices. The dynamic nature of modern networks, especially residential networks in which devices are powered up only when needed, desire dynamic
748:
Use of either NetBIOS or LLMNR services on
Windows is essentially automatic, since using standard DNS client APIs will result in the use of either NetBIOS or LLMNR depending on what name is being resolved (whether the name is a local name or not), the network configuration in effect (e.g. DNS
767:, which is considered a problem by some members of the IETF. The current LLMNR draft allows a network device to choose any domain name, which is considered a security risk by some members of the IETF. mDNS is compatible with DNS-SD as described in the next section, while LLMNR is not.
1017:, can use DNS-SD to locate nearby servers and peer-to-peer clients. Windows 10 includes support for DNS-SD for applications written using JavaScript. Individual applications may include their own support in older versions of the operating system, such that most instant messaging and
950:) to its IP address. When an mDNS client needs to resolve a local hostname to an IP address, it sends a DNS request for that name to the well-known multicast address; the computer with the corresponding A/AAAA record replies with its IP address. The mDNS multicast address is
538:
that uniquely identify them to other devices on the same network. On some networks, there is a central authority that assigns these addresses as new devices are added. Mechanisms were introduced to handle this task automatically, and both IPv4 and IPv6 now include systems for
733:. LLMNR is included in every Windows version from Windows Vista onwards and acts as a side-by-side alternative for Microsoft's NetBIOS Name Service over IPv4 and as a replacement over IPv6, since NetBIOS is not available over IPv6. Apple's implementation is available as the
1063:
and a Unique
Service Name (USN). Service types are regulated by the Universal Plug and Play Steering Committee. SSDP is supported by many printer, NAS and appliance manufacturers such as Brother. It is supported by certain brands of network equipment, and in many
889:
draft proposals for mDNS and DNS-based
Service Discovery, supporting the transition from AppleTalk to IP networking. In 2002, Apple announced an implementation of both protocols under the name Rendezvous (later renamed Bonjour). It was first included in
1226:
and many other network management protocols, it can also be used by attackers to quickly gain detailed knowledge of the network and its machines. Because of this, applications should still authenticate and encrypt traffic to remote hosts (e.g. via
689:
server or a
Microsoft DNS server that supports secure automatic registration of addresses. This system has small, but not zero, management overhead even on very large enterprise networks. The protocols NetBIOS can use are part of the
1142:
is an open-source software stack for a myriad of devices, ranging from IoT devices to full-size computers, for discovery and control of devices on networks (Wifi, Ethernet) and other links (Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.). It uses mDNS and
1186:
Following the failure of LLMNR to become an
Internet standard and given that mDNS/DNS-SD is used much more widely than LLMNR, Apple was asked by the IETF to submit the mDNS/DNS-SD specs for publication as Informational RFC as well.
521:
database for a network was initially maintained manually by a network administrator. Efforts to automate maintenance of this database, led to the introduction of a number of new protocols providing automated services, such as the
602:. The MAC address has the advantage of being globally unique, a basic property of the EUI-64. The IPv6 protocol stack also includes duplicate address detection to avoid conflicts with other hosts. In IPv4, the method is called
1300:
Avahi also implements binary compatibility libraries that emulate
Bonjour and the historical mDNS implementation Howl, so software made to use those implementations can also utilize Avahi through the emulation interfaces.
775:
Name services such as mDNS, LLMNR and others do not provide information about the type of device or its status. A user looking for a nearby printer, for instance, might be hindered if the printer was given the name "Bob".
594:
Both IPv4 and IPv6 hosts may randomly generate the host-specific part of an autoconfigured address. IPv6 hosts generally combine a prefix of up to 64 bits with a 64-bit EUI-64 derived from the factory-assigned 48-bit
865:
resolves to the domain name providing the instance, while the TXT can contain service-specific configuration parameters. A client can then resolve the A/AAAA record for the domain name and connect to the service.
1340:. Using a link-local address, hosts can communicate over this link but only locally; Access to other networks and the Internet is not possible. There are some link-local IPv4 address implementations available:
489:
would manually assign addresses and names. LAN systems tended to provide more automation of these tasks so that new equipment could be added to a LAN with a minimum of operator and administrator intervention.
