264:
52:
411:
During this period Darvaz was ruled by a confederation of brothers, all sons of a Shah
Gharibullah. (Ghulamov lists these brothers as Tughma Shah, Mansur Khan, 'Aziz Khan, Shahrukh Mirza, Sa'adat Shah, and Sultan Mahmud.) These brothers allied themselves with the rulers of Shughnan against Mir Sultan
376:
During the 17th century, the ruler of Darvaz was Shah
Qirghiz. Information regarding the length of his reign was disputed. Barthold writes that in 1638 the Uzbeks conquered Darvaz and executed the ruler, his brother Shah Gharib. In his stead, Shah Qirghiz became an independent ruler and reigned from
416:
and took a large portion of his army, including his brother Burhan al-Din into captivity. He was forced to send a peace delegation, led by a high-ranking religious leader named Mulla 'Azim Akhund Mufti, to Darvaz to plead for their release. While there, Mulla joined a religious discussion among the
472:
In
December 1877, after Shah Sirajuddin refused to pay tribute to the Emir of Bukhara, Darvaz was invaded. By the following spring, it had been occupied and absorbed into Bukhara. 200 people were killed during this conflict. It was placed under the administration of the Emir and controlled by a
377:
1638 to 1668. However, other sources report that Shah
Qirghiz founded the new capital of Darvaz at Qal'ai Khumb in 1606–07. The capital had previously been located 6.5 kilometers to the northeast. However, most historians can agree that under his reign Darvaz became a powerful state. Reportedly
468:
Despite efforts in the spring of 1876 by the Mir to avoid the incoming assault, by early August the principality was in the hands of
Bukhara and Mohammad Rahim was put under house arrest. Muhammad Sa'id was appointed the ruler of Karategin but the following year he was deposed, with Karategin
404:, a semi-independent principality located along their border. During the reign of Mir Sultan Shah, ruler of Badakhshan from 1748 to 1768, Shah Yadgar was the Mir of Ragh. He previously submitted tribute to Darvaz but then switched his allegiance to
433:, conquered both Karategin and Darvaz and forced Sultan Mahmud to pay tribute. However, it soon regained its independence. During the rule of Isma'il Shah from 1845 to 1863, Karategin and Shughnan were turned into protectorates and the bekdoms of
501:
The Mirs of Darvaz and their power was based on a system of patronage. The Mir's supporters were given shares of loot from raids as well as revenues from taxation. The existence of large extended families resulted in internal divisions of labor.
368:
Traditionally it was able to maintain its independence against its more powerful neighbors. At the beginning of the 16th century, the region was caught up in the conflict between the
Timurids and the Uzbeks. Despite the Uzbek conquest of
424:
attempted to conquer the principality, but these attacks were unsuccessful and only encouraged the ruler of Darvaz to counter-raid, as the principality had a strong army compared to its neighbors. In 1839 the ruler of
51:
457:. During the Russian campaign against Khoqand in 1875–76, rumors began to spread of an impending attack by the Mir of Karategin. As a result, when the campaign was over the Emir of
397:
were under his suzerainty. Upon his death and during the 60-year long reign of his successor, Mahmud Shah, Wakhan and
Shughnan-Roshan were able to declare their independence.
400:
The primary rival of Darvaz were the Yarid rulers of
Badakhshan, who ruled the area from 1657. Multiple conflicts would be fought between the two over the region of
417:
nobles and 'ulama of the court and was able to show off his intellect. Tughma Shah quickly took a liking to him and agreed to his request to release the captives.
408:. In response the Shahs of Darvaz led a punitive expedition against Ragh, but Mir Sultan Shah was able to provide aid to his vassal and expelled Darvaz's troops.
489:. The Mir's sons managed to escape to Bukhara, while two other relatives of Sirajuddin, who were amlak-dars on the left bank of the Panj, managed to flee to
818:
813:
808:
453:
that had been occurring since 1842, the Mir of
Karategin, Muhammad Rahim, had provided shelter to political enemies and was adamant on opposing
784:
728:
674:
647:
530:
420:
During the 19th century it was still seen as a stable principality. In the 1820s and 1830s, Karategin was unified with Darvaz. In the 1830s,
611:
485:. Shah Sirajuddin lived in confinement until the end of Muzaffar's reign, when he was released on orders of the governor-general of
454:
599:
History of civilizations of
Central Asia, v. 5: Development in contrast, from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
430:
493:. One tried to seize the left bank of the Panj supported by the Afghans, but failed and was executed in Bukhara.
308:
462:
315:
754:
473:
militia numbering 500–600. By this time, the principality's territories were limited to Qal'a-yi Khumb,
56:
Map of the Principality of Darvaz from the 17th to 19th centuries. Modern borders are overlayed in red.
561:
482:
405:
490:
458:
421:
394:
255:
780:
724:
670:
643:
607:
526:
486:
450:
426:
481:, and the lands of amlak-dars (estate holders) on the left bank of the Panj as far south as
335:
298:
75:
40:
720:
Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia: The Mountain Communities of Pamir
349:
65:
748:
802:
597:
92:
382:
357:
774:
718:
664:
637:
520:
286:
88:
413:
370:
353:
282:
696:
The Ismāʿīlīs of Badakhshan: History, Politics and Religion from 1500 to 1750
556:
478:
352:. The principality controlled territory on the left and right banks of the
373:, it seems the northern part of Darvaz was able to maintain independence.
