2008:). The DSRP method builds upon this constructivist view of knowledge by encouraging users to physically and graphically examine information. Users take concepts and model them with physical objects or diagrams. These objects are then moved around and associated in different ways to represent some piece of information, or content, and its context in terms of distinctions, systems, relationships, or perspectives. Once a concept has been modeled and explored using at least one of the four elements of DSRP, the user goes back to see if the existing model is sufficient for his or her needs, and if not, chooses another element and explores the concept using that. This process is repeated until the user is satisfied with the model.
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The equation explains that autonomous agents (information, ideas or things) following simple rules (D,S,R,P) with their elemental pairs (i-o, p-w, a-r, Ï-v) in nonlinear order (:) and with various co-implications of the rules (â), the collective dynamics of which over a time series j to n leads to
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against unification, and he advised: "Rather than seeking to rationalise the systems thinking field, arguably they would be better off acknowledging that theirs is one perspective amongst many. It is then up to them to argue its coherence and utility while still keeping the door open to insights
338:
DSRP theory states that these four structures are inherent in every piece of knowledge and are universal to all human thinking, and that any piece of information can be viewed using each of these structures to gain a deeper understanding of that information. The order in which the operations take
2107:
Users are encouraged to model ideas with blocks or other physical objects, or to draw (diagram) ideas in terms of D, S, R, and P. This aspect of the method is promoted as a form of nonlinguistic representation of ideas, based on research showing that learners acquire and structure knowledge more
2028:
Root lists are simply lists of various concepts, behaviors, and cognitive functions that are "rooted in" D, S, R, or P. These root lists show the research linkages between the four universal structures and existing structures which users may be more familiar with such as categorization, sorting,
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that causes a disconnect between our knowledge of physical things and the physical world (the basis of systems thinking) is resolved because our universal DSRP cognitive structures evolved within the boundaries and constraints of the physical, chemical, and biological laws. That is, ontological
2177:
The DSRP method has been used extensively in educational settings from preschool through post-secondary settings. The DSRP method, as applied in education, is intended to work with existing subject-specific curricula to build thinking skills and provide a way for students to structure content
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theory (that is, it is predictive not only of what is known but also how new things will come to be known and how those things are actually structured a priori), it could be used not only to deconstruct existing (known) knowledge about any phenomena but also can be used as a predictive and
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DSRP provides the conceptual foundation for
Plectica, a cloud-based application. The card structure and mapping features tacitly reference DSRP rules and provide an environment in which users can create visual maps of DSRP constructs on any topic or process.
2019:
The DSRP mindset is the paradigmatic shift toward thinking about underlying structure of ideas rather than only the content of speech acts, curriculum, or information of any kind. The DSRP mindset means the person is explicating underlying structure.
1987:
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The elements of each of the four patterns follow a simple underlying logic as do the interactions between patterns. This logic underlies the unique ability of DSRP to be characterized as multivalent, but contain within it bivalency.
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Hogan, Michael J.; Harney, Owen M.; Broome, Benjamin J. (2014). "Integrating argument mapping with systems thinking tools: advancing applied systems science". In Okada, Alexandra; Buckingham Shum, Simon J.; Sherborne, Tony (eds.).
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has argued that the "DSRP pattern that
Cabrera et al. propose is an interpretation imposed on other perspectives, and they are prepared to dismiss concepts in those perspectives that do not fit." Midgley argued for pragmatic
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192:. In later writings, Cabrera describes D, S, R, and P as "patterns of thinking", and expands upon the implications of these thinking skills. The DSRP theory is a mathematical formalism of
2186:
As a universal theory of systems thinking, DSRP method is in broad use as the basis for organizational learning. The link between organizational learning and systems thinking was made by
2169:
Cabrera claims that DSRP theory, as a mathematical and epistemological formalism, and the DSRP method, as a set of cognitive tools, is universally applicable to any field of knowledge.
1907:
1702:
665:{\displaystyle {ST}_{n}={\underset {info}{\oplus }}{\underset {j\leq n}{\otimes }}{\left\{:{D}_{o}^{i}\circ {S}_{w}^{p}\circ {R}_{r}^{a}\circ {P}_{v}^{\rho }:\right\}}_{j}}
478:
The primary application of the DSRP theory is through its various methodological tools but the theory itself is a mathematical formalism that contributes to the fields of
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improves as people learn to examine the reasoning behind the distinctions they draw and the perspectives and relationships that influence how information is presented
1597:
846:
814:
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Emerson, Robert (December 2015). "Book review: Systems
Thinking Made Simple: New Hope for Solving Wicked Problems by Derek and Laura Cabrera, Odyssean Press, 2015".