45:(TCP/IP) when computers or network peripherals are interconnected. It does not require manual operator intervention or special configuration servers. Without zeroconf, a network administrator must set up
749:
suffixes in effect) and (in corporate networks) the policies in effect (whether LLMNR or NetBIOS are disabled), although developers may opt into bypassing these services for individual address lookups.
814:
printers for corporate use though some entry-level printers with Wi-Fi or
Ethernet support it natively, allowing the printer to be used without configuration even on very old operating systems.
869:
Service types are given on a first-come-first-serve basis. A service type registry was originally maintained by DNS-SD.org, but has since been merged into IANA's registry for DNS SRV records.
981:
records to advertise instances of service types, domain names for those instances, and optional configuration parameters for connecting to those instances. But SRV records can now resolve to
477:
Early computer networking was built upon technologies of the telecommunications networks and thus protocols tended to fall into two groups: those intended to connect local devices into a
1172:, a standard for choosing addresses for networked items, was published in March 2005 by the IETF Zeroconf working group. The group included individuals from Apple, Sun, and Microsoft.
930:
to resolve hostnames except they are sent over a multicast link. Each host listens on the mDNS port, 5353, transmitted to a well-known multicast address and resolves requests for the
826:) is a technical specification that defines a multicast discovery protocol to locate services on a local network. It operates over TCP and UDP port 3702 and uses IP multicast address
685:
already in Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 as early as 1992. NetBIOS Name Service is zero-configuration on networks with a single subnet and may be used in conjunction with a
1297:, mDNS and DNS-SD. It is part of most Linux distributions, and is installed by default on some. If run in conjunction with nss-mdns, it also offers host name resolution.
424:
2538:
184:
2654:
1214:
Because mDNS operates under a different trust model than unicast DNS—trusting the entire network rather than a designated DNS server, it is vulnerable to
1175:
LLMNR was submitted for official adoption in the IETF DNSEXT working group, however, failed to gain consensus and thus was published as informational
752:
The mDNS and LLMNR protocols have minor differences in their approach to name resolution. mDNS allows a network device to choose a domain name in the
801:
the network directly, or to the host which shares it) and which protocols are supported. However, Windows clients connecting to it may prefer to use
1771:
1745:
1719:
417:
144:
722:
274:
269:
239:
2204:
2135:
523:
99:
50:
2355:
1223:
346:
289:
214:
1251:
from Apple, uses mDNS and DNS Service Discovery. Apple changed its preferred zeroconf technology from SLP to mDNS and DNS-SD between
1557:
1052:
802:
643:, which the computer's DNS software looks up in the DNS databases to retrieve an IP address, and then hands off that address to the
356:
326:
2161:
843:
639:
addresses, and includes code for looking up these names from a hierarchical database system. Users type in domain names, such as
410:
341:
134:
2644:
2308:
1080:
612:
2498:, a cross platform (Linux, MS Windows, Apple Mac), unified Mono/.NET library for Zeroconf, supporting both Bonjour and Avahi.
1389:
clients that only deal with link-local IP addresses. Another approach is to include support in new or existing DHCP clients:
1290:
159:
149:
2484:
2382:
1442:
686:
279:
259:
209:
2659:
2639:
1162:, the SLP standard for figuring out where to get services, was published in June 1999 by the SVRLOC IETF working group.
199:
194:
189:
2544:
2649:
1437:
1420:
1267:
1060:
663:. This has reduced the user-side administration requirements and provides a key element of zero-configuration access.
447:
376:
336:
204:
885:
to IP networks to address the lack of service discovery capability. Cheshire subsequently joined Apple and authored
1124:
2093:
1813:
1353:
998:
895:
809:
using NetBIOS. NetBIOS is one of the providers on Windows implementing the more general discovery process dubbed
660:
540:
1263:
943:
939:
839:
806:
682:
229:
169:
1235:, etc.) after discovering and resolving them through DNS-SD/mDNS. LLMNR suffers from similar vulnerabilities.
