1319:(NRDC) trustee John B. Oakes, regarding a two-year NRDC study peer-reviewed by an independent panel, Oakes presented the report's argument that children ingesting daminozide in legally permissible quantities were at "intolerable risk" (from it and a wide variety of other potentially harmful chemicals); by their estimate, Oakes said, the "average pre-schooler's exposure to this carcinogen... result in a cancer risk '240 times greater than the cancer risk considered acceptable by E.P.A. following a full lifetime of exposure.'" In February, 1989, the
251:
1436:
169:
533:
390:
70:
992:
931:
106:
260:
1177:
1119:
1078:
29:
1945:
approximately one case for every 4,200 preschoolers exposed. This is 240 times greater than the cancer risk considered acceptable by EPA following a full lifetime of exposure. For children who are heavy consumers of the foods that may contain UDMH residues, NRDC predicts one additional case of cancer for approximately every 1,100 children, 910 times EPA's acceptable risk level.
1490:
abiotically and through metabolism after consumption, as well as challenges in determining appropriate "subpopulations for study, representative parameters of the potency distribution, and corrections for bioassay length"—have had as a consequence that disagreement and controversy remain about the safety of daminozide and the appropriateness of responses to it in its history.
1497:
hand, representatives of the
California Department of Health Services are on record as of 1991 stating that "the plausible estimates of risk, derived from conservative, reasonable assumptions, exceed those developed by EPA and NRDC". As late as 1995, results continued to appear (e.g., from a medium-term carcinogenicity assay approved for use by the
762:
1489:
Taken together, the complexity of the problem of assigning risk to this agent—the debate over assumptions concerning risks from early-in-life exposure, the principal role of a decomposition product rather than the agent itself in determining its long-term toxicity, the generation of that product both
1296:
than for unearthing formal wrongdoing in the Alar case (wherein, after reversal of an earlier, similar conviction on appeal, no charges were ultimately brought). In particular, the
Senators alleged that Kilgore had a financial connection to Uniroyal, with Wilkinson and the other five being accused of
1496:
did its own analyses and estimated that the human lifetime cancer risk was 5 cases per million, as compared to the previously reported figure of 50 per million. (The EPA had argued for a level of lifetime cancer risk of 1 per million to be the highest acceptable, in this type of case.) On the other
1035:
to regulate their growth. When used on fruit trees, it affects flower bud initiation, fruit maturity, fruit firmness and coloring, and preharvest drop, which together make harvest easier and keep fruit from falling off the trees before they ripen; it also improves quality of fruit at time of harvest
1355:
noted at that time, Alar's export was not prohibited, such that
Uniroyal could continue its sales in about 70 countries, which led critics to note that Americans still faced exposure (via imported fruit and juice). However, as of August 2022, daminozide/alar was appearing as a "severely restricted"
2018:
The denouement of the Alar controversy came quickly. Alar was removed from the apple market by its manufacturer, not because of regulatory requirements imposed by the EPA, but because of consumer pressure. The rapid decline in apple consumption that followed the "60 Minutes" report on
February 26,
1944:
The potent carcinogen, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), a break-down product of the pesticide daminozide, is the greatest source of the cancer risk identified by NRDC. The average preschooler's UDMH exposure during the first six years of life alone is estimated to result in a cancer risk of
1551:
A Pesticide
Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of California at Davis. Major support and funding was provided by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment
1262:
Later, in May 1989, Democrats Joseph
Lieberman (D-CT) and Harry Reid (D-NV) held a press conference in which the pesticide program at the FDA was accused of being "riddled with pro-industry bias", charging that 7 of 8 SAP members had worked as "consultants for the 'chemical industry'" — that the
1332:
Later in 1989, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) decided to ban Alar on the grounds that "long-term exposure" posed "unacceptable risks to public health." However, in June 1989—before the EPA's preliminary decision to ban all food uses of Alar went into effect—Uniroyal, Alar's sole
912:
In 1989, the EPA outlawed daminozide on U.S. food crops, but still allowed it for non-food crops like ornamental plants. As of August 2022, daminozide appeared as severely restricted in its exports on the list of pesticides whose shipments were ineligible for export credit insurance under the
2544:
Hepatocarcinogenic potential was assessed by comparing the number and area of preneoplastic foci positive for the glutathione S-transferase placental form... in the liver of treated rats, with those in controls given alone. Daminozide, UDMH, and the combination were not carcinogenic in this
1064:. Degradation into these products also occurs when the sprayed chemical residue remains on stored fruit, increasing with time and elevated temperature. UDMH has had a history of studies associating it with carcinogenic activity in animal models relevant to humans, beginning in the 1960s.