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3016:"A systems thinking approach for eliciting mental models from visual boundary objects in hydropolitical contexts: a case study from the Pilcomayo River Basin"
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with innumerable other entities, for example, the news media, current events, the
American electorate, etc., each of which mutually influence the Partyâa
2000:
DSRP as a method is built upon two premises: first, that humans build knowledge, with knowledge and thinking being in a continuous feedback loop (e.g.,
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but using DSRP as the underlying logic. Users pose "guiding questions", of which there are two for each structure of DSRP. The guiding questions are:
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Systems thinking for social change: a practical guide to solving complex problems, avoiding unintended consequences, and achieving lasting results
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3014:
Walters, Riveraine; Kenzie, Erin; Metzger, Alexander; Baltutis, William Jesse; Chakrabarti, Kakali; Hirsch, Shana; Laursen, Bethany (April 2019).
2767:"Distinctions, systems, relationships, perspectives: the simple rules of complex conceptual systems: a universal descriptive grammar of cognition"
244:
DSRP consists of four interrelated structures (or patterns), and each structure has two opposing elements. The structures and their elements are:
149:. It is an acronym that stands for Distinctions, Systems, Relationships, and Perspectives. Cabrera posits that these four patterns underlie all
4162:
Veldhuis, Guido Arjan; Scheepstal, Peter van; Rouwette, Etiënne; Logtens, Tom (June 2015). "Collaborative problem structuring using MARVEL".
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2821:"Response to paper 'Systems thinking' by D. Cabrera et al.: The unification of systems thinking: Is there gold at the end of the rainbow?"
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Basseches, Michael (1980). "Dialectical schemata: a framework for the empirical study of the development of dialectical thinking".
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A video demonstration provides a specific example of how DSRP applies to scientific discovery both descriptively and predictively:
3827:(2014). "Models in science and in learning science: focusing scientific practice on sense-making". In Matthews, Michael R. (ed.).
345:
pointed out that the structures of DSRP have analogues in other systems theories: distinctions are analogous to the boundaries of
176:
and philosophical underpinnings, while the method is the set of tools and techniques people use in real life settings (notably in
2001:
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394:
382:
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underlying structure of physical things as well as the epistemological underlying structure of ideas is reconciled under DSRP.
2011:
The DSRP method has several parts, including mindset, root lists, guiding questions, tactile manipulatives, and DSRP diagrams.
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455:. The Party is also a relationship itself between other concepts, for example, between a voter and political affiliation.
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process: the four DSRP structures do not occur in a stepwise, linear process but in a highly interdependent, complex way.
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Rational analysis for a problematic world revisited: problem structuring methods for complexity, uncertainty and conflict
1441:
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1059:
2626:
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improves as people reconsider boundaries (i.e. distinctions) and make connections between new pieces of information.
3736:; Cavana, Robert Y.; Brocklesby, John; Foote, Jeff L.; Wood, David R. R.; Ahuriri-Driscoll, Annabel (August 2013).
3269:
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Böttcher, Florian; Meisert, Anke (February 2011). "Argumentation in science education: a model-based framework".
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2005:
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improves as people learn to take multiple perspectivesâparticularly to imagine the perspectives of other people.
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370:
50:
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Mathewson, James H. (January 1999). "Visual-spatial thinking: an aspect of science overlooked by educators".
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1982:{\displaystyle \intercal \left(D\vee S\vee R\vee P\right)\rightarrow \left(D\wedge S\wedge R\wedge P\right)}
1777:{\displaystyle \intercal \left(D\vee S\vee R\vee P\right)\rightarrow \left(D\wedge S\wedge R\wedge P\right)}
487:
2883:
2227:
DSRP has been used to apply systems thinking to the fields of evaluation and program planning, including a
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3667:
Mathewson, James H. (April 2005). "The visual core of science: definition and applications to education".
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4271:"The non-codified use of problem structuring methods and the need for a generic constitutive definition"
2950:"Did outreach really work? Cornell team will develop tools to evaluate science and technology education"
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2368:
3652:"The spectrum of responses to complex societal issues: reflections on seven years of empirical inquiry"
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prescriptive tool to advance any area of knowledge about any physical, natural, or social phenomena.
362:
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How to make collaboration work: powerful ways to build consensus, solve problems, and make decisions
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3113:. Publications for the advancement of theory and history in psychology. Vol. 3. Norwood, NJ:
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Any piece of information can be analyzed using each of these elements. For example, consider the
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3543:
The change handbook: the definitive resource on today's best methods for engaging whole systems
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With continued use, the method is supposed to improve six specific types of thinking skills:
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3639:"Deliberative methods for complex issues: a typology of functions that may need scaffolding"
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2648:"Special section: The patterns of thinking method applied to evaluation theory and practice"
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491:
328:
193:
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How we think: a restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process
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improves as people make connections (i.e. relationships) between new pieces of information.