2187:
834:. As the name suggests, the actual communication between nodes is done using web services standards, notably
666:
DNS was intended to provide uniform names to groups of devices within the same administration realm, such as
396:
386:
179:
94:
78:
42:
1068:
firewall appliances, where host computers behind it may pierce holes for applications. It is also used in
264:
114:
1650:
709:
which spawned the implementations by Apple and Microsoft. Both implementations are very similar. Apple's
882:
785:
761:
486:
391:
164:
2514:
1687:
2071:
2607:
2046:
2000:
1962:
1527:
1490:
1397:
1006:
691:
678:
174:
1777:
1751:
1725:
1432:
451:
446:
to identify communications endpoints in a network of participating devices. This is similar to the
2412:
2119:
1274:
based operating systems and MS Windows. The Windows downloads are available from Apple's website.
2222:
1797:
1337:
1248:
1228:
927:
742:
734:
544:
518:
502:
478:
381:
109:
54:
1703:
760:
and announce it using a special multicast IP address. This introduces special semantics for the
737:
since 2002 in Mac OS X v10.2. The Bonjour implementation (mDNSResponder) is available under the
698:
over those that are not running a server operating system or running older versions of Windows.
2141:
2038:
1336:
Where no DHCP server is available to assign a host an IP address, the host can select its own
780:
provides additional information about devices. Service discovery is sometimes combined with a
777:
514:
482:
471:
463:
309:
85:
69:
2597:
2446:
2361:
2028:
1990:
1952:
1874:
1856:
1517:
1480:
1374:
Stablebox, a fork from Busybox, offers a slightly modified IPv4LL implementation named llad.
1359:
1282:
1219:
1199:
1191:
1176:
1165:
1155:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1030:
1014:
993:
DNS-SD is used by Apple products, most network printers, many Linux distributions including
911:
903:
726:
714:
507:
38:
2526:
2437:
Guttman, Erik (2001), "Autoconfiguration for IP Networking: Enabling Local Communication",
583:
many do. Another is that not every IPv4 host implements distributed name resolution (e.g.,
2509:, a cross-platform wxWidgets-based service discovery module without external dependencies.
2239:
1906:
1378:
1215:
1092:
1069:
931:
878:
543:, which allows a device to determine a safe address to use through simple mechanisms. For
443:
250:
61:
46:
2167:
1563:
1001:, and a number of third-party products for various operating systems. For example, many
973:
requests can also be sent using mDNS to yield zero-configuration DNS-SD. This uses DNS
738:
644:
459:
455:
300:
2633:
1256:
1252:
899:
891:
835:
710:
702:
584:
17:
2318:
1232:
1065:
947:
823:
781:
458:. Every packet contains the source and destination addresses for the transmission.
219:
1072:
systems to facilitate media exchange between host computers and the media center.
1910:
1721:
Re: Last Call: 'Linklocal Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)' to Proposed Standard
1671:
481:(LAN), and those intended primarily for long-distance communications. The latter
2610:
2591:
2418:
2058:
2049:
2018:
2003:
1980:
1965:
1942:
1878:
1860:
1623:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1511:
1493:
1474:
1203:
1195:
1180:
1169:
1159:
1120:
1112:
915:
907:
730:
718:
656:
599:
576:
2388:
2256:
2502:
2476:
1352:(both released in 1998). Apple released its open-source implementation in the
1345:
1310:
1059:
and later. SSDP uses HTTP notification announcements that give a service-type
1056:
978:
974:
862:
627:
579:, often built into common networking hardware like computer hosts or routers.
535:
498:
367:
60:
Zeroconf is built on three core technologies: automatic assignment of numeric
2042:
1190:
In February 2013 mDNS and DNS-SD were published as Standards Track Proposals
2314:
1605:
757:
670:, provided by a name service. Assigning an address to a local device, e.g.,
652:
607:
494:
1419:
Neither of these implementations addresses kernel issues like broadcasting
2619:
1890:
1377:
Zeroconf is a package based on Simple IPv4LL, a shorter implementation by
1584:
1349:
1029:, and Linux distributions also include DNS-SD. For example, Ubuntu ships
65:
64:
for networked devices, automatic distribution and resolution of computer
2491:
2450:
2338:
2293:
2262:
1368:
1321:
1139:
789:
677:
To address the need for automatic configuration, Microsoft implemented
450:
which assigns a string of digits to identify each telephone. In modern
1344:
Apple Mac OS and MS Windows have supported link-local addresses since
2602:
2033:
1995:
1957:
1522:
1485:
1412:
1385:
The above implementations are all stand-alone daemons or plugins for
1294:
1100:
994:
970:
753:
330:
224:
123:
103:
1393:
Elvis PfĂĽtzenreuter has written a patch for the uDHCP client/server.
