1101:
1514:, some Taoist priests were hired to create and perform musical performances where they often danced or played musical instruments for their patrons. Taoist priests also participated in death rituals. However, some wealthy families objected to hiring Taoist priests for their funerals due to their Confucian beliefs that argued against the lavish musical performances of Taoist funerals. Taoist priests also chose whether to marry or not; to continue the hereditary title, the
1407:, a minimum age was decreed, with only men over 40 years old and women over 50 years old being allowed to become priests. These restrictions, however, changed over time, as in 1419 laws stated that only those above 14 and below 20 years old, and whose parents both approved, would be allowed to study Taoist classics in temples and sit for the examination after five years, resulting in priests being younger than was previously required. Those who passed would be given the
1085:
1062:
1288:, the highest priest. Fragmentation of the lineage of the Celestial Masters has made Zhengyi priests more independent. In mainland China, the Taoist Church has in theory taken over the power to govern the priesthood (although only a minority are registered with the Church). Zhengyi orders are present all over China, although with different names according to the local lineages. For example, in northern China there are the
32:
2431:
1284:, in which priests may marry, eat meat, live in their own homes, and found and manage their own temples or serve in existing folk religious temples. They are mostly part-time and hold other jobs. Their lineages are transmitted through training and ordination by another priest, although historically they received formal confirmation in their role by the
149:
1411:, while the others would have to secularize. Teenagers whose parents or grandparents did not have other offspring to depend on were not allowed to become monks or priests. Those older than 30 or younger than 40 years old, who were once monks or priests but later secularized, were not allowed to become priests again.
1529:
on some rice. Such rituals were performed near or at temples and other pure areas away from the public eye, and if the homeowners allowed it, the priests were able to enter their homes and erect a sacred space to perform the ritual. It is believed that the shortage of such texts from earlier periods
1366:
Taoist priests organized themselves into different categories, and assigned themselves different jobs based on their rankings. Both Taoist priests and priestesses performed rituals. Their rankings were included when Taoist priests signed records for rituals which would be burned for certain rituals,
1396:
introduced, whereby would-be priests had to sit an exam in the capital, held once every three years. Only those having sufficient knowledge of Taoist literature and who passed the test were licensed by the government as official priests. Upon passing, the newly qualified priests would receive a
1858:
1395:
As previously mentioned, in 1374, the Ming government banned all religions other than
Buddhism and Taoism. This was good for Taoism, as it meant that it could continue to exist above ground, but this also brought with it much government regulation. That same year, an examination system was
1370:
The Taoist belief system was also seen as legitimate by many during the middle Ming period when, with the growth of commerce in the state, it became a trend for different industries to worship their own Taoist patron gods. For example, ink makers would worship
1501:
of Taoist priests of different rankings. Those who worked as officials in the capital were to wear red robes with golden embroidery, those who worked as officials elsewhere were to wear un-ornamented red robes, and common priests were to wear teal robes.
1309:
During the Period of
Division, officials were divided into nine different ranks; the lower the Grade, the higher status they were. Daoist priests were given Grade Five status and above, and were permitted to participate in formal rituals
1367:
such as the Yellow
Register Zhai (黃籙齋) rituals, or burial rituals, and Golden Register Jiao (金籙醮), or temple renewal-type rituals. Some scholars tasked themselves with copying down the manuscripts before they were burned in the ritual.
1229:, or Daoist Canon; however, Taoists generally choose, or inherit, specific texts which have been passed down for generations from teacher to student, rather than consulting published versions of these works.
1232:
Traditionally, they were thought to be able to manipulate fate on their or their followers' behalf nor could they grant miracles or inflict divine punishment on people in the afterlife or the mortal world.
1351:(遊觀, yóu guān) priests drifted around with no fixed residence. During the period, Taoist priests were largely viewed positively by the public, though some were skeptical about the credibility of their
1445:
was the only valid proof of identity for
Buddhist monks and Taoist priests. Falsely claiming to be a priest without this identification was punishable with 80 lashings. If self-declared priests were
1463:
The government itself was partly to blame for the increasing abuse. For instance, after 1487, in the wake of famines or other natural disasters, the government would often issue large numbers of
1449:
by their family members, those family members were also guilty. If a priest managing a temple accepts unlicensed priests, they would be charged with the same crime and then forced to secularize.