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2231:-funded initiative to evaluate of large-scale science, technology, engineering, and math (
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is drawn between it and all other entities. In this instance, the
Democratic Party is the
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is a theory and method of thinking, developed by systems theorist and cognitive scientist
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Not all experts agree that DSRP is definitive of systems thinking, as
Cabrera claims.
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Constructive developmental framework § Four classes of dialectical thought forms
173:
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Remedial genius: think and learn like a genius with the five principles of knowledge
2190:. DSRP forms the basis of an organizational systems and learning model called VMCL.
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effectively when information is presented in linguistic and nonlinguistic formats.
309:
Each structure (D, S, R, or P) implies the existence of the other three structures.
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explores nested systems (parts and wholes) in ways analogous to the "S" of DSRP;
106:
It may require cleanup to comply with
Knowledge's content policies, particularly
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The existence of D or S or R or P implies the existence of D and S and R and P
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4175:
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3829:
International handbook of research in history, philosophy and science teaching
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3858:
3738:"Towards a new framework for evaluating systemic problem structuring methods"
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Proceedings of the 52nd Annual
Meeting of the ISSS â 2008, Madison, Wisconsin
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111:
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In addition, the DSRP method is supposed to improve teacher effectiveness.
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improves as one becomes increasingly fluent with all four elements of DSRP.
405:
of the
Republican Party ("identity"), however, the Democratic Party is the
3505:. Advanced information and knowledge processing (2nd ed.). New York:
3374:
2323:
4240:
3451:
2042:
3233:. Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 295. New York:
2976:"Learn@santafe.edu creates a blueprint for complexity science education"
312:
Each structure implies the existence of its two elements and vice versa.
4297:
4184:
3726:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199901)83:1<33::AID-SCE2>3.0.CO;2-Z
3470:
Problem solving and decision making: hard, soft and creative approaches
2933:
2908:
The fifth discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization
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2718:
324:
3921:
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Thinking at every desk: four simple skills to transform your classroom
424:âits membership, hierarchy, values, etc. When viewed from a different
4080:
Teller, Paul (December 2001). "Twilight of the perfect-model model".
4006:
4127:. Models and modeling in science education. Vol. 7. New York:
3991:"All models are wrong: reflections on becoming a systems scientist"
2674:
Systems thinking made simple: new hope for solving wicked problems
675:
the emergence of what we might refer to as systems thinking (ST).
3650:
Jordan, Thomas; Andersson, Pia; Ringnér, Helena (February 2013).
2147:
improves as people learn to analyze information in a logical way.
3148:; Glover, John A.; Ronning, Royce R; Reynolds, Cecil R. (eds.).
315:
Each element implies its opposite (e.g. identity implies other).
2859:"Method of teaching thinking skills and knowledge acquisition"
2096:
Can you think about ____________ from a different perspective?
1369:
A Relationship is defined as an action co-implying a reaction
737:{\displaystyle P:=\left({e}_{1}\leftrightarrow {e}_{2}\right)}
84:
18:
3503:
Knowledge cartography: software tools and mapping techniques
2792:"TEDxWilliamsport - Dr. Derek Cabrera - How Thinking Works"
2037:
Guiding questions provide users with something akin to the
898:{\displaystyle \left({e}_{1}\leftrightarrow {e}_{2}\right)}
486:. The formal theory states that DSRP are simple rules in a
3140:
Benack, Suzanne; Basseches, Michael; Swan, Thomas (1989).
2463:
2461:
2459:
987:
A Distinction is defined as identity co-implying an other
208:. The DSRP method is used in education and has influenced
339:
place does not matter, as all four occur simultaneously.
4203:"Interweaving categories: styles, paradigms, and models"
3940:
Systems approaches to managing change: a practical guide
3540:
Holman, Peggy; Devane, Tom; Cady, Steven, eds. (2007) .
1549:{\displaystyle P:=\left(\rho \leftrightarrow {v}\right)}
153:, that they are universal to the process of structuring
3643:
1558:
A Perspective is defined as a point co-implying a view
223:
was dedicated to examining the DSRP theory and method.
42:
4320:
1894:{\displaystyle \left(D\wedge S\wedge R\wedge P\right)}
1360:{\displaystyle R:=\left({a}\leftrightarrow {r}\right)}
1169:{\displaystyle S:=\left({p}\leftrightarrow {w}\right)}
978:{\displaystyle D:=\left({i}\leftrightarrow {o}\right)}
188:
DSRP was first described by Derek Cabrera in the book
99:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
2912:(0385260954 ed.). New York: Doubleday. pp.
2552:
Systems thinking: four universal patterns of thinking
1910:
1859:
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1658:{\displaystyle \left(\rho \leftrightarrow {v}\right)}
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Mingers, John; Rosenhead, Jonathan (February 2004).