1498:
1250:
In 1985, the EPA studied daminozide's effects on mice and hamsters, concluding that it was a "probable human carcinogen" with a dietary risk possibly as high as one cancer for every thousand people exposed, and proposed banning its use on food crops. They submitted the proposal to the
2674:
This extensive self-published work (this the first of a four-part series) is an attempt on the part of a former NRDC staffer to correct what she perceives to be the false narrative that has emerged, that pulling Alar from the market was an overreaction based on incomplete or poor
2390:
Initially, ACSH disclosed its donors, and it was obvious that the group embraced numerous causes connected to its funders. ACSH defended the chemical Alar, used to regulate the growth of apples – and accepted donations from
Uniroyal, which manufactured and sold
2649:
s formal reporting, months after, regarding the
Lieberman-Reid hearings into the ethics and ties of the EPA SAP to the chemical manufacturing industry, a hearing which resulted in institutional reviews of the rules (but no formal charges against any SAP
2599:
This is a formal response of Edward Groth III of the
Consumers Union, reflecting the back-and-forth debate on this matter, at the highest levels of American science. See also the original Koshland editorial, and other responses on the pages following
2505:
At the Fourth International Conference on Harmonization, our medium-term liver bioassay based on an initiation and promotion protocol was recommended in the guidelines as an acceptable alternative to the long-term rodent carcinogenicity
1283:, noted that these Senators' public scolding of SAP members—which was prompted by the FDA's "waffling on Alar"—led to the investigation of just these two academics by that agency's IG, and of forwarding of Kilgore's file to the
908:
activity in animal models relevant to humans). Breakdown into these two compounds also occurs when the sprayed chemical residue remains on stored fruit, especially with higher temperatures and over longer time periods.
1291:
how much the government ... more than 100,000 advisors, including scientists... who deal with issues ranging from biomedicine to arms control... involvement with industry without isolating itself from the expertise it
883:
When used on fruit trees, daminozide affects flower bud initiation, fruit maturity, fruit firmness and coloring, preharvest drop and market quality of fruit at time of harvest and during storage. When consumed by
1297:
having more general financial ties to the chemical industry; notably, the key formal contention was of possible violation of FDA ethics rules regarding limits to the "kind of consulting jobs that can be accepted
1263:
worst of them, after serving on the SAP (see below), had "later broke conflict-of-interest laws", with career university academic toxicologists Wendell Kilgore and Christopher Wilkinson (29 years,
1422:. "It is an egregious departure from science and logic when a substance is labeled 'cancer-causing' based on a response in a single animal study using high doses of a test material", she said.
2518:
Cabral R, Hakoi K, Hoshiya T, Hasegawa R, Ito N (1995). "Lack of Carcinogenicity of Daminozide, Alone or in Combination with its Contaminant 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, in a Medium-Term Bioassay".
1720:"Lists of Pesticides, Chemicals and Substances Ineligible for Export Credit Insurance: ANNEX C—List of Banned and Severely Restricted Pesticides Under the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Program"
1804:
1345:"he denouement... came quickly. Alar was removed from the apple market by its manufacturer, not because of regulatory requirements imposed by the EPA, but because of consumer pressure"
1003: with: a source-based description of both the modes of the plant regulatory bioactivity, and of its metabolism, and the involvement of its catabolites in toxicity. You can help by
775:
1397:
2617:
2570:
1851:
1276:
1719:
116:
2280:
1534:
2084:
However, Uniroyal will continue to export Alar to about 70 countries, which means, critics said, that Americans still will face exposure from imported apple juice.
856:
proposed banning it based on concerns about cancer risks to consumers. In addition to apples and ornamental plants, Uniroyal also registered daminozide for use on
1271:) being singled out as "possible violators of the ethics code", with invitation to the "EP inspector general to investigate". Marshall Elliot, writing for the
2097:
572:
914:
2244:
1895:
1727:
1361:
1287:
for review. Marshall further noted that the event was being seen, in the months following, more for its forcing clarification of rules regarding
2209:
1407:
2191:
1782:
1667:
2371:
2717:
853:
250:
2127:
2178:
Agriculture: Eleven farmers will seek $ 250 million from '60 Minutes' and an environmental group. They charge 'product disparagement.'
1691:
2690:
1617:
1186:
2004:
1476:
1381:
1316:
1237:
1219:
1158:
1105:
547:
230:
212:
150:
56:
2605:
1839:
1392:
in particular) cost them $ 100 million. The suit was moved from state to federal court at the request of CBS. U.S. District Judge
2315:"Regulatory parallels to Daubert: stakeholder influence, "sound science," and the delayed adoption of health-protective standards"
1879:
Charges that two scientists who served on an EPA advisory panel later broke conflict-of-interest laws raise some vexing questions.
2983:
1513:
1308:
urged EPA to ban daminozide, and some manufacturers and supermarket chains announced they would not accept Alar-treated apples.
