430:, consisting of a single breeding pair and their non-reproductive offspring. The non-reproductive members of the colony spend their time foraging and maintaining the tunnel system, in particular closing any breaches that may occur. Intruders from other colonies are generally rejected, although DNA paternity studies show that at least some non-reproductive members of a colony may have been fathered by outsiders. The colony has a clearly defined hierarchy, with the breeding male dominant, followed by the breeding female, then non-reproductive males, and finally non-reproductive females.
434:
relatively easy once a suitable location has been found. New colonies are established by unrelated males and females, which become the new breeding pair. Dispersing individuals travel above ground, and are therefore vulnerable to predation from a wide range of animals; some studies have shown that only around 10 percent of dispersing individuals are later found in new colonies. For example, while small groups of siblings may sometimes leave a burrow system at the same time, normally only one survives to found a new colony.
75:
50:
31:
253:
269:, the Damaraland mole-rat has a cylindrical body with short, stout limbs, large feet, and a conical head. It is also similar in size to most other African mole-rats, having a head-body length of 14 to 20 cm (5.5 to 7.9 in), with a short, 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in), tail, and weighing between 100 and 280 grams (3.5 and 9.9 oz). There are no
466:
The breeding female initiates courtship by calling and drumming with her hind feet. The pair then chase each other in a right circle before mating. Mating occurs frequently over a ten-day period, and gestation lasts 78 to 92 days. Females can produce up to three litters of one to six pups per year.
280:
The fur is short and thick, and varies from fawn to almost black, with shades of brown being most common. There is always a white patch on the top of the head, although its exact shape varies, and there may also be additional blotches of white fur elsewhere on the body. Longer sensory hairs project
462:
than their reproductive counterparts and produce little, if any, viable sperm. The non-reproductive status of other adults is maintained by the presence of the breeding female. While her removal causes previously non-reproductive females to become fully fertile, they will only mate with unrelated
445:
As eusocial animals, only the breeding pair within a colony is capable of reproduction. Non-reproductive individuals are not truly sterile, however, and become capable of reproduction if they establish a colony of their own. The reproductive systems of non-reproductive females are underdeveloped,
415:. Most digging occurs after rainfall, since dry soil is too difficult to excavate. Because they live in arid environments, this means that Damaraland mole-rats can be extremely active over short periods; a typical colony has been estimated to excavate three tons of soil over a two-week period.
418:
The burrow system consists primarily of foraging tunnels, which the rats dig in search of food. While particularly large tubers and bulbs are at least partially eaten where they are found, smaller ones are dragged to food storage chambers beneath the foraging tunnels. The foraging tunnels are
402:
Damaraland mole-rats live in networks of tunnels, which they dig with their front teeth. The tunnels are 65 to 75 mm (2.6 to 3.0 in) in diameter, and may stretch for up to 1 km (0.62 mi). They have no connection to the surface, although their presence can be inferred from
433:
Colonies fragment if the breeding female dies, with most surviving members dispersing to new locations. Particularly large individuals may also leave the colony to establish a new burrow system. In such cases, dispersal usually only occurs during rainy weather, ensuring that digging will be
1173:
Rickard, C.A.; Bennett, N.C. (1997). "Recrudescence of sexual activity in a reproductively quiescent colony of the
Damaraland mole-rat by the introduction of a genetically unrelated male—a case of incest avoidance in "queenless" colonies".
371:. They do not drink, obtaining all their water from their food, which is also an important source of minerals. Unlike most other mammals, they can effectively metabolise these minerals without access to
958:
Burland, T.M.; et al. (2004). "Colony structure and parentage in wild colonies of co-operatively breeding
Damaraland mole-rats suggest incest avoidance alone may not maintain reproductive skew".
394:
can be altered by artificially changing the length of apparent daylight, suggesting that they are at least able to distinguish light from dark, although their eyesight may otherwise be very poor.
426:
Each burrow system is inhabited by a single colony of mole rats, typically with about twelve members, although colonies can range from as little as two to as many as forty members. The colony is
1128:
Bennett, N.C.; et al. (1996). "Reproductive suppression in subordinate, non-breeding female
Damaraland mole-rats: two components to a lifetime of socially-induced infertility".