2122:
Reiter, Florian (2017). "The Amulet in
Thunder Magic Rituals as Prism of Taoist Exorcist Power. The Amulet of Comprehensive Support due to the Commands of Thunders and Thunderclaps 雷霆號令總攝符".
1460:
were issued every period, compared to the mere hundreds issued in the early Ming. The three-year issuing period was also often changed depending on the will of the government.
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Despite the threat of these punishments, the regulations started to degrade and enforcement became increasingly loose during the mid to late Ming. After 1435,
1525:, etc. Such processes were detailed in Thunder Magic texts, which detailed which and when certain ritual items were needed and place, such as placing a
1414:
In 1380, the government also restricted the number of priests by imposing regional quotas for both
Buddhist and Taoist priests, 40 for each prefecture
1434:
reign (1435-1464), the quotas as well as other regulations started to be undermined, with counts of priests far exceeding their regional quotas and
1210:(Quanzhen orders), while the majority are not (Zhengyi orders). Some of the monastic orders are hermitic, and their members practice seclusion and
2238:
1486:
Taoist dress during the Ming
Dynasty was said to not have changed much from that of previous dynasties. In a book written by the Prince of Ning
1835:
1483:(全真, quán zhēn) branch. This daily study of the Taoist classics was likely influenced by similar Buddhist scholastic practices at the time.
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1621:
990:
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1343:, Taoism and Buddhism were state-sponsored religions, with all others banned. Taoist priests were often classified by two categories,
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During the late Ming, morning and evening study sessions had become a daily practice in most Taoist temples, especially those of the
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1679:
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reign (1403-1425), during which Taoist regulatory agencies were established in these provinces and quotas were enforced. During the
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Taoist priests were also expected to perform various kinds of exorcisms and rituals for people who wanted a cure disease, resolve
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1491:
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1220:, or immortal beings. Non-monastic priests live among the populace and manage and serve their own temples or popular temples.
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were due to the high standards of the officials that approved them and the biased beliefs that these rituals were related to
903:
53:
1490:(朱權, zhū quán), he states that the clothing of Taoist priests in Ming was not too different from the “ancient” style of the
1880:
Saso, Michael (2002). "Review of Daoism
Handbook. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section Four".
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Ming criminal law also had some very strict regulations for priests. Since 1398, the Ming law books stated that owning a
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898:
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1426:(縣, xiàn). These quotas were not strictly enforced in the remote provinces which had been loosely regulated until the
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abuse became widespread, while the quota system was increasingly ignored. In the mid to late Ming, more than 10,000
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is the main monastery of the
Longmen school of Quanzhen, and is also the main headquarters of mainland China's
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were relegated to Grade Six status or lower, and bore the title of "Three-Five
Surveyor of Merit” (
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2095:
Reiter, Florian (2014). "The Taoist Canon and the Representation of Taoist Exorcist Traditions".
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could be acquired not only with a monetary purchase, but even by trading in grains to the state.
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275:
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TS'UN-YAN, Liu (1971-01-01). "The Penetration of Taoism Into the Ming Neo-Confucianist Elite".
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Taoist temples were used as places people could donate to fund new communal structures like
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Taoist priest and monk characters have appeared in many movies, including the following...
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Taoist orders are conventionally categorised into two main branches: Quanzhen and Zhengyi.
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1550:. Some Taoist priests devised new medicinal recipes to which some saw favorable outcomes.
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priests, there are also many practicing ethnic minority priests in China. Some orders are
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The activities of the Taoists tend to be informed by materials which may be found in the
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1400:(度牒, dù dié) clerical certificate, which served as their state license to practise.
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Along with ritualistic services, Taoist priests also were visited by people for
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1387:(時遷, shí qiān), in many ways to prove the legitimacy of their occupations.
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2157:
Lagerwey, John (1995). "Taoist Ritual Space and Dynastic Legitimacy".
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1379:(太上老君, tài shàng lǎo jūn), and prostitutes and thieves would worship
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in that they are celibate, vegetarian, and live in monasteries. The
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The Taoists of Peking, 1800–1949: A Social History of Urban Clerics
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The Taoists of Peking, 1800–1949: A Social History of Urban Clerics
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being sold to priests who had not passed the official examination.
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as a way of increasing state income. Sometimes during famine, a
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1183:, meaning "Tao master"), and a highly accomplished and revered
2273:
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had to be married to pass the title to an eligible male heir.