2952:
1061:
1508:
As of 2005, daminozide remained classified as a probable human carcinogen by the EPA, and listed as a known carcinogen under
1305:
1264:
1140:
2254:
259:
2232:
Lawyers for the network and its affiliates said the issue involved freedom of speech and should be heard in federal court.
1538:
782:
490:
1906:
2978:
1136:
1091:
511:
335:
42:
289:-(Dimethylamino)succinamic acid; Butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethyl hydrazine); Succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide
132:
1337:
broadcast were swift and severe; as Percival, Schroeder, Miller, and Leape note in review of legal aspects in their
2797:
1942:(Report). Project Coordinator: Jane Bloom. New York: Natural Resources Defense Council. pp. 2–3, 10–11, etc.
1129:
848:), which registered daminozide for use on fruits intended for human consumption in 1963. It was primarily used on
2988:
2882:
2737:
1419:
1377:
1252:
962:
While described by the FDA as an amino acid derivative, daminozide is more formally and correctly described as a
397:
1190:
2710:
2214:
1393:
841:
435:
1697:(Report). R.E.D. Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-738-F-93-007. Archived from
1586:
1505:
significant levels of "carcinogenicity of daminozide, alone or in combination with... 1,1-dimethylhydrazine".
1333:
manufacturer, agreed to halt voluntarily all domestic sales of Alar for food uses. Hence, the consequences of
1304:
The next year, the EPA retracted its proposed ban on Alar and required farmers to reduce its use by 50%. The
2425:
1910:
2747:
2376:
2285:
2066:
1976:
John B. Oakes, a Natural Resources Defense Council trustee, was Editorial Page Editor of The New York Times.
1284:
1958:
385:
1024:
833:
2035:
1410:(ACSH), which had received $ 25,000 from Alar's manufacturer, stated that Alar and its breakdown product
1396:
ruled in 1993 that the apple growers had not proved their case, and it was subsequently dismissed by the
441:
2942:
2160:
1385:
942: with: a source-derived description of the chemical, its properties, and syntheses. You can help by
901:
731:
17:
190:
in random checks, some end of sentence/paragraph citations failed to support all information preceding
2947:
2917:
2457:"A Medium-Term Rat Liver Bioassay for Rapid in vivo Detection of Carcinogenic Potential of Chemicals"
1349:
in particular, the "rapid decline in apple consumption that followed the "60 Minutes" report" As the
845:
272:
1329:
broadcast a story about Alar that featured the NRDC report highlighting problems with the chemical.
2973:
2867:
2703:
2102:
528:
301:
1575:(Report). Pesticide Fact Sheets. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PFS no. 26.
2582:
2496:
2352:
2267:
First Amendment law requires plaintiffs bringing such lawsuits to prove media reports were false.
1963:
1373:
1312:
1268:
1057:
897:
347:
1358:
List of Banned and Severely Restricted Pesticides Under the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Program
2655:
2629:
2590:
2535:
2488:
2344:
2165:
2040:
2000:
1863:
1778:
1663:
1415:
963:
829:
826:
1936:
1446:
179:
2897:
2621:
2574:
2527:
2478:
2468:
2334:
2326:
2249:
2219:
2137:
1994:
1855:
1770:
1655:
1403:
978:, and in its pure form is a high-melting temperature water-soluble white crystalline solid.
741:
595:
1698:
1572:
1388:(hired by NRDC to publicize their report on Alar) claiming that unfair business practices (
499:
367:
2902:
2812:
2132:
2115:
Fenton engineered a PR campaign that was the worst thing to happen to the apple since Eve.
2071:
1935:
Sewell, Bradford H.; Whyatt, Robin M.; Hathaway, Janet; Mott, Lawrie (February 27, 1989).
1621:
1493:
1351:
1097:
311:
128:
48:
1993:
Percival, Robert V.; Schroeder, Christopher H.; Miller, Alan S.; Leape, James P. (2003).
2483:
2456:
2426:"A Survey of Residual Cancer Risks Permitted by Health, Safety and Environmental Policy"
532:
389:
83:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2782:
2473:
1418:, Whelan said that groups like the NRDC were ignoring a basic principle of toxicology:
753:
1620:(Press release). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 7 November 1989. Archived from
1450:
991:
930:
183:
2967:
2937:
2932:
2862:
2847:
2792:
2742:
2298:
Mitchell S. Bernard is litigation director for the Natural Resources Defense Council.
1053:
971:
893:
837:
650:
378:
2356:
2339:
2922:
2907:
2892:
2403:
Whelen, Elizabeth (June 1991). "Cancer Scares and Our Inverted Health Priorities".
1201:
2500:
1654:. Advances in Risk Analysis. Vol. 9. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 275–284.
463:
2314:
2281:"The Natural Resources Defense Council was right on Alar in 1989 and it still is"
1774:
1659:
2837:
2817:
2802:
2767:
1999:(4th ed.). Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishing. pp. 388–392, esp. p. 391.