1044:
has some protocol components with the purpose of service discovery.
2276:
1404:
1286:
1271:
1128:
1010:
351:
129:
2465:
2024:
1986:
1948:
1658:
1583:"How to use automatic TCP/IP addressing without a DHCP server",
1400:
1386:
1144:
1041:
1022:
1018:
1002:
886:
596:
319:
314:
284:
234:
154:
119:
1362:
contains an implementation of IPv4LL in the avahi-autoipd tool.
57:(DNS), or configure each computer's network settings manually.
37:) is a set of technologies that automatically creates a usable
1673:
Microsoft TechNet Library Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution
1408:
1026:
462:
examine these addresses to determine the best network path in
139:
2360:(electronic mail message), Busy box, May 2005, archived from
1411:
that includes IPv4LL support. It is included as standard in
846:. Many devices, such as HP and Brother printers, support it.
985:
domain names, which mDNS can resolve to local IP addresses.
651:
pushed up one layer in the hierarchy to the DHCP servers or
454:, information to be transmitted is divided into a series of
2583:
2563:
1926:
1033:, an mDNS/DNS-SD implementation, in its base distribution.
27:
Technologies for automatic network connection configuration
2205:"How to get Windows to give you credentials through LLMNR"
1842:
1618:
1616:
1614:
485:(WAN) systems tended to have centralized setup, where a
1624:"Description of the Microsoft Computer Browser Service"
493:
An early example of a zero-configuration LAN system is
1313:
5.0 includes Microsoft's own implementation of LLMNR.
1270:
and is available on BSD, Apple Mac OS X, Linux, other
626:). The feature is supported in Windows since at least
2573:
2094:"Windows.Networking.ServiceDiscovery.Dnssd namespace"
1259:, though SLP continues to be supported by Mac OS X.
2621:
Zero Configuration Networking: The Definitive Guide
1510:S. Thomson; T. Narten; T. Jinmei (September 2007).
2192:(World Wide Web log), GNU citizen, 23 January 2008
1476:Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses
713:(mDNS) is published as a standards track proposal
1423:replies or closing existing network connections.
1005:network applications written by Apple, including
510:, which filtered names based on the device type.
2137:Zero Configuration Networking (zeroconf) Charter
1870:
1868:
1776:(electronic mail message), IETF, archived from
1750:(electronic mail message), IETF, archived from
1724:(electronic mail message), IETF, archived from
1473:S. Cheshire; B. Aboba; E. Guttman (May 2005).
1649:Manning, Bill; Woodcock, Bill (August 2000),
418:
8:
2472:, a pure Java implementation of mDNS/DNS-SD.
2189:Name (MDNS) Poisoning Attacks Inside the LAN
575:. More commonly addresses are assigned by a
1123:and implementations are available for both
2121:Service Location Protocol (svrloc) Charter
2017:S. Cheshire; M. Krochmal (February 2013).
1979:S. Cheshire; M. Krochmal (February 2013).
1941:S. Cheshire; M. Krochmal (February 2013).
902:. In 2013, the proposals were ratified as
425:
411:
74:
2601:
2528:DNS-Based Service Discovery Specification
2032:
1994:
1956:
1837:
1835:
1521:
1484:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1371:can embed a simple IPv4LL implementation.
1262:Apple's mDNSResponder has interfaces for
659:that receive this information from their
619:Internet Protocol Automatic Configuration
1513:IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
1087:Efforts toward an IETF standard protocol
1021:clients on Windows support DNS-SD. Some
591:eliminating the need for a DHCP server.
1604:Marshall Brain and Stephanie Crawford,
1460:
366:
299:
249:
84:
77:
725:(LLMNR) is published as informational
2618:Steinberg, Daniel; Cheshire, Stuart,
1600:
1598:
1596:
838:. Windows supports it in the form of
466:at each step toward its destination.
7:
2593:Service Location Protocol, version 2
723:Link-local Multicast Name Resolution
604:link-local address autoconfiguration
534:Hosts on a network must be assigned
1055:(SSDP) is a UPnP protocol, used in
524:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
51:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
2655:Windows communication and services
2203:Lodge, David (22 September 2015).