1144:
184:
148:
25:
2188:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 240–242, 246–247.
2081:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 240–242, 246–247.
1974:(S1) – via China Academic Journals Full-text Database.
2497:
1869:(2) – via China Academic Journals Full-text Database.
1846:(5) – via China Academic Journals Full-text Database.
899:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
292:
2216:
1347:(住觀, zhù guān) priests live in designated temples, while
2124:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
2097:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
2204:
Ritual and Music of North China: Shawm Bands in Shanxi
1314:科仪) since they were educated in internal cultivation (
1252:, which is present almost exclusively in the north of
1214:
lifestyles in the mountains, with the aim of becoming
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1375:(文昌帝君, wén chāng dì jūn), ironsmiths would worship
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1727:Daoist identity: history, lineage, and ritual
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8:
1418:(府, fǔ), 30 for each independent department
1280:The other main branch of the priesthood is
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1035:
127:
1935:
1803:
1729:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1725:Kohn, Livia; Roth, Harold David (2002).
1717:
1088:Shao Yuanjie, the taoist priest of the
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2088:
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2006:(9): 161–168 – via Wanfang Data.
2015:
2013:
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1911:
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2144:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.2.0477
2136:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.2.0477
2109:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.3.0789
1957:
1955:
1829:
1827:
1825:
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
1622:Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain
1318:內功). Daoist priests not trained in
991:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
2722:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1422:(州, zhōu), and 20 for each county
609:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
14:
1680:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
1167:. The courtesy title of a senior
919:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
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147:
30:
2817:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
1492:Northern and Southern dynasties
1335:Classification and Outside View
712:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
41:needs additional citations for
1760:The Ageless Chinese: A History
1005:Institutions and organizations
904:The Northern Celestial Masters
1:
2932:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
2697:Three Great Emperor-Officials
1920:"The Daoist Jiao Celebration"
1788:"The Daoist Jiao Celebration"
1403:In 1392, during the reign of
894:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
594:Three Great Emperor-Officials
2937:Way of the Celestial Masters
1996:"从"方外之人"到"宇内之民"——明代国家体制中的道士"
1667:Monk Comes Down the Mountain
889:Way of the Celestial Masters
2184:Goossaert, Vincent (2017).
2077:Goossaert, Vincent (2017).
1391:Regulation and examinations
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2942:Northern Celestial Masters
1011:Chinese Taoist Association
18:
3017:Sacred Mountains of China
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1924:Journal of Daoist Studies
1792:Journal of Daoist Studies
1646:A Chinese Ghost Story III
1195:
1179:
1134:
949:Sacred Mountains of China
331:Three Treasures (virtues)
2702:Queen Mother of the West
2020:金天明 (3 September 2007).
1994:余来明 (12 November 2015).
1638:A Chinese Ghost Story II
584:Queen Mother of the West
2707:King Father of the East
2056:10.1163/156853271x00066
1764:Charles Scribner's Sons
1614:Clan of the White Lotus
1475:Daily life and clothing
1199:, "perfected person").
589:King Father of the East
557:Four heavenly ministers
21:Daoshi (disambiguation)
2202:Jones, Stephen. 2007.
2171:10.3406/asie.1995.1089
2159:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie
1918:Saso, Michael (2015).
1786:Saso, Michael (2015).
1606:Legend of the Mountain
1270:official Taoist Church
1147:'), translated as
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1081:
3087:Religious occupations
1937:10.1353/dao.2015.0011
1805:10.1353/dao.2015.0011
1691:Ten precepts (Taoism)
1630:A Chinese Ghost Story
1598:The Enchanting Shadow
1506:Rituals and practices
1383:(管仲, guǎn zhòng) and
1103:
1087:
1064:
1571:Han Chinese clothing
1143:'scholar of the
853:Way of the Li Family
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2466:(self-cultivation)
1758:Li, Dun J. (1965).
1654:Kill Bill: Volume 2
1534:ideas and rituals.