1118:
679:
1762:
1647:
2912:
2887:
2857:
2842:
2807:
2726:
2606:"Science Advisers Need Advice [News & Comment: Ethics in Science]"
1840:"Science Advisers Need Advice [News & Comment: Ethics in Science]"
1748:
1509:
1389:
1325:
1256:
1049:
905:
889:
629:
358:
2372:"Leaked Documents Reveal the Secret Finances of a Pro-Industry Science Group"
2330:
1747:
The agent is neither synthesized from, not does it contain as component, any
2927:
2877:
2872:
2852:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2777:
2772:
2757:
2685:
2625:
2578:
1859:
975:
967:
2531:
2492:
2348:
1571:
EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (June 30, 1984).
2633:
2594:
2539:
1867:
2762:
2405:
1648:"Alar in Fruit: Limited Regulatory Action in the Face of Uncertain Risks"
1028:
716:
556:
InChI=1S/C6H12N2O3/c1-8(2)7-5(9)3-4-6(10)11/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,7,9)(H,10,11)
1690:
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (September 1993).
2752:
2586:
1255:(SAP), which concluded that the tests were inadequate to determine the
1143: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
450:
398:
1045:
885:
877:
873:
857:
736:
852:
until 1989, when the manufacturer voluntarily withdrew it after the
752:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
424:
1032:
869:
861:
849:
474:
334:
324:
1761:
Hathaway, Janet S. (1993), Pimentel, David; Lehman, Hugh (eds.),
1537:. Ithaca, NY: Extension Toxicology Network [CCE. Archived from
1411:
1062:
1, 1-dimethylhydrazine ("unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine", UDMH)
865:
415:
2699:
1414:
had not been shown to be carcinogenic. During a 1990 speech at
1364:, making its shipments ineligible for export credit insurance.
1429:
1334:
1320:
1197:
1170:
1112:
1071:
985:
924:
162:
99:
63:
22:
2695:
2659:(self-published blog; HuffPost Contributor platform, defunct)
1587:"daminozide | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY"
516:
1763:"Alar: The EPA's Mismanagement of an Agricultural Chemical"
1646:
Zeise L, Painter P, Berteau PE, Fan AM, Jackson RJ (1991).
1767:
The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics
904:(a compound with a history of studies associating it with
1896:"How They Lie – Part 4: The True Story of Alar – Part 2"
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
2691:
EPA: Daminozide (Alar) Pesticide Canceled for Food Uses
1458:
1004:
943:
770:
194:
124:
2686:
FDA Report RISK COMMUNICATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE pdf
2561:
Groth III, Edward (19 May 1989). "Alar in Apples ".
2029:
2027:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1805:"Daminozide: A Chemical Controversy in the Orchards"
1618:"Daminozide (Alar) Pesticide Canceled for Food Uses"
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1398:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
2618:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2571:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2192:"Apple Growers Bruised and Bitter After Alar Scare"
1937:
Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food
1852:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1652:
The Analysis, Communication, and Perception of Risk
1996:Environmental Regulation: Law, Science, and Policy
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1040:Carcinogenicity of daminozide degradation products
2424:Sadowitz, March; Graham, John D. (January 1995).
2370:Kroll, Andy; Schulman, Jeremy (28 October 2013).
2036:"Alar Panic Shows Power of Media to Trigger Fear"
1044:When daminozide residue on fruit is consumed by
462:
277:4-(2,2-Dimethylhydrazin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
2245:"Apple Growers' Lawsuit Against CBS Thrown Out"
2161:"Apple Growers to File Lawsuit in Alar Dispute"
1889:
1887:
310:
655:159.24 °C; 318.63 °F; 432.39 K
2711:
1803:Mitchell, Patricia Picone (October 2, 1985).
1769:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 337–343,
1713:
1711:
113:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2656:"The True Alar Story [Part 1 of 4]"
2308:
2306:
1535:"Pestocide Information Profile: Daminozide"
1106:Learn how and when to remove these messages
970:. It is the product of the condensation of
57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
16:"Alar" redirects here. For other uses, see
2718:
2704:
2696:
2455:Ito N, Tamano S, Shirai T (January 2003).
1200:. Please do not remove this message until
531:
388:
366:
242:
2482:
2472:
2338:
2060:
2058:
1477:Learn how and when to remove this message
1238:Learn how and when to remove this message
1220:Learn how and when to remove this message
1159:Learn how and when to remove this message
498:
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
151:Learn how and when to remove this message
2128:"Apple Growers Sue Over CBS Alar Report"
1196:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1728:Export-Import Bank of the United States
1525:
1362:Export-Import Bank of the United States
915:Export–Import Bank of the United States
577:
552:
527:
440:
2430:RISK: Health, Safety & Environment
1903:Rachel's Environment & Health News
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1408:American Council on Science and Health
379:
1056:(a non-toxic general intermediate in
896:(a non-toxic general intermediate in
559:Key: NOQGZXFMHARMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7:
2279:Bernard, Mitchell S. (2 June 2013).