1747:Re: Summary of the LLMNR Last Call
1324:implements both mDNS and LLMNR in
745:and later under the same license.
561:, while IPv6 hosts use the prefix
25:
1285:is a Zeroconf implementation for
1053:Simple Service Discovery Protocol
881:proposed adapting Apple's mature
2238:"Bonjour for MS Windows 1.0.4",
1689:Bonjour Licensing and Trademarks
1676:(webpage), Microsoft, 5 May 2010
966:for IPv6 link-local addressing.
844:Devices Profile for Web Services
822:Web Services Dynamic Discovery (
2411:"Link-Local ARP Measurements",
2163:DNS Extensions (dnsext) Charter
2072:"Ubuntu 15.10 desktop manifest"
1802:(electronic mail message), IETF
1799:More details on the differences
1651:"Multicast Domain Name Service"
1081:Digital Living Network Alliance
613:Automatic Private IP Addressing
2487:implementation of mDNS/DNS-SD.
1773:Summary of the LLMNR Last Call
1606:"How Domain Name Servers Work"
1218:by any system within the same
1147:over UDP and other protocols.
547:, IPv4 uses the special block
442:Computer networks use numeric
1:
2579:, DNS based Service Discovery
1912:Name Binding Protocol over IP
1443:Peer Name Resolution Protocol
926:mDNS uses packets similar to
707:Multicast Domain Name Service
672:thirdfloorprinter.example.org
31:Zero-configuration networking
2569:, including Internet drafts.
2507:, Source forge, 13 June 2013
2481:, Source forge, 11 July 2015
2227:, Mac Dev Center, 2004-08-31
739:Apache 2 Open Source License
647:for further communications.
72:, such as printing devices.
70:location of network services
2543:(tech talk), archived from
2020:DNS-Based Service Discovery
1982:DNS-Based Service Discovery
1589:, Microsoft, 6 January 2021
1562:, Microsoft, archived from
1438:Wireless Zero Configuration
850:DNS-based service discovery
497:, a protocol introduced by
2676:
2343:(C source code), Zero conf
2061:.
1814:"About Function Discovery"
1546:.
969:DNS Service Discovery aka
701:In 2000, Bill Manning and
464:forwarding the data packet
2387:(project), archived from
1516:. Network Working Group.
1479:. Network Working Group.
1332:Link-local IPv4 addresses
896:Service Location Protocol
796:NetBIOS Service Discovery
661:internet service provider
541:address autoconfiguration
1628:Microsoft Knowledge Base
840:Web Services for Devices
683:Computer Browser Service
2439:IEEE Internet Computing
681:, part of which is the
79:Internet protocol suite
43:Internet Protocol Suite
2645:Computer configuration
2354:"Zeroconf in udhcpc",
2224:A Rendezvous with Java
2166:, IETF, archived from
2140:, IETF, archived from
1542:. Updated by RFC
1107:. SLP is described in
634:Name service discovery
2317:: UTS, archived from
1239:Major implementations
922:DNS-SD with multicast
883:Name Binding Protocol
786:Name Binding Protocol
545:link-local addressing
487:network administrator
18:DNS Service Discovery
2057:Updated by RFC
1559:MS Developer Network
1091:SLP is supported by
721:, while Microsoft's
692:Server Message Block
679:NetBIOS Name Service
452:networking protocols
2660:Discovery protocols
2640:Apple Inc. software
2451:10.1109/4236.935181
1538:Obsoletes RFC
1433:Bonjour Sleep Proxy
1365:Zero-Conf IP (zcip)
938:hostname (e.g. the
741:and is included in
517:(IP) networks, the
503:Macintosh computers
2650:Domain Name System
2562:Cheshire, Stuart,
2537:Cheshire, Stuart,
2525:Cheshire, Stuart,
2513:Cheshire, Stuart,
2098:Windows Dev Center
2055:Proposed Standard.
1818:Windows Dev Center
1499:Proposed Standard.
1338:link-local address
811:function discovery
743:Android Jelly Bean
610:refers to this as
519:Domain Name System
479:local area network
55:Domain Name System
2209:Pen Test Partners
1305:MS Windows CE 5.0
1183:in January 2007.