1499:regulated the dress
1157:Taoist professional
2458:(external alchemy)
2450:(internal alchemy)
1859:"道与庶道:蒲松龄心目中的道教形象"
1587:In popular culture
1262:White Cloud Temple
1187:is often called a
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1098:
1082:
986:Cebu Taoist Temple
976:White Cloud Temple
838:Way of the Taiping
3092:Taoist priesthood
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2685:Tianhuang Emperor
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1776:Jones, 2007. p. 5
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1104:Taoist clergy of
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1016:Celestial Masters
572:Tianhuang Emperor
180:Taoist philosophy
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3022:Wudang Mountains
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2309:(eight trigrams)
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1516:Celestial Master
1330:Ming (1368–1644)
1286:Celestial Master
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1094:mid-Ming Dynasty
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863:Chongxuan School
848:Shangqing School
396:Sexual practices
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2653:Yuanshi Tianzun
2648:Three Pure Ones
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2485:Three Treasures
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1657:(the character
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1544:fortune-telling
1540:
1508:
1497:Laws from 1382
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1393:
1377:Taishang Laojun
1357:fortune-telling
1337:
1332:
1307:
1305:Pre-Ming Period
1302:
1296:sub-tradition.
1292:masters of the
1278:
1250:Quanzhen Taoism
1247:
1245:Quanzhen Taoism
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1108:
1090:Jiajing Emperor
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868:Quanzhen School
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599:Eight Immortals
545:Lingbao Tianzun
540:Yuanshi Tianzun
535:Three Pure Ones
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2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2727:Yellow Emperor
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:(calisthenics)
2459:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2392:(spontenaity)
2383:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:(non-polarity)
2278:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2176:
2149:
2130:(2): 488–489.
2114:
2103:(3): 801–803.
2084:
2069:
2031:
2022:"道教宫观文化及其功能研究"
2009:
1977:
1951:
1930:(1): 204–211.
1907:
1872:
1849:
1819:
1798:(1): 204–211.
1778:
1769:
1766:. p. 358.
1750:
1735:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1539:
1536:
1507:
1504:
1494:(420-589 AD).
1476:
1473:
1392:
1389:
1373:Wenchang Dijun
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1282:Zhengyi Taoism
1277:
1276:Zhengyi Taoism
1274:
1258:Buddhist monks
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1065:Taoist Priest
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:Taoist priests
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
968:
963:
958:
957:
956:
946:
944:Grotto-heavens
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
914:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
884:
883:
878:
877:
876:
865:
860:
858:Lingbao School
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
806:
805:
800:
795:
793:Zhang Guoxiang
788:
787:
782:
780:Wang Chongyang
777:
772:
767:
762:
760:Cheng Xuanying
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
659:
658:
653:
648:
642:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
618:
617:
616:
614:Yellow Emperor
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
532:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
403:
398:
393:
381:
374:
367:
366:
365:
358:
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
304:
303:
302:
295:
290:
278:
273:
266:
258:
251:
243:
235:
228:
220:
215:
214:
213:
201:
194:
187:
182:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
153:
152:
144:
143:
137:
136:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Mount Penglai
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:Sacred places
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:Zhang Sanfeng
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Zhang Daoling
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2740:Other deities
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Ziwei Emperor
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:Daode Tianzun
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Hongjun Laozu
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:Qingjing Jing
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:(immortality)
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Five Precepts
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:(five phases)
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:(1): 41, 43.
2049:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:9780824824297
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Xian (Taoism)
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Daojiao fushi
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:Taoist priest
1146:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1106:Baxian Temple
1102:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:Taoist temple
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Mount Penglai
959:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:Sacred places
935:
934:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
916:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
886:
882:
879:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
822:
821:
814:
813:
809:
808:
804:
801:
799:
798:Zhang Sanfeng
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:Zhang Daoling
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
640:
635:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:Ziwei Emperor
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
551:
550:Daode Tianzun
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
531:
530:Hongjun Laozu
528:
527:
524:
519:
518:
511:
510:
506:
504:
503:
499:
497:
496:
495:Qingjing Jing
492:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:
478:
476:
475:
471:
469:
468:
464:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
428:
422:
421:
414:
411:
409:
408:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
391:
390:
385:
382:
380:
379:
375:
373:
372:
368:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
351:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Five Precepts
334:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
314:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:
284:
283:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
271:
267:
264:
263:
259:
257:
256:
252:
249:
248:
244:
241:
240:
236:
234:
233:
229:
227:(five phases)
226:
225:
221:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
202:
200:
199:
195:
193:
192:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
171:
170:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3034:Mount Kunlun
2902:
2867:Zhang Boduan
2852:Tao Hongjing
2772:Heshang Gong
2739:
2734:Guan Shengdi
2675:Jade Emperor
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2596:Sanhuangjing
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2554:Tao Te Ching
2552:
2536:(talismancy)
2531:
2518:
2503:
2489:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2418:Ten Precepts
2405:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2304:
2299:Yin and yang
2290:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2203:
2185:
2179:
2165:(1): 87–94.