2159:Puzo, Daniel P. (20 November 1990).
1959:"Opinion: A Silent Spring, for Kids"
1894:Montague, Peter (January 29, 1997).
1141:adding citations to reliable sources
854:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2253:. 14 September 1993. Archived from
2096:Carlson, Peter (11 February 1990).
1650:. In Garrick BJ, Gekler WC (eds.).
453:
423:
2474:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01343.x
2380:. Foundation for National Progress
2034:Shaw, David (September 12, 1994).
14:
1907:Environmental Research Foundation
1533:EXTOXNET Staff (September 1993).
1376:apple growers filed a lawsuit in
1317:Natural Resources Defense Council
1087:This section has multiple issues.
38:This article has multiple issues.
2654:Gordon, Wendy (March 30, 2011).
2067:"Apple Chemical Alar Off Market"
1434:
1175:
1117:
1076:
990:
929:
760:
613:
607:
258:
249:
167:
104:
68:
27:
2604:Marshall, Eliot (7 July 1989).
1838:Marshall, Eliot (7 July 1989).
1459:check for citation inaccuracies
1128:needs additional citations for
1095:or discuss these issues on the
842:Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc.
756:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
195:check for citation inaccuracies
46:or discuss these issues on the
2190:Egan, Timothy (July 9, 1991).
2065:Gunset, George (3 June 1989).
1306:American Academy of Pediatrics
1052:into two chemical components,
1023:Daminozide is classified as a
619:
601:
1:
2210:"CBS Seeks to Move Alar Suit"
1957:Oakes, John B. (1989-03-30).
1718:EXIM Staff (11 August 2022).
1301:leaving an advisory panel" .
2313:Neff RA, Goldman LR (2005).
1775:10.1007/978-0-585-36973-0_13
1660:10.1007/978-1-4899-2370-7_27
1378:Yakima County Superior Court
1591:www.guidetopharmacology.org
1202:conditions to do so are met
844:, (now integrated into the
668:or concentration (LD, LC):
127:, discuss the issue on the
3005:
2520:Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen
1406:and her organization, the
1259:of the tested substances.
15:
2733:
1420:the dose makes the poison
1253:Scientific Advisory Panel
1068:U.S. campaign to ban Alar
836:. It was produced in the
750:
705:
664:
659:
588:
568:
543:
294:
283:
271:
266:
257:
248:
77:This article needs to be
2340:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044818
2331:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044818
2215:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1394:William Fremming Nielsen
1339:Environmental Regulation
2984:Plant growth regulators
2626:10.1126/science.2740907
2579:10.1126/science.2727678
2286:The Washington Examiner
1860:10.1126/science.2740907
1285:U.S. Justice Department
188:. The reason given is:
2532:10.1002/tcm.1770150607
1347:
1294:
1025:plant growth regulator
834:plant growth regulator
712:Related alkanoic acids
1390:product disparagement
1386:Fenton Communications
1343:
1289:
902:1,1-dimethylhydrazine
732:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
18:Alar (disambiguation)
2948:Tetrafluorohydrazine
2918:Pivalylbenzhydrazine
1137:improve this article
1036:and during storage.
846:Chemtura Corporation
273:Preferred IUPAC name
133:create a new article
125:improve this article
115:may not represent a
2325:(Suppl 1): S81–91.
2103:The Washington Post
1624:on October 3, 2012.
1323:television program
1189:of this section is
637: g·mol
580:CN(C)NC(=O)CCC(O)=O
348:Beilstein Reference
245:
2979:1963 introductions
2436:(1). article no. 4
2319:Am J Public Health
2196:The New York Times
2140:. 29 November 1990
2098:"The Image Makers"
1964:The New York Times
1916:on August 30, 2017
1726:. Washington, DC:
1372:In November 1990,
1058:primary metabolism
898:primary metabolism
783:Infobox references
706:Related compounds
243:
2961:
2960:
2166:Los Angeles Times
2041:Los Angeles Times
1905:. Brunswick, NJ:
1784:978-0-585-36973-0
1669:978-1-4899-2372-1
1573:Daminozide (Alar)
1487:
1486:
1479:
1416:Hillsdale College
1248:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1110:
1021:
1020:
974:with 2,2-dimethyl
964:dicarboxylic acid
960:
959:
876:transplants, and
791:Chemical compound
789:
788:
724:Related compounds
698:
692:
512:CompTox Dashboard
336:Interactive image
241:
240:
233:
223:
222:
215:
161:
160:
153:
135:, as appropriate.