3152:. Perspectives on individual differences. New York:
3056:
Sociophysics: cosmos and chaos in nature and culture
2235:) education programs, as well as evaluations of the
53:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
4207:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
2880:"Thinking about thinking skills: not how, but what"
2581:
2579:
2577:
1471:{\displaystyle \left({a}\leftrightarrow {r}\right)}
1280:{\displaystyle \left({w}\leftrightarrow {p}\right)}
1089:{\displaystyle \left({i}\leftrightarrow {o}\right)}
3765:Mingers, John; Rosenhead, Jonathan, eds. (2001) .
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1178:A System is defined a whole co-implying a part(s)
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161:by learning to use the four elements explicitly.
4269:Yearworth, Mike; White, Leroy (September 2014).
4124:Multiple representations in biological education
4121:Treagust, David F.; Tsui, Chi-Yan, eds. (2013).
3546:(2nd ed.). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
2929:"New Dolphin Species DSRP Creates New Knowledge"
2471:; Colosi, Laura; Lobdell, Claire (August 2008).
2198:Because its creators claim that DSRP is both an
1843:{\displaystyle \left(D\vee S\vee R\vee P\right)}
4057:. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub.
3904:"Knowing differently in systemic intervention"
2811:
2809:
2807:
2757:
2755:
200:, built on the philosophical underpinnings of
3937:Reynolds, Martin; Holwell, Sue, eds. (2010).
2627:"TED-style event focuses on systems thinking"
2431:Theory of everything § Arguments against
2004:), and second, that knowledge changes (e.g.,
8:
3875:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2083:Can you think of ________ as a relationship?
385:. By giving the party a name, Democratic, a
4234:Winther, Rasmus GrĂžnfeldt (February 2011).
4201:Winther, Rasmus GrĂžnfeldt (December 2012).
4024:. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. pp.
3439:Journal of the Operational Research Society
3142:"Dialectical thinking and adult creativity"
3823:Passmore, Cynthia; Gouvea, Julia Svoboda;
3769:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK; New York:
3669:International Journal of Science Education
3110:Dialectical thinking and adult development
2952:. Cornell Chronicle Online. Archived from
219:In 2008, a special section of the journal
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466:in the political landscape from which to
420:entity, but it is made up of constituent
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
4276:European Journal of Operational Research
3803:European Journal of Operational Research
3743:European Journal of Operational Research
2734:"A simple solution to a complex problem"
1696:
1509:
1318:
1127:
936:
681:
436:universe of American political parties.
369:is an exploration of relationships; and
305:There are several rules governing DSRP:
3909:Systems Research and Behavioral Science
3798:"Problem structuring methods in action"
2629:. Cornell University. Cornell Chronicle
2593:. Norton books in education. New York:
2455:
2103:Tactile manipulatives and DSRP diagrams
164:Cabrera distinguishes between the DSRP
2786:
2784:
2194:Physical, natural, and social sciences
319:These rules illustrate that DSRP is a
34:contains content that is written like
3872:World hypotheses: a study in evidence
2093:From the perspective of __________, ?
2070:Can you think of _________ as a part?
1797:One Pattern implies all the Patterns
7:
3431:"Multimethodology in metaheuristics"
2517:. Loveland, Colo.: Project N Press.
157:, and that people can improve their
3614:. Chichester, UK; New York: Wiley.
393:and everything else (including the
4164:EURO Journal on Decision Processes
3610:Huff, Anne Sigismund, ed. (1990).
3473:(2nd ed.). London; New York:
2837:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.04.002
2489:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2007.12.001
2080:Is ________ related to __________?
252:istinctions â which consist of an
14:
3429:Ferreira, J. Soeiro (June 2013).
2359:Fallacy of misplaced concreteness
428:, the Democratic Party is just a
230:is an updated treatment of DSRP.
3268:Chu, Dominique (February 2011).
2625:Hernandez, Sascha (2014-12-09).
2322:
2308:
2294:
2280:
280:elationships â which consist of
110:. Please discuss further on the
89:
23:
3572:Community based system dynamics
3059:(2nd ed.). Hauppauge, NY:
2825:Evaluation and Program Planning
2652:Evaluation and Program Planning
2477:Evaluation and Program Planning
2223:Evaluation and program planning
1794:Then D and S and R and P exists
746:A Pattern is defined as element
458:The Democratic Party is also a
412:The Democratic Party is also a
294:erspectives â which consist of
221:Evaluation and Program Planning
2948:Steele, Bill (June 15, 2006).
2676:. Ithaca, NY: Odyssean Press.
1945:
1740:
1642:
1533:
1455:
1344:
1264:
1153:
1073:
962:
875:
714:
1:
3816:10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00056-0
3270:"Complexity: against systems"
2974:Stites, Janet (Winter 2007).