2162:
2158:
2152:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2100:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2047:
2043:
2026:Wanfang Data
2025:
2003:
1999:
1971:
1967:
1964:"明代道教与政治的关系"
1962:张小平 (2002).
1927:
1923:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1857:秦国帅 (2011).
1852:
1843:
1839:
1834:晁中辰 (2004).
1795:
1791:
1781:
1772:
1762:. New York:
1759:
1753:
1726:
1720:
1665:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1552:
1541:
1520:
1512:Ming dynasty
1509:
1496:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1344:
1341:Ming Dynasty
1338:
1324:sanwu dugong
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1289:
1279:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1119:, 1910-1911.
1078:Mount Langya
966:Mount Kunlun
810:
770:Zhang Boduan
752:Tao Hongjing
664:Heshang Gong
562:Jade Emperor
507:
500:
493:
486:
481:Sanhuangjing
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
439:Tao Te Ching
437:
430:
412:
405:
387:
376:
369:
360:
353:
341:Ten Precepts
311:
307:
297:
285:
268:
260:
253:
250:(non-action)
245:
237:
230:
222:
211:Yin and yang
203:
196:
189:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3064:White Cloud
2985:Dragon Gate
2842:Kou Qianzhi
2837:Bao Jingyan
2762:Zhuang Zhou
2582:Taipingjing
2400:(plainness)
2382:(nonaction)
2372:(integrity)
2340:(reversion)
2287:(ultimate)
2265:Metaphysics
2206:. Ashgate.
1888:: 670–675.
1836:"明朝皇帝的崇道之风"
1548:acupuncture
1532:shamanistic
1510:During the
1339:During the
1204:Han Chinese
1202:Along with
1153:Taoist monk
1109: [
1070: [
1067:Li Yuantong
909:Zhengyi Dao
873:Dragon Gate
742:Kou Qianzhi
737:Bao Jingyan
651:Zhuang Zhou
460:Taipingjing
106:August 2014
3081:Categories
3054:Louguantai
2847:Lu Xiujing
2827:Wei Huacun
2777:Wei Boyang
2480:Meditation
2256:Philosophy
2212:0754661636
2044:T'oung Pao
1712:References
1687:(Talisman)
1381:Guan Zhong
1361:divination
981:Louguantai
924:Yao Taoism
747:Lu Xiujing
727:Wei Huacun
722:Sun Hanhua
669:Wei Boyang
413:Priesthood
346:Meditation
265:(immortal)
242:(reversal)
76:newspapers
2976:Chongxuan
2959:Shangqing
2922:Huang–Lao
2882:Qiu Chuji
2872:Sun Bu'er
2862:Chen Tuan
2822:Guo Xiang
2792:Zhang Jue
2767:Lie Yukou
2603:Huahujing
2575:Huainanzi
2494:(essence)
2463:Yangsheng
2315:Feng shui
2301:(duality)
2064:0082-5433
1968:井冈山师范学院学报
1946:1941-5524
1894:0254-9948
1814:1941-5524
1664:The 2015
1651:The 2004
1643:The 1991
1635:The 1990
1627:The 1987
1619:The 1983
1611:The 1980
1603:The 1979
1595:The 1960
1300:By Period
833:Huang–Lao
785:Qiu Chuji
775:Sun Bu'er
765:Chen Tuan
717:Guo Xiang
684:Zhang Jue
656:Lie Yukou
488:Huahujing
453:Huainanzi
325:Practices
276:True form
2981:Quanzhen
2969:Jingming
2897:Zhu Quan
2797:Zhang Lu
2589:Xiang'er
2561:Zhuangzi
2508:(spirit)
2500:(breath)
2439:Practice
1902:40727517
1745:47893514
1674:See also
1565:Clothing
1527:talisman
1488:Zhu Quan
1481:Quanzhen
1447:tonsured
1432:Yingzong
1385:Shi Qian
1349:you guan
1345:zhu guan
1208:monastic
1174:daozhang
1080:, 1940s.