98:
97:
61:
2996:
2989:Apple production
2898:Phenoxypropazine
2720:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2645:This article is
2644:
2642:
2640:
2598:
2548:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2486:
2476:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:on March 9, 2020
2250:Orlando Sentinel
2241:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:. 4 January 1991
2220:Associated Press
2206:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2138:Associated Press
2124:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2013:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1909:. Archived from
1900:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1530:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1404:Elizabeth Whelan
1273:News & Views
1243:
1236:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1121:
1113:
1102:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1016:
1013:
994:
986:
955:
952:
933:
925:
888:, daminozide is
832:which acts as a
773:
767:
764:
763:
742:Bis-tris propane
696:
691:(dermal, rabbit)
690:
689:>1,600 mg kg
636:
621:
615:
609:
603:
596:Chemical formula
536:
535:
520:
518:
502:
466:
455:
444:
427:
400:
392:
381:
370:
338:
314:
262:
253:
246:
236:
229:
218:
211:
207:
204:
198:
171:
170:
163:
156:
149:
145:
142:
136:
108:
107:
100:
93:
90:
84:
72:
71:
64:
53:
31:
30:
23:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2903:Phenylhydrazine
2729:
2724:
2682:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2638:
2636:
2603:
2560:
2557:
2555:Further reading
2552:
2551:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2383:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2133:Chicago Tribune
2126:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2077:
2075:
2072:Chicago Tribune
2064:
2063:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1872:
1870:
1837:
1836:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1809:Washington Post
1802:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1645:
1644:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1544:
1542:
1541:on June 6, 2013
1532:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1494:Consumers Union
1483:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1370:
1352:Chicago Tribune
1275:section of the
1257:carcinogenicity
1244:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1134:
1122:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1048:species, it is
1042:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1001:needs expansion
995:
984:
982:Modes of action
956:
950:
947:
940:needs expansion
934:
923:
792:
785:
780:
779:
778: ?)
769:
765:
761:
757:
746:
725:
713:
701:
683:
677:
645:White crystals
634:
624:
618:
612:
606:
598:
584:
581:
576:
575:
564:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
539:
521:
514:
505:
485:
469:
456:
430:
410:
373:
350:
341:
328:
317:
304:
290:
279:
278:
237:
226:
225:
224:
219:
208:
202:
199:
192:
172:
168:
157:
146:
140:
137:
122:
109:
105:
94:
88:
85:
82:
73:
69:
32:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Carbohydrazide
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2680:External links
2678:
2677:
2676:
2651:
2601:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2526:(6): 307–312.
2510:
2447:
2416:
2395:
2362:
2302:
2271:
2236:
2201:
2182:
2151:
2119:
2088:
2054:
2023:
2005:
1980:
1949:
1927:
1883:
1821:
1795:
1783:
1753:
1740:
1707:
1704:on 2006-10-06.
1682:
1668:
1627:
1602:
1578:
1556:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1485:
1484:
1443:This section
1442:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1369:
1366:
1267:and 22 years,
1246:
1245:
1228:
1227:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1041:
1038:
1019:
1018:
998:
996:
989:
983:
980:
958:
957:
937:
935:
928:
922:
919:
797:also known as
790:
787:
786:
781:
759:
758:
754:standard state
751:
748:
747:
745:
744:
739:
734:
728:
726:
723:
720:
719:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
702:
700:
699:
693:
686:
684:
675:
673:
670:
669:
662:
661:
657:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
639:
638:
632:
626:
625:
622:
616:
610:
604:
599:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
583:
582:
579:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:
562:
558:
555:
554:
546:
545:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
524:
522:
510:
507:
506:
504:
503:
495:
493:
487:
486:
484:
483:
479:
477:
471:
470:
468:
467:
459:
457:
449:
446:
445:
438:
432:
431:
429:
428:
420:
418:
412:
411:
409:
408:
404:
402:
394:
393:
383:
375:
374:
372:
371:
363:
361:
355:
354:
351:
346:
343:
342:
340:
339:
331:
329:
322:
319:
318:
316:
315:
307:
305:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
285:
281:
280:
276:
275:
269:
268:
264:
263:
255:
254:
239:
238:
221:
220:
175:
173:
166:
159:
158:
119:of the subject
117:worldwide view
112:
110:
103:
96:
95:
76:
74:
67:
62:
36:
35:
33:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3001:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Semicarbazone
2936:
2934:
2933:Semicarbazide
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Metfendrazine
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Isocarboxazid
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Dihydralazine
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Acylhydrazine
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2008:
2006:9780735536562
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:)—supporting