226:The 2015 self-published book
16:Theory and method of thinking
3841:10.1007/978-94-007-7654-8_36
3515:10.1007/978-1-4471-6470-8_18
3352:Logic: the theory of inquiry
3319:(Revised ed.). Boston:
3162:10.1007/978-1-4757-5356-1_12
2558:(Ph.D. thesis). Ithaca, NY:
2210:DSRP theory posits that the
228:Systems Thinking Made Simple
212:as well as in management of
4227:10.1016/j.shpsa.2012.07.005
4051:Stroh, David Peter (2015).
3467:Hicks, Michael J. (2004) .
3107:Basseches, Michael (1984).
3053:Arnopoulos, Paris (2005) .
2983:Santa Fe Institute Bulletin
2229:National Science Foundation
439:The Democratic Party is in
4357:
4289:10.1016/j.ejor.2014.02.015
3757:10.1016/j.ejor.2013.01.047
3569:Hovmand, Peter S. (2014).
2989:(1): 45â51. Archived from
2270:from other perspectives."
2239:education programs of the
2139:Interdisciplinary thinking
2067:Does _________ have parts?
1791:If D or S or R or P exists
1380:action co-implies reaction
266:ystems â which consist of
237:
4254:10.1007/s11229-009-9647-0
4176:10.1007/s40070-015-0045-1
4137:10.1007/978-94-007-4192-8
3961:10.1007/978-1-84882-809-4
3689:10.1080/09500690500060417
3612:Mapping strategic thought
3585:10.1007/978-1-4614-8763-0
3289:10.1007/s12064-011-0121-4
3243:10.1007/978-94-007-4408-0
3209:10.1007/s11191-010-9304-5
2589:; Colosi, Laura (2012) .
2344:Critical systems thinking
2006:evolutionary epistemology
1785:
1557:
1368:
1177:
998:identity co-implies other
986:
745:
480:evolutionary epistemology
206:evolutionary epistemology
2339:Creative problem-solving
2267:methodological pluralism
2216:symbol grounding problem
371:soft systems methodology
4106:10.1023/A:1013349314515
3637:Jordan, Thomas (2014).
3230:Evaluating philosophies
3201:2011Sc&Ed..20..103B
3189:Science & Education
3061:Nova Science Publishers
3035:10.5751/ES-10586-240209
2406:Perspective (cognitive)
2391:Model-dependent realism
2182:Organizational learning
2057:What is not __________?
2029:cause and effect, etc.
1592:{\displaystyle {\rho }}
841:{\displaystyle {e}_{2}}
809:{\displaystyle {e}_{1}}
488:complex adaptive system
373:explores perspectives.
4014:Straus, David (2002).
3995:System Dynamics Review
3835:. pp. 1171â1202.
3387:Bentley, Arthur Fisher
3357:Henry Holt and Company
3150:Handbook of creativity
2878:Orr, Jennifer (2012).
2732:Wheeler, Greg (2010).
2288:Systems science portal
2151:Emotional intelligence
1983:
1895:
1844:
1778:
1685:
1659:
1618:
1593:
1550:
1498:
1472:
1429:
1404:
1383:A Relationship exists
1361:
1307:
1281:
1238:
1213:
1170:
1116:
1090:
1047:
1022:
979:
925:
899:
842:
810:
750:co-implying an element
738:
666:
214:learning organizations
174:mathematical formalism
3898:Rajagopalan, Raghav;
3771:John Wiley & Sons
3392:Knowing and the known
3277:Theory in Biosciences
2937:. September 16, 2011.
2904:Senge, Peter (1990).
2595:W.W. Norton & Co.
2375:Knowing and the Known
2369:Higher order thinking
1984:
1896:
1845:
1779:
1686:
1660:
1619:
1594:
1572:A Perspective exists
1569:point co-implies view
1551:
1499:
1473:
1430:
1405:
1362:
1308:
1282:
1239:
1214:
1189:whole co-implies part
1171:
1117:
1091:
1048:
1023:
1001:A Distinction exists
980:
926:
900:
843:
811:
739:
667:
395:U.S. Republican Party
383:U.S. Democratic Party
108:neutral point of view
55:neutral point of view
4321:Cabrera Research Lab
4236:"Partâwhole science"
3943:. London; New York:
3509:. pp. 401â421.
3452:10.1057/jors.2012.88
3225:Bunge, Mario Augusto
3156:. pp. 199â208.
2744:(23). Archived from
2401:Pedagogical patterns
2354:Double-loop learning
2112:Educational outcomes
1908:
1857:
1806:
1703:
1672:
1631:
1606:
1581:
1516:
1485:
1442:
1417:
1392:
1325:
1294:
1251:
1226:
1201:
1134:
1103:
1060:
1035:
1010:
943:
912:
855:
823:
791:
688:
500:
363:Jay Wright Forrester
172:. The theory is the
4219:2012SHPSA..43..628W
4016:"The 64 heuristics"
3953:2010satm.book.....R
3718:1999SciEd..83...33M
3681:2005IJSEd..27..529M
3021:Ecology and Society
2800:. December 6, 2011.