467:
The pups are initially hairless, with closed eyes, and only weigh 8 to 9 grams (0.28 to 0.32 oz). They are weaned after 28 days, and reach adult size after around 14 months.
419:
typically only 5 to 25 cm (2.0 to 9.8 in) beneath the soil surface, but are connected to a smaller number of deep tunnels that lead down to the storage chambers,
1798:
1063:
Jarvis, J.U.M.; Bennett, N.C. (1993). "Eusociality has evolved independently in two genera of bathyergid mole-rats but occurs in no other subterranean mammal".
1862:
731:
Oosthuizen, M.K.; et al. (2003). "Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in solitary and social species of
African mole-rats (family Bathyergidae)".
1269:
313:. They inhabit warm, semi-arid environments dominated by savannah scrubland or sandy grasslands. They are most commonly associated with red Kalahari
1746:
277:
teeth are large and prominent, with flaps of skin behind them to prevent soil from falling into the throat while the animal is using them to dig.
1882:
612:
1872:
1877:
1130:
1785:
1262:
1201:
Bennett, N.C.; Jarvis, J.U.M. (1988). "The social structure and reproductive biology of colonies of the
Damaraland mole-rat,
1032:
Molteno, A.J.; Bennett, N.C. (2002). "Rainfall, dispersal and reproductive inhibition in eusocial
Damaraland mole-rats (
1733:
1098:
Maswanganye, K.A.; et al. (1999). "Oligospermia and azoospermia in non-reproductive male
Damaraland mole-rats".
784:
Richter, T.A.; et al. (2006). "Melatonin secretion in a strictly subterranean mammal, the
Damaraland mole-rat (
594:
1803:
1255:
74:
281:
above the fur over much of the body, with the facial whiskers being particularly long. Females have six teats.
911:
Jarvis, J.U.M.; et al. (1998). "Food availability and foraging in wild colonies of
Damaraland mole-rats,
1247:
1001:
Jacobs, D.S.; et al. (1991). "The colony structure and dominance hierarchy of the
Damaraland mole-rat,
412:
1701:
692:
Skinner, D.C.; et al. (1991). "Is vitamin D3 essential for mineral metabolism in the Damara mole-rat (
1663:
1531:
876:
Roper, T.J.; et al. (2001). "Environmental conditions in burrows of two species of African mole-rat,
797:
740:
1738:
1867:
1647:
1398:
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169:
1508:
1517:
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1500:
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1471:
745:
39:
530:
1367:
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1080:
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940:
766:
437:
The Damaraland mole-rat is less vocal than the naked mole-rat, making only some birdlike chirps.
195:
69:
1242:
379:
of Damaraland mole rats is also unusually low for mammals of their size, at just 0.66 cm O
1824:
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525:
387:
1811:
1777:
1390:
423:, and a central nest that may be as much as 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) underground.
270:
827:
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of excavated earth pushed up to the surface. As a result, the tunnels develop their own
1628:
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553:
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386:
Despite living in an entirely subterranean environment, Damaraland mole-rats exhibit
343:
318:
59:
54:
1159:
1084:
987:
944:
770:
507:
317:, and are found only where there is a sufficient supply of plants with subterranean
1340:
841:"Variations in the foraging behaviour and burrow structures of the Damara mole-rat
408:
348:
302:
30:
252:
1790:
1759:
1695:
427:
243:
1350:
1330:
1049:
897:
811:
576:
364:
353:
290:
16:
Species of eusocial burrowing rodent from southern Africa (Fukomys damarensis)
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861:
840:
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1381:
622:
484:
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455:
451:
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86:
1143:
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375:, which they lack because they are normally never exposed to sunlight. The
1151:
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717:
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404:
314:
310:
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106:
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1413:
1279:
1226:
1076:
420:
390:, and are active primarily during the day. Their levels of the hormone
359:
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146:
136:
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1312:
1294:
480:
459:
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235:
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126:
116:
96:
1657:
1218:
293:, the mole-rats are found across much of southern Africa, including
256:
Damaraland mole-rat. Note the white patch of fur on top of the head.
330:
251:
604:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
677:
656:
368:
338:
334:
1661:
1251:
607:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1540.