881:Wuliupai
803:Zhu Quan
689:Zhang Lu
523:Theology
467:Xiang'er
446:Zhuangzi
350:Alchemy
174:Concepts
133:a series
131:Part of
65:"Daoshi"
3049:Hanford
3039:Temples
2964:Lingbao
2954:Xuanxue
2947:Zhengyi
2927:Taiping
2914:Schools
2903:Fangshi
2832:Ge Hong
2812:Wang Bi
2802:Ge Xuan
2717:Chang'e
2635:Deities
2624:Daozang
2617:Baopuzi
2407:Zhenren
2329:Bianhua
2197:Sources
1706:Zhenren
1659:Pai Mei
1555:bridges
1523:drought
1353:alchemy
1326:三五度公).
1320:neigong
1316:neigong
1294:Lingbao
1290:Yinyang
1266:Beijing
1226:Daozang
1212:ascetic
1190:zhenren
1131:Chinese
843:Xuanxue
826:Schools
812:Fangshi
732:Ge Hong
704:Wang Bi
694:Ge Xuan
626:Li Hong
621:Guan Yu
604:Chang'e
509:Daozang
502:Baopuzi
432:I Ching
270:Zhenren
232:Bianhua
164:History
159:Outline
90:scholar
2807:He Yan
2787:Gan Ji
2750:People
2471:Daoyin
2455:Waidan
2447:Neidan
2378:Wu wei
2359:Ethics
2321:Wuxing
2248:Taoism
2210:
2142:
2107:
2062:
1944:
1900:
1892:
1812:
1743:
1733:
1696:Taoism
1581:Daopao
1428:Yongle
1359:, and
1237:Orders
1185:daoshi
1169:daoshi
1165:Taoism
1161:priest
1133::
1126:daoshi
699:He Yan
679:Gan Ji
639:People
371:Bugang
362:Waidan
355:Neidan
247:Wu wei
224:Wuxing
141:Taoism
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2991:Wuliu
2757:Laozi
2690:Houtu
2568:Liezi
2546:Texts
2388:Ziran
2306:Bagua
2283:Taiji
2277:(way)
2140:JSTOR
2105:JSTOR
1898:JSTOR
1863:蒲松龄研究
1559:roads
1469:dudie
1465:dudie
1458:dudie
1454:dudie
1443:dudie
1436:dudie
1409:dudie
1405:Taizu
1398:dudie
1254:China
1159:is a
1155:, or
1117:Xi'an
1113:]
1074:]
646:Laozi
577:Houtu
474:Liezi
425:Texts
255:Ziran
218:Bagua
205:Taiji
97:JSTOR
83:books
3044:Cebu
2533:Fulu
2520:Xian
2514:Diet
2505:Shen
2491:Jing
2292:Wuji
2208:ISBN
2060:ISSN
2004:2015
2000:学术交流
1972:2002
1942:ISSN
1890:ISSN
1867:2011
1844:2004
1810:ISSN
1741:OCLC
1731:ISBN
1685:Fulu
1424:Xian
1420:Zhou
1312:keyi
1217:xian
1140:lit.
407:Fulu
389:Bigu
384:Diet
310:and
299:Shen
287:Jing
262:Xian
198:Wuji
69:news
2996:Yao
2527:Art
2337:Fan
2274:Tao
2167:doi
2132:doi
2128:167
2101:164
2052:doi
1932:doi
1840:文史哲
1800:doi
1557:or
1264:in
1171:is
1163:in
1145:Tao
1092:of
1076:on
401:Art
378:Chu
308:Hun
239:Fan
185:Tao
52:by
3083::
2498:Qi
2397:Pu
2368:De
2161:.
2138:.
2126:.
2099:.
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2058:.
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2046:.
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2024:.
2012:^
2002:.
1998:.
1980:^
1970:.
1966:.
1954:^
1940:.
1926:.
1922:.
1910:^
1896:.
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1884:.
1865:.
1861:.
1842:.
1838:.
1822:^
1808:.
1794:.
1790:.
1739:.
1561:.
1416:Fu
1363:.
1355:,
1272:.
1196:真人
1180:道长
1151:,
1137:;
1135:道士
1123:A
1115:,
1111:zh
1072:zh
312:po
293:Qi
191:De
135:on
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2240:e
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2226:v
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1948:.
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