1500:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1478:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1426:Current views
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:against CBS,
1379:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:entry on the
1354:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:publication,
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1239:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1126:This section
1124:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:succinic acid
1051:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1006:
1002:
999:This section
997:
993:
988:
987:
981:
979:
977:
973:
972:succinic acid
969:
965:
954:
945:
941:
938:This section
936:
932:
927:
926:
920:
918:
916:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:succinic acid
891:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
784:
777:
772:
755:
749:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
727:
722:
721:
718:
715:
710:
709:
704:
694:
688:
687:
685:
681:
672:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
652:
651:Melting point
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
633:
631:
628:
627:
600:
597:
593:
592:
587:
578:
574:
567:
553:
549:
542:
534:
530:
529:DTXSID9020370
526:
525:
523:
513:
509:
508:
501:
497:
496:
494:
492:
489:
488:
481:
480:
478:
476:
473:
472:
465:
461:
460:
458:
452:
448:
447:
443:
439:
437:
434:
433:
426:
422:
421:
419:
417:
414:
413:
406:
405:
403:
401:
396:
395:
391:
387:
384:
382:
380:ECHA InfoCard
377:
376:
369:
365:
364:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
345:
344:
337:
333:
332:
330:
326:
321:
320:
313:
309:
308:
306:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
282:
274:
270:
265:
261:
256:
252:
247:
235:
232:
217:
214:
206:
196:
191:
187:
185:
181:
176:This article
174:
165:
164:
155:
152:
144:
134:
130:
126:
120:
118:
111:
102:
101:
92:
80:
75:
66:
65:
60:
58:
51:
50:
45:
44:
39:
34:
25:
24:
19:
2923:Procarbazine
2908:Pildralazine
2893:Pheniprazine
2787:
2666:. Retrieved
2663:HuffPost.com
2662:
2646:
2637:. Retrieved
2613:
2609:
2566:
2562:
2543:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2504:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2433:
2429:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2389:
2382:. Retrieved
2377:Mother Jones
2375:
2365:
2322:
2318:
2297:
2290:. Retrieved
2284:
2274:
2266:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2248:
2239:
2231:
2224:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2195:
2185:
2177:
2170:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2131:
2122:
2114:
2107:. Retrieved
2101:
2091:
2083:
2076:. Retrieved
2070:
2045:. Retrieved
2039:
2017:
2010:. Retrieved
1995:
1975:
1968:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1943:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1902:
1878:
1871:. Retrieved
1847:
1843:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1798:
1788:, retrieved
1766:
1756:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1723:
1699:the original
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1651:
1622:the original
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1550:
1545:10 September
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1528:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1473:
1464:
1449:that do not
1445:may contain
1444:
1402:
1371:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1261:
1249:
1234:
1216:
1207:
1185:
1155:
1146:
1135:Please help
1130:verification
1127:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1089:Please help
1086:
1043:
1022:
1009:
1005:adding to it
1000:
961:
948:
944:adding to it
939:
911:
906:carcinogenic
882:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:
695:8,400 mg kg
665:
475:RTECS number
295:Identifiers
286:
284:Other names
227:
209:
200:
189:
182:that do not
178:may contain
177:
147:
138:
114:
86:
78:
54:
47:
41:
40:Please help
37:
2838:Iproclozide
2818:Hydralazine
2803:Endralazine
2768:Cadralazine
1920:October 18,
1467:August 2022
1315:opinion by
1210:August 2022
1149:August 2022
1050:catabolised
1031:sprayed on
1012:August 2022
951:August 2022
890:catabolised
795:Daminozide,
697:(oral, rat)
680:median dose
666:Lethal dose
642:Appearance
589:Properties
386:100.014.988
244:Daminozide
203:August 2022
141:August 2022
89:August 2022
2974:Hydrazides
2968:Categories
2913:Pimagedine
2888:Phenelzine
2858:Mebanazine
2843:Iproniazid
2808:Gyromitrin
2788:Daminozide
2727:Hydrazines
2467:(1): 3–8.
2461:Cancer Sci
2047:August 11,
1970:August 11,
1790:2024-03-02
1749:amino acid
1692:Daminozide
1596:2023-09-24
1520:References
1510:California
1374:Washington
1326:60 Minutes
1311:In a 1989
1265:UCal-Davis
1187:neutrality
1092:improve it
868:, Concord
630:Molar mass
500:F6KF33M5UB
442:daminozide
359:ChemSpider
323:3D model (
302:CAS Number
43:improve it
2928:Safrazine
2878:Octamoxin
2873:Nialamide
2853:Isoniazid
2833:Hydrazone
2828:Hydrazine
2823:Hydrazide
2778:Carbidopa
2773:Carbazide
2758:Agaritine
2668:13 August
2639:13 August
2620:: 20–22.
2440:11 August
2012:11 August
1873:13 August
1854:: 20–22.
1733:11 August
1675:10 August
1447:citations
1198:talk page
1098:talk page
1046:mammalian
976:hydrazine
968:hydrazide
921:Chemistry
799:aminozide
482:WM9625000
407:216-485-9
399:EC Number
312:1596-84-5
180:citations
129:talk page
49:talk page
2763:Benmoxin
2675:science.
2650:member).
2647:Science'
2616:(4913).
2569:(4906).