2145:Scientific thinking
2054:What is __________?
1684:{\displaystyle :=P}
1617:{\displaystyle {v}}
1497:{\displaystyle :=R}
1428:{\displaystyle {r}}
1403:{\displaystyle {a}}
1306:{\displaystyle :=S}
1237:{\displaystyle {p}}
1212:{\displaystyle {w}}
1115:{\displaystyle :=D}
1046:{\displaystyle {o}}
1021:{\displaystyle {i}}
924:{\displaystyle :=P}
646:
626:
606:
586:
359:viable system model
47:promotional content
3902:(September 2015).
3867:Pepper, Stephen C.
2719:10.1002/inst.12062
2560:Cornell University
2473:"Systems thinking"
2241:Santa Fe Institute
2237:complexity science
2155:prosocial behavior
1979:
1891:
1840:
1774:
1681:
1655:
1614:
1589:
1546:
1494:
1468:
1425:
1400:
1357:
1303:
1277:
1234:
1209:
1166:
1112:
1086:
1043:
1018:
992:An identity exists
975:
921:
895:
838:
806:
776:co-implies element
734:
662:
630:
610:
590:
570:
558:
540:
210:educational reform
49:and inappropriate
3922:10.1002/sres.2352
3706:Science Education
3146:Torrance, E. Paul
3100:10.1159/000272600
3088:Human Development
2316:Psychology portal
2302:Philosophy portal
2212:mindâbody problem
2127:Creative thinking
2121:Critical thinking
2033:Guiding questions
1993:
1992:
1695:
1694:
1508:
1507:
1377:A reaction exists
1317:
1316:
1126:
1125:
935:
934:
782:A Pattern exists
543:
522:
351:boundary critique
140:
139:
132:
103:with its subject.
83:
82:
75:
4348:
4336:Systems analysis
4310:
4300:
4265:
4230:
4197:
4187:
4170:(3â4): 249â273.
4158:
4117:
4099:
4076:
4047:
4010:
3987:Sterman, John D.
3982:
3933:
3894:
3862:
3825:Giere, Ronald N.
3819:
3792:
3761:
3759:
3729:
3700:
3663:
3646:
3633:
3606:
3565:
3536:
3496:
3463:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3410:. Archived from
3397:
3378:
3342:
3321:Houghton Mifflin
3308:
3274:
3264:
3220:
3183:
3136:
3115:Ablex Publishing
3103:
3082:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2882:. Archived from
2875:
2869:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2557:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2465:
2442:World Hypotheses
2421:Systems analysis
2396:Pattern language
2349:Conceptual model
2332:
2330:Education portal
2327:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2133:Systems thinking
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1944:
1940:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1739:
1735:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1374:An action exists
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1192:A System exists
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
984:
982:
981:
976:
974:
970:
969:
961:
937:
930:
928:
927:
922:
904:
902:
901:
896:
894:
890:
889:
888:
883:
874:
873:
868:
847:
845:
844:
839:
837:
836:
831:
815:
813:
812:
807:
805:
804:
799:
743:
741:
740:
735:
733:
729:
728:
727:
722:
713:
712:
707:
682:
671:
669:
668:
663:
661:
660:
655:
654:
650:
645:
640:
635:
625:
620:
615:
605:
600:
595:
585:
580:
575:
559:
557:
541:
539:
517:
516:
511:
492:systems thinking
194:systems thinking
135:
128:
124:
121:
115:
101:close connection
93:
92:
85:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
36:an advertisement
27:
26:
19:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4268:
4233:
4200:
4161:
4147:
4129:Springer Verlag
4120:
4097:10.1.1.201.9410
4079:
4065:
4050:
4036:
4013:
4007:10.1002/sdr.261
3989:(Winter 2002).
3985:
3971:
3945:Springer Verlag
3936:
3900:Midgley, Gerald
3897:
3883:
3865:
3851:
3833:Springer Verlag
3822:
3795:
3781:
3764:
3734:Midgley, Gerald
3732:
3703:
3666:
3656:Integral Review
3649:
3636:
3622:
3609:
3595:
3577:Springer Verlag
3568:
3554:
3539:
3525:
3507:Springer Verlag
3499:
3485:
3466:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3395:
3381:
3367:
3345:
3331:
3311:
3272:
3267:
3253:
3235:Springer Verlag
3223:
3186:
3172:
3139:
3125:
3106:
3085:
3071:
3052:
3049:
3047:Further reading
3044:
3043:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2819:(August 2008).