778:Service discovery
771:Service discovery
530:Address selection
515:Internet Protocol
483:wide area network
472:directory service
448:telephone network
444:network addresses
435:
434:
86:Application layer
62:network addresses
16:(Redirected from
2667:
2625:
2614:
2605:
2603:10.17487/RFC2608
2587:
2578:
2568:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2497:
2482:
2471:
2453:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2036:
2034:10.17487/RFC6763
2014:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1996:10.17487/RFC6763
1976:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1958:10.17487/RFC6762
1938:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1907:Cheshire, Stuart
1903:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:Android 4.1 APIs
1700:
1694:
1693:
1692:(webpage), Apple
1684:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:Ietf Datatracker
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1609:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1547:
1534:
1525:
1523:10.17487/RFC4862
1507:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:10.17487/RFC3927
1470:
1327:
1326:systemd-resolved
1293:. It implements
1220:broadcast domain
1216:spoofing attacks
1105:Sun Microsystems
964:
963:
956:
955:
894:, replacing the
859:
858:
832:
831:
788:and Microsoft's
784:, as in Apple's
762:top-level domain
573:
572:
569:
566:
559:
558:
555:
552:
427:
420:
413:
75:
68:, and automatic
47:network services
39:computer network
21:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2590:
2584:"Multicast DNS"
2582:
2572:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2536:
2531:(draft), DNS-SD
2524:
2512:
2501:
2490:
2475:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1608:, howstuffworks
1603:
1594:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1536:Draft Standard.
1509:
1508:
1504:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1452:
1429:
1379:Arthur van Hoff
1334:
1325:
1319:
1307:
1280:
1246:
1241:
1212:
1210:Security issues
1153:
1151:Standardization
1137:
1093:Hewlett-Packard
1089:
1078:
1070:home theater PC
1050:
1039:
991:
961:
960:
953:
952:
924:
879:Stuart Cheshire
875:
856:
855:
852:
830:239.255.255.250
829:
828:
820:
798:
773:
735:Bonjour service
636:
570:
567:
564:
563:
556:
553:
550:
549:
532:
460:Network routers
456:network packets
440:
431:
251:Transport layer
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2588:
2580:
2570:
2559:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2499:
2496:, Mono project
2488:
2473:
2470:, Source forge
2460:
2459:External links
2457:
2455:
2454:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2403:
2381:Marples, Roy,
2373:
2346:
2330:
2300:
2292:"Stable box",
2284:
2281:, Source forge
2268:
2247:
2230:
2214:
2195:
2179:
2153:
2127:
2111:
2085:
2063:
2009:
1971:
1933:
1918:
1898:
1882:
1864:
1849:
1831:
1805:
1789:
1763:
1737:
1711:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1641:
1610:
1592:
1586:Knowledge base
1575:
1548:
1502:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:bootp package.
1333:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1279:
1276:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1211:
1208:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1133:
1088:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1035:
990:
987:
923:
920:
898:(SLP) used in
874:
871:
851:
848:
819:
816:
797:
794:
772:
769:
705:described the
696:master browser
645:protocol stack
635:
632:
531:
528:
501:for the early
439:
436:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
394:
389:
384:
379:
371:
370:
364:
363:
362:
361:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
324:
323:
322:
317:
304:
303:
301:Internet layer
297:
296:
295:
294:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
254:
253:
247:
246:
245:
244:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
117:
112:
107:
97:
89:
88:
82:
81:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2550:on 2008-03-02
2546:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:Multicast DNS
2511:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:Mono.Zeroconf
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2394:on 2010-07-12
2390:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2364:on 2006-02-06
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2321:on 2005-05-09
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2258:nss-mdns 0.10
2251:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2170:on 2005-03-07
2169:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2144:on 2004-11-01
2143:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1944:Multicast DNS