501:
499:
273:, and the blue-coloured eyes are tiny with thick eyelids. The
1243:
Mole-Rats, Ants Making Science Headlines, NPR, April 8, 2006
329:
Damaraland mole-rats are herbivorous, feeding solely on
845:(Bathyergidae) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park"
1670:
1617:
1608:
1581:
1558:
1411:
1379:
1348:
1339:
828:Naked and Not: Science News Online, June 24, 2006
823:
821:
463:males, thus avoiding incest within the colony.
367:, and occasionally other local snakes, such as
1123:
1121:
1263:
650:
648:
646:
644:
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640:
638:
636:
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632:
531:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T5753A22185003.en
8:
1658:
1614:
1345:
1270:
1256:
1248:
450:and tiny ovaries that contain undeveloped
48:
29:
20:
860:
801:
744:
676:
554:"On the nomenclature of Bathyergidae and
529:
1005:(Rodentia: Bathyergidae) from Namibia".
341:. Favoured foods include such plants as
495:
839:Lovegrove, B.G.; Painting, S. (1987).
655:Bennett, N.C.; Jarvis, J.U.M. (2004).
593:Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005).
588:
586:
458:. Non-reproductive males have smaller
238:. Along with the smaller, less hairy,
698:General and Comparative Endocrinology
7:
1863:IUCN Red List least concern species
1065:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
517:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
411:, containing warm, moist air, with
1188:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05508.x
1131:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1112:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01039.x
1019:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03785.x
363:. Their natural predators include
14:
972:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02233.x
289:Although named specifically for
73:
1595:(Heliophobius argenteocinereus)
915:: implications for sociality".
506:Child, M.F.; Maree, S. (2016).
552:Kock, D.; et al. (2006).
1:
733:Journal of Biological Rhythms
558:n. gen. (Mammalia: Rodentia)"
454:, but which are incapable of
1883:Taxa named by William Ogilby
710:10.1016/0016-6480(91)90178-9
479:shows 74 or 78 chromosomes (
1205:(Rodentia, Bathyergidae)".
595:"Infraorder Hystricognathi"
446:with small, unvascularised
1899:
1873:Mammals of Southern Africa
1534:(Fukomys vandewoestijneae)
1526:(Fukomys ochraceocinereus)
475:The Damaraland mole-rat's
1878:Mammals described in 1838
1644:
1289:
1278:Extant species of family
1050:10.1017/S0952836902000481
898:10.1017/S0952836901000590
812:10.1017/S0952836903004254
577:10.11646/zootaxa.1142.1.4
201:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
862:10.4102/koedoe.v30i1.508
755:10.1177/0748730403259109
285:Distribution and habitat
1631:(Heterocephalus glaber)
1399:Matabeleland mole-rat (
1393:(Cryptomys hottentotus)
671:: Number 756: pp. 1–5.
1360:Namaqua dune mole-rat
1144:10.1098/rspb.1996.0234
601:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
257:
929:10.1007/s004420050380
255:
242:, it is a species of
1716:Cryptomys_damarensis
1572:(Georychus capensis)
1532:Caroline's mole rat
1449:(Fukomys damarensis)
1447:Damaraland mole-rat
1370:(Bathyergus suillus)
1362:(Bathyergus janetta)
1207:Journal of Mammalogy
1203:Cryptomys damarensis
1034:Cryptomys damarensis
1003:Cryptomys damarensis
913:Cryptomys damarensis
882:Cryptomys damarensis
843:Cryptomys damarensis
786:Cryptomys damarensis
694:Cryptomys damarensis
659:Cryptomys damarensis
524:: e.T5753A22185003.