2817:Midgley, Gerald
2815:
2814:
2805:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2684:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2604:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2525:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2416:Structure chart
2411:Problem solving
2328:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2258:
2249:
2225:
2200:epistemological
2196:
2184:
2175:
2167:
2114:
2105:
2039:Socratic method
2035:
2026:
2017:
1998:
1989:
1952:
1948:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1747:
1743:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1579:
1578:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1390:
1389:
1338:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1199:
1198:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1008:
1007:
995:An other exists
956:
952:
941:
940:
931:
910:
909:
905:
878:
863:
862:
858:
853:
852:
848:
826:
821:
820:
816:
794:
789:
788:
779:
775:
768:
761:
753:
749:
717:
702:
701:
697:
686:
685:
672:
566:
562:
560:
547:
526:
503:
498:
497:
476:
379:
367:system dynamics
333:complex systems
242:
236:
190:Remedial Genius
186:
159:thinking skills
136:
125:
119:
116:
105:
94:
90:
79:
68:
62:
59:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4354:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4341:Systems theory
4338:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4315:External links
4313:
4312:
4311:
4283:(3): 932â945.
4266:
4248:(3): 397â427.
4231:
4213:(4): 628â639.
4198:
4159:
4145:
4118:
4090:(3): 393â415.
4077:
4063:
4048:
4035:978-1576751282
4034:
4011:
4001:(4): 501â531.
3983:
3969:
3934:
3916:(5): 546â561.
3895:
3882:978-0520009943
3881:
3863:
3849:
3820:
3810:(3): 530â554.
3793:
3780:978-0471495239
3779:
3762:
3750:(1): 143â154.
3730:
3701:
3675:(5): 529â548.
3664:
3647:
3634:
3621:978-0471926320
3620:
3607:
3594:978-1461487623
3593:
3566:
3552:
3537:
3523:
3497:
3483:
3464:
3446:(6): 873â883.
3426:
3379:
3365:
3343:
3330:978-0395897546
3329:
3309:
3283:(3): 229â245.
3265:
3251:
3221:
3195:(2): 103â140.
3184:
3171:978-0306431609
3170:
3137:
3124:978-0893910174
3123:
3104:
3094:(6): 400â421.
3083:
3070:978-1590339671
3069:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3006:
2966:
2940:
2919:
2896:
2870:
2864:Google Patents
2850:
2831:(3): 317â321.
2803:
2780:
2765:(April 2008).
2763:Cabrera, Derek
2751:
2748:on 2015-09-26.
2724:
2697:
2683:978-0996349307
2682:
2670:Cabrera, Derek
2661:
2639:
2617:
2602:
2587:Cabrera, Derek
2573:
2547:Cabrera, Derek
2538:
2524:978-0970804501
2523:
2511:Cabrera, Derek
2502:
2483:(3): 299â310.
2469:Cabrera, Derek
2454:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Systems theory
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:Function model
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2319:
2305:
2291:
2275:
2272:
2262:Gerald Midgley
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2224:
2221:
2195:
2192:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2002:constructivism
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
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1587:
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1563:A point exists
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1187:
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1183:A whole exists
1180:
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343:Gerald Midgley
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202:constructivism
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51:external links
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3417:on 2016-04-08
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3252:9789400744073
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3051:
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3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3007:
2996:on 2011-10-17
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2956:on 2006-06-21
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2886:on 2015-09-14
2885:
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2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2658:(3): 299â334.
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2603:9780393707564
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2109:
2102:
2095:
2092:
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2090:
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2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:Relationships
2074:
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2064:
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2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
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2030:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1887:
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1871:
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1852:
1836:
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1810:
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1800:
1796:
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1699:
1698:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1610:
1601:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:A view exists
1565:
1562:
1561:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1488:
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1437:
1421:
1412:
1396:
1387:
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1373:
1372:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1300:
1297:
1289:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1230:
1221:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:A part exists
1185:
1182:
1181:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1055:
1039:
1030:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
971:
966:
958:
953:
949:
946:
939:
938:
918:
915:
907:
891:
885:
880:
870:
865:
859:
850:
833:
828:
818:
801:
796:
786:
785:
781:
771:
764:
757:
756:
730:
724:
719:
709:
704:
698:
694:
691:
684:
683:
680:
676:
657:
651:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
563:
554:
551:
548:
544:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
518:
513:
508:
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
462:on the worldâ
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Stafford Beer
352:
348:
347:Werner Ulrich
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
311:
308:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
168:and the DSRP
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Derek Cabrera
144:
134:
131:
123:
113:
109:
104:
102:
96:
87:
86:
77:
74:
66:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
4280:
4274:
4245:
4239:
4210:
4206:
4167:
4163:
4123:
4087:
4081:
4053:
4020:
3998:
3994:
3939:
3913:
3907:
3871:
3831:. New York:
3828:
3807:
3801:
3766:
3747:
3741:
3712:(1): 33â54.