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:Service types
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1780:on 2008-12-07
1779:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1754:on 2008-12-07
1753:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1728:on 2008-12-07
1727:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1566:on 2017-03-18
1565:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:dhcpcd is an
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:Mac OS X 10.1
1250:
1244:Apple Bonjour
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
958:for IPv4 and
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:Mac OS X 10.2
888:
884:
880:
872:
870:
867:
864:
860:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
836:SOAP-over-UDP
833:
825:
817:
815:
812:
808:
804:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
770:
768:
766:
763:
759:
755:
750:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:Multicast DNS
708:
704:
703:Bill Woodcock
699:
697:
693:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
655:devices like
654:
648:
646:
642:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
598:
592:
588:
586:
585:multicast DNS
580:
578:
574:
560:
546:
542:
537:
529:
527:
525:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
406:
405:
400:
399:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
369:
365:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
302:
298:
293:
292:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
252:
248:
243:
242:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:based on the
40:
36:
32:
19:
2620:
2592:
2574:
2564:
2552:, retrieved
2545:the original
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2492:
2477:
2466:
2445:(3): 81–86,
2442:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2406:
2396:, retrieved
2389:the original
2383:
2376:
2366:, retrieved
2362:the original
2356:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2323:, retrieved
2319:the original
2309:
2303:
2294:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2172:, retrieved
2168:the original
2162:
2156:
2146:, retrieved
2142:the original
2136:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2066:
2054:
2019:
2012:
1981:
1974:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1852:
1843:
1822:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1782:, retrieved
1778:the original
1772:
1766:
1756:, retrieved
1752:the original
1746:
1740:
1730:, retrieved
1726:the original
1720:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1654:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1627:
1585:
1578:
1568:, retrieved
1564:the original
1558:
1551:
1535:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1475:
1454:
1453:
1418:
1384:
1335:
1320:
1308:
1299:
1281:
1261:
1247:
1213:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1138:
1090:
1079:
1051:
1040:
992:
982:
968:
959:
951:
935:
925:
876:
868:
854:
853:
827:
824:WS-Discovery
821:
818:WS-Discovery
810:
799:
782:name service
774:
764:
751:
747:
706:
700:
695:
676:
671:
667:
665:
657:cable modems
649:
640:
637:
623:
618:
617:
611:
603:
593:
589:
581:
562:
548:
536:IP addresses
533:
512:
492:
476:
468:
441:
397:
357:
290:
240:
59:
34:
30:
29:
2265:: 0 pointer
2100:. Microsoft
1820:. Microsoft
1630:. Microsoft
1403:client for
1398:open source
1095:'s network
954:224.0.0.251
928:unicast DNS
668:example.org
641:example.org
616:(APIPA) or
606:. However,
600:MAC address
577:DHCP server
551:169.254.0.0
53:(DHCP) and
2634:Categories
2624:, O'Reilly
2554:2006-03-08
2504:WxServDisc
2478:pyZeroConf
2398:2011-01-07
2368:2006-03-15
2340:AVH IPv4LL
2325:2005-05-04
2174:2005-03-02
2148:2004-10-28
2104:1 November
2078:23 October
1824:1 November
1784:2005-11-11
1758:2006-02-10
1732:2006-02-10
1634:1 November
1570:2008-07-05
1450:References
1350:Mac OS 8.5
1346:Windows 98
1311:Windows CE
1309:Microsoft
1057:Windows XP
932:DNS record
863:SRV record
628:Windows 98
499:Apple Inc.
438:Background
368:Link layer
49:, such as
2483:, a pure
2255:Lennart,
2043:2070-1721
1928:Zero conf
1708:(webpage)
1556:"Apipa",
758:namespace
653:broadband
608:Microsoft
495:AppleTalk
66:hostnames
2565:Zeroconf
2540:Zeroconf
2417:(wiki),
2310:Zeroconf
2074:. Ubuntu
1895:, DNS-SD
1427:See also
1097:printers
1015:Messages
962:ff02::fb
877:In 1997
526:(DHCP).
35:zeroconf
2548:(video)
2519:(draft)
2430:Sources
2244:, Apple
2241:Support
1369:BusyBox
1322:Systemd
1317:Systemd
1249:Bonjour
1222:. Like
1140:AllJoyn
1135:AllJoyn
1125:Solaris
989:Support
977:, SRV,
934:of its
873:History
790:NetBIOS
508:Chooser
398:more...
382:Tunnels
358:more...
291:more...
241:more...