377:basal metabolic rate
204:Cryptomys damarensis
24:Damaraland mole-rat
1509:Micklem's mole-rat
1495:Fukomys livingstoni
1488:(Fukomys kafuensis)
1472:Fukomys hanangensis
1368:Cape dune mole-rat
1282:(African mole-rats)
214:Damaraland mole-rat
40:Conservation status
1702:Fukomys damarensis
1672:Fukomys damarensis
1511:(Fukomys micklemi)
1503:(Fukomys mechowii)
1501:Mechow's mole-rat
1478:Ansell's mole-rat
1463:Nigerian mole-rat
1457:(Fukomys darlingi)
1439:Bocage's mole-rat
1431:Ansell's mole-rat
1176:Journal of Zoology
1100:Journal of Zoology
1077:10.1007/BF02027122
1038:Journal of Zoology
1007:Journal of Zoology
886:Journal of Zoology
878:Georychus capensis
790:Journal of Zoology
510:Fukomys damarensis
485:fundamental number
258:
234:found in southern
228:Damaraland blesmol
219:Fukomys damarensis
179:Fukomys damarensis
161:F. damarensis
1850:
1849:
1825:Open Tree of Life
1664:Taxon identifiers
1655:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1604:
1603:
1593:Silvery mole-rat
1480:(Fukomys anselli)
1455:Mashona mole-rat
1441:(Fukomys bocagei)
1433:(Fukomys anselli)
1401:Cryptomys nimrodi
1283:
1138:(11): 1599–1603.
960:Molecular Ecology
665:Mammalian Species
614:978-0-8018-8221-0
413:low oxygen levels
388:circadian rhythms
349:Star-of-Bethlehem
230:, is a burrowing
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63:
1890:
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1728:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1659:
1615:
1610:Heterocephalinae
1518:Fukomys occlusus
1425:(Fukomys amatus)
1423:Zambian mole-rat
1391:Common mole-rat
1346:
1281:
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998:
992:
991:
966:(8): 2371–2379.
955:
949:
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908:
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901:
873:
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866:
864:
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1812:Observation.org
1810:
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1684:
1679:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1636:
1629:Naked mole-rat
1600:
1577:
1554:
1549:(Fukomys zechi)
1547:Ghana mole-rat
1524:Ochre mole-rat
1486:Kafue mole-rat
1407:
1375:
1335:
1285:
1276:
1239:
1237:Further reading
1234:
1219:10.2307/1381379
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803:10.1.1.689.3797
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224:Damara mole rat
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1620:Heterocephalus
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1605:
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1576:
1575:
1570:Cape mole-rat
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1544:
1541:Fukomys whytei
1537:
1529:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1465:(Fukomys foxi)
1460:
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1325:Hystricognathi
1321:
1319:Hystricomorpha
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1275:
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1260:
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1233:
1232:
1213:(2): 293–302.
1193:
1182:(1): 185–202.
1165:
1117:
1106:(3): 411–418.
1090:
1071:(4): 253–360.
1055:
1044:(4): 445–448.
1024:
1013:(4): 553–576.
993:
950:
923:(2): 290–298.
903:
892:(1): 101–107.
868:
855:(1): 149–163.
831:
817:
796:(3): 313–319.
776:
746:10.1.1.470.704
739:(6): 481–490.
723:
704:(3): 500–505.
684:
628:
613:
582:
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472:
469:
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319:storage organs
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240:naked mole rat
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1760:iNaturalist
1696:Wikispecies
1329:Parvorder:
678:10.1644/756
537:12 November
365:mole snakes
265:Like other
261:Description
1857:Categories
1351:Bathyergus
1331:Phiomorpha
1317:Suborder:
491:References
452:germ cells
354:Ledebouria
291:Damaraland
1561:Georychus
1382:Cryptomys
1293:Kingdom:
917:Oecologia
798:CiteSeerX
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477:karyotype
456:ovulation
405:molehills
398:Behaviour
392:melatonin
383:/ g · h.
373:vitamin D
315:psamments
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1752:10787086
1723:BioLib:
1681:Wikidata
1648:Category
1313:Rodentia
1307:Mammalia
1301:Chordata
1299:Phylum:
1295:Animalia
1160:25303746
1085:37118289
988:11778275
980:15245409
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937:28308209
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483:). Its
471:Genetics
428:eusocial
421:latrines
311:Zimbabwe
295:Botswana
267:blesmols
244:eusocial
196:Synonyms
133:Family:
127:Rodentia
117:Mammalia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1791:1001265
1687:Q978458
1414:Fukomys
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1305:Class:
1227:1381379
1152:8952096
718:1647351
565:Zootaxa
556:Fukomys
487:is 92.
360:Talinum
325:Biology
299:Namibia
275:incisor
189:, 1838)
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337:, and
331:tubers
309:, and
307:Zambia
247:mammal
236:Africa
232:rodent
187:Ogilby
1817:82911
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597:. In
561:(PDF)
448:uteri
339:bulbs
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