2493:12708466
2484:11160283
2406:Imprimis
2384:30 April
2357:10175577
2349:16030344
2292:30 April
2261:30 April
2226:30 April
2172:30 April
2144:30 April
2109:30 April
2078:30 April
1850:(4913).
1724:EXIM.gov
1552:Program.
1453:the text
1368:Backlash
1191:disputed
1029:chemical
880:vines.
858:cherries
830:compound
825:, is an
717:Octopine
660:Hazards
353:1863230
186:the text
123:You may
2753:Adjudin
2634:2740907
2610:Science
2595:2727678
2587:1703501
2573:: 755.
2563:Science
2540:8732881
2019:1989...
1868:2740907
1844:Science
1814:May 24,
1514:Prop 65
1457:Please
1360:of the
1281:Science
1269:Cornell
1060:), and
886:mammals
862:peaches
840:by the
827:organic
776:what is
774: (
635:160.173
451:PubChem
193:Please
79:updated
2738:4-PTSC
2632:
2593:
2585:
2545:model.
2538:
2501:337527
2499:
2491:
2481:
2355:
2347:
2003:
1866:
1781:
1666:
1451:verify
1292:seeks,
900:) and
878:peanut
874:tomato
870:grapes
850:apples
821:, and
819:B-nine
771:verify
768:
737:Biurea
573:SMILES
425:C10996
267:Names
184:verify
2600:this.
2583:JSTOR
2506:test.
2497:S2CID
2391:Alar.
2353:S2CID
1940:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1341:text,
1299:after
1033:fruit
892:into
866:pears
823:DMASA
815:B-995
807:Kylar
548:InChI
464:15331
368:14593
325:JSmol
131:, or
2953:UDMH
2943:SDMH
2798:DNPH
2670:2022
2641:2022
2630:PMID
2591:PMID
2536:PMID
2489:PMID
2442:2022
2413:(6).
2386:2017
2345:PMID
2294:2017
2263:2017
2228:2017
2174:2017
2146:2017
2111:2017
2080:2017
2049:2022
2014:2022
2001:ISBN
1972:2022
1922:2015
1875:2022
1864:PMID
1816:2024
1779:ISBN
1735:2022
1677:2022
1664:ISBN
1547:2013
1412:UDMH
1384:and
1382:NRDC
1277:AAAS
1184:The
1027:, a
966:mono
838:U.S.
811:SADH
803:Alar
491:UNII
436:MeSH
416:KEGG
2883:PEH
2868:MMH
2813:HBT
2748:ADH
2622:doi
2614:245
2575:doi
2567:244
2528:doi
2479:PMC
2469:doi
2335:hdl
2327:doi
1856:doi
1848:245
1771:doi
1656:doi
1512:'s
1499:ICH
1335:CBS
1321:CBS
1313:NYT
1139:by
1007:.
946:.
517:EPA
454:CID
2970::
2661:.
2628:.
2612:.
2608:.
2589:.
2581:.
2565:.
2542:.
2534:.
2524:15
2522:.
2503:.
2495:.
2487:.
2477:.
2465:94
2463:.
2459:.
2432:.
2428:.
2411:20
2409:.
2388:.
2374:.
2351:.
2343:.
2333:.
2323:95
2321:.
2317:.
2305:^
2296:.
2283:.
2265:.
2247:.
2230:.
2218:.
2212:.
2194:.
2176:.
2163:.
2136:.
2130:.
2113:.
2100:.
2082:.
2069:.
2057:^
2038:.
2026:^
2016:.
1983:^
1974:.
1961:.
1901:.
1886:^
1877:.
1862:.
1846:.
1842:.
1824:^
1807:.
1777:,
1765:,
1722:.
1710:^
1662:.
1630:^
1605:^
1589:.
1559:^
1549:.
1516:.
1503:in
1400:.
1101:.
917:.
872:,
864:,
860:,
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
676:50
674:LD
611:12
52:.
2719:e
2712:t
2705:v
2672:.
2643:.
2624::
2597:.
2577::
2530::
2471::
2444:.
2434:6
2359:.
2337::
2329::
2198:.
2148:.
2051:.
1924:.
1858::
1818:.
1773::
1751:.
1737:.
1679:.
1658::
1599:.
1480:)
1474:(
1469:)
1465:(
1461:.
1455:.
1241:)
1235:(
1223:)
1217:(
1212:)
1208:(
1204:.
1194:.
1162:)
1156:(
1151:)
1147:(
1133:.
1108:)
1104:(
1014:)
1010:(
953:)
949:(
766:Y
682:)
678:(
623:3
620:O
617:2
614:N
608:H
605:6
602:C
519:)
515:(
327:)
287:N
234:)
228:(
216:)
210:(
205:)
201:(
197:.
154:)
148:(
143:)
139:(
121:.
91:)
87:(
81:.
59:)
55:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