230:TLS/SSL
185:ONC/RPC
122: (
2575:DNS-SD
2485:Python
2392:(wiki)
2384:dhcpcd
2357:udhcpc
2124:, IETF
2041:
1915:(rant)
1877:
1859:
1844:DNS-SD
1445:(PNRP)
1413:NetBSD
1354:Darwin
1295:IPv4LL
1202:
1194:
1179:
1168:
1158:
1119:
1111:
1103:, and
1101:Novell
1013:, and
1007:Safari
999:Ubuntu
995:Debian
983:.local
971:DNS-SD
936:.local
914:
906:
857:DNS-SD
729:
717:
565:fe80::
225:Telnet
124:HTTP/3
2467:JmDNS
2421:: UVA
1455:Notes
1405:Linux
1360:Avahi
1287:Linux
1283:Avahi
1278:Avahi
1272:POSIX
1129:Linux
1031:Avahi
1011:iChat
948:CNAME
765:local
754:local
352:IPsec
130:HTTPS
2611:2608
2295:Code
2278:zcip
2106:2015
2080:2015
2059:8553
2050:6763
2039:ISSN
2025:IETF
2004:6763
1987:IETF
1966:6762
1949:IETF
1879:1035
1861:2782
1826:2015
1659:IETF
1636:2015
1544:7527
1540:2462
1531:4862
1494:3927
1407:and
1401:DHCP
1387:DHCP
1348:and
1291:BSDs
1289:and
1268:Java
1266:and
1257:10.2
1255:and
1224:SNMP
1204:6763
1198:and
1196:6762
1181:4795
1170:3927
1160:2608
1145:HTTP
1127:and
1121:3224
1115:and
1113:2608
1076:DLNA
1066:SOHO
1048:SSDP
1042:UPnP
1037:UPnP
1023:Unix
1019:VoIP
1003:OS X
997:and
944:AAAA
916:6763
910:and
908:6762
900:10.1
887:IETF
842:and
803:SSDP
756:DNS
731:4795
719:6762
687:WINS
624:IPAC
597:IEEE
347:IGMP
327:ICMP
285:QUIC
280:RSVP
275:SCTP
270:DCCP
235:XMPP
215:SNMP
210:SMTP
195:RTSP
170:OSPF
160:NNTP
155:MQTT
150:MGCP
145:LDAP
135:IMAP
120:HTTP
100:DHCP
2608:RFC
2598:doi
2447:doi
2414:AIR
2047:RFC
2029:doi
2001:RFC
1991:doi
1963:RFC
1953:doi
1875:RFC
1857:RFC
1528:RFC
1518:doi
1491:RFC
1481:doi
1421:ARP
1409:BSD
1233:SSH
1229:RSA
1200:RFC
1192:RFC
1177:RFC
1166:RFC
1156:RFC
1117:RFC
1109:RFC
1061:URI
1027:BSD
979:TXT
975:PTR
912:RFC
904:RFC
807:WSD
805:or
727:RFC
715:RFC
513:On
392:MAC
387:PPP
377:ARP
342:ECN
337:NDP
265:UDP
260:TCP
220:SSH
205:SIP
200:RIP
190:RTP
180:PTP
175:POP
165:NTP
140:IRC
115:FTP
110:DNS
95:BGP
2636::
2606:.
2596:.
2441:,
2419:NE
2315:AU
2313:,
2263:DE
2261:,
2207:.
2096:.
2045:.
2037:.
2027:.
2023:.
1999:.
1989:.
1985:.
1961:.
1951:.
1947:.
1909:,
1867:^
1834:^
1816:.
1657:,
1653:,
1626:.
1613:^
1595:^
1526:.
1489:.
1463:^
1328:.
1231:,
1206:.
1131:.
1099:,
1025:,
1009:,
946:,
942:,
918:.
792:.
630:.
571:10
557:16
474:.
331:v6
320:v6
315:v4
310:IP
104:v6
2626:.
2613:.
2600::
2586:.
2558:.
2533:.
2521:.
2449::
2443:5
2211:.
2108:.
2082:.
2052:.
2031::
2006:.
1993::
1968:.
1955::
1828:.
1638:.
1533:.
1520::
1496:.
1483::
1415:.
1381:.
1264:C
940:A
622:(
568:/
554:/
426:e
419:t
412:v
333:)
329:(
126:)
106:)
102:(
33:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.