3709:
3705:
3672:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3645:(13): 50â71.
3642:
3611:
3575:. New York:
3571:
3542:
3502:
3469:
3443:
3437:
3419:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3400:Beacon Press
3391:
3355:. New York:
3351:
3316:
3280:
3276:
3229:
3192:
3188:
3154:Plenum Press
3149:
3109:
3091:
3087:
3055:
3025:
3019:
3009:
2998:. Retrieved
2991:the original
2986:
2982:
2969:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2943:
2932:
2922:
2907:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:the original
2873:
2862:
2853:
2828:
2824:
2795:
2774:
2770:
2746:the original
2741:
2738:ACSD Express
2737:
2727:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2631:. Retrieved
2620:
2590:
2551:
2549:(May 2006).
2541:
2514:
2505:
2480:
2476:
2440:
2386:Metamodeling
2381:Mental model
2373:
2259:
2250:
2226:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2165:Applications
2160:
2115:
2106:
2089:Perspectives
2088:
2075:
2062:
2050:Distinctions
2049:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2010:
1999:
677:
673:
490:that yields
477:
467:
463:
459:
457:
452:
448:
445:relationship
444:
441:relationship
440:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
411:
406:
402:
398:
390:
386:
380:
341:
337:
318:
304:
299:
295:
291:
285:
281:
277:
276:Recognizing
271:
267:
263:
257:
253:
249:
243:
227:
225:
220:
218:
189:
187:
169:
165:
163:
142:
141:
126:
117:
98:
69:
60:
45:by removing
41:Please help
33:
4298:10871/26098
4185:2066/162275
3662:(1): 34â70.
3383:Dewey, John
3347:Dewey, John
3313:Dewey, John
2204:ontological
2188:Peter Senge
2178:knowledge.
2043:questioning
1996:DSRP method
460:perspective
426:perspective
403:perspective
401:. From the
387:distinction
262:Organizing
234:DSRP theory
155:information
4330:Categories
4083:Erkenntnis
3421:2016-03-18
3398:. Boston:
3000:2012-03-01
2960:2016-03-17
2890:2016-03-17
2633:2017-01-18
2450:References
2436:View model
2024:Root lists
765:An element
758:An element
238:See also:
43:improve it
4194:108617231
4155:818463586
4114:117071231
4092:CiteSeerX
4073:908375619
3979:428028266
3859:889928527
3697:145376815
3603:857646084
3533:890438015
3315:(1998) .
3261:806947226
3217:119954511
2713:(4): 41.
2692:915799089
2612:759908576
2568:303117195
2256:Criticism
2173:Education
1969:∧
1963:∧
1957:∧
1946:→
1935:∨
1929:∨
1923:∨
1912:⊺
1881:∧
1875:∧
1869:∧
1830:∨
1824:∨
1818:∨
1764:∧
1758:∧
1752:∧
1741:→
1730:∨
1724:∨
1718:∨
1707:⊺
1643:↔
1640:ρ
1586:ρ
1534:↔
1531:ρ
1456:↔
1345:↔
1265:↔
1154:↔
1074:↔
963:↔
876:↔
715:↔
643:ρ
628:∘
608:∘
588:∘
552:≤
545:⊗
524:⊕
484:cognition
416:âit is a
397:) is the
329:nonlinear
198:cognition
178:education
151:cognition
112:talk page
4307:30180206
4262:18372542
4241:Synthese
4044:49350877
3930:62832672
3869:(1942).
3789:46601256
3630:20722225
3562:66527256
3493:55852024
3389:(1949).
3349:(1938).
3339:38878663
3305:14903039
3297:21287293
3227:(2012).
3180:20012005
3133:10532903
3079:54501389
3028:(2): 9.
2845:18547644
2672:(2015).
2533:47880905
2513:(2001).
2497:18272224
2274:See also
2247:Software
470:issues.
391:identity
286:reaction
254:identity
120:May 2024
63:May 2024
4215:Bibcode
4026:219â221
3949:Bibcode
3891:4025805
3714:Bibcode
3677:Bibcode
3475:Thomson
3460:1170426
3408:1435965
3197:Bibcode
2934:YouTube
2797:YouTube
2707:Insight
2202:and an
2063:Systems
2015:Mindset
772:element
474:Formula
464:a point
432:of the
377:Example
325:fractal
321:modular
290:Taking
256:and an
248:Making
184:History
4305:
4260:
4192:
4153:
4143:
4112:
4094:
4071:
4061:
4042:
4032:
3977:
3967:
3928:
3889:
3879:
3857:
3847:
3787:
3777:
3695:
3628:
3618:
3601:
3591:
3560:
3550:
3531:
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