390:
776:
Social and Economic Change in the Pamirs (Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan)
345:
17:
603:
386:
378:
694:
639:
Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924
750:
The Hagiography of Nāṣir-i Khusraw and the Ismāʿīlīs of Badakhshān
438:
434:
474:
401:
348:
principality until 1878, ruled by a Mir and its capital was at
465:, had an excuse to invade both of these principalities.
356:. The major settlements of Darvaz were Qal'ai Khumb and
663:
Nourzhanov, Kirill; Bleuer, Christian (2013-10-08).
519:
Johnson, Thomas H.; Adamec, Ludwig W. (2021-05-15).
278:
221:
211:
201:
191:
181:
171:
161:
151:
141:
131:
121:
109:
101:
81:
71:
61:
25:
717:Dagiev, Dagikhudo; Faucher, Carole (2018-09-28).
30:
8:
642:. Harvard University Press. pp. 70–72.
666:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History
340:
303:
50:
32:
22:
525:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131.
699:(phd thesis). SOAS University of London.
412:Shah. In 1749, they defeated the Mir at
511:
469:becoming a Bukharan beylik (province).
693:Nourmamadchoev, Nourmamadcho (2015).
592:
220:
210:
200:
190:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
130:
120:
116:
108:
7:
768:
766:
764:
742:
740:
712:
710:
708:
706:
688:
686:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
522:Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan
455:Russian expansion into Central Asia
339:
302:
819:Historical geography of Tajikistan
14:
814:Historical regions of Afghanistan
747:Gulamadov, Shaftolu (June 2018).
809:Former countries in Central Asia
262:
555:Grevemeyer, Jan-Heeren (1994).
723:. Routledge. pp. 127–30.
1:
669:. ANU E Press. p. 17.
835:
606:. 2003. pp. 226–229.
449:During the instability in
197:Shah Turk Khan/Shah Turkan
15:
779:. Routledge. p. 65.
235:
231:
117:
49:
31:
636:Becker, Seymour (1968).
441:became its tributaries.
16:Not to be confused with
773:Bliss, Frank (2006).
755:University of Toronto
344:) was an independent
72:Common languages
562:Encyclopedia Iranica
445:Conquest by Bukhara
157:Muhammad Khan Shah?
422:Muhammad Murad Beg
257:Emirate of Bukhara
786:978-0-415-30806-9
730:978-1-351-12424-9
676:978-1-925021-16-5
649:978-0-674-78360-7
532:978-1-5381-4929-4
318:), alternatively
292:
291:
274:
273:
270:
269:
227:Shah Siraj al-Din
213:• 1864-1868
203:• 1845-1863
193:• 1797-1802
183:• 1788-1797
173:• 1778-1788
163:• 1762-1778
153:• 1734-1761
143:• 1668-1729
133:• 1638-1668
826:
791:
790:
770:
759:
758:
744:
735:
734:
714:
701:
700:
690:
681:
680:
660:
654:
653:
633:
618:
617:
594:
567:
566:
552:
537:
536:
516:
343:
342:
317:
306:
305:
266:
265:
258:
252:
251:
237:
236:
217:Shah-i Darvaz II
54:
44:
36:
35:
34:
23:
834:
833:
829:
828:
827:
825:
824:
823:
799:
798:
795:
794:
787:
772:
771:
762:
746:
745:
738:
731:
716:
715:
704:
692:
691:
684:
677:
662:
661:
657:
650:
635:
634:
621:
614:
602:. Vol. 5.
596:
595:
570:
554:
553:
540:
533:
518:
517:
513:
508:
499:
447:
366:
285:
263:
256:
224:
214:
204:
194:
184:
177:Shah-i Darvaz I
174:
164:
154:
144:
134:
124:
97:
91:
57:
45:
38:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
832:
830:
822:
821:
816:
811:
801:
800:
793:
792:
785:
760:
736:
729:
702:
682:
675:
655:
648:
619:
612:
568:
538:
531:
510:
509:
507:
504:
498:
495:
446:
443:
365:
362:
341:خاننشین درواز
332:Darvaz Khanate
290:
289:
280:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
260:
249:
246:
245:
240:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
223:• ?-1878
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
123:• ?-1638
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
96:
95:
85:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
29:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
831:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
804:
797:
788:
782:
778:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
751:
743:
741:
737:
732:
726:
722:
721:
713:
711:
709:
707:
703:
698:
697:
689:
687:
683:
678:
672:
668:
667:
659:
656:
651:
645:
641:
640:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
620:
615:
613:92-3-103876-1
609:
605:
601:
600:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
569:
564:
563:
558:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
539:
534:
528:
524:
523:
515:
512:
505:
503:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
418:
415:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
374:
372:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
310:
300:
296:
288:
284:
281:
279:Today part of
277:
261:
259:
254:
253:
250:
248:
247:
244:
241:
239:
238:
234:
230:
226:
216:
206:
196:
186:
176:
166:
156:
146:
136:
126:
112:
104:
100:
94:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
53:
48:
42:
24:
19:
796:
775:
749:
719:
695:
665:
658:
638:
598:
560:
521:
514:
500:
471:
467:
448:
419:
410:
399:
375:
367:
350:Qal'ai Khumb
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
294:
293:
243:Succeeded by
242:
207:Isma'il Shah
137:Shah Qirghiz
105:Principality
66:Qal'ai Khumb
431:Madali Khan
287:Afghanistan
187:Mansur Khan
167:Mizrab Shah
147:Mahmud Shah
127:Shah Gharib
89:Sunni Islam
803:Categories
753:(Thesis).
506:References
497:Government
491:Badakhshan
371:Badakhshan
354:Oxus River
316:/dæɾˈvɒːz/
283:Tajikistan
102:Government
93:Isma'ilism
487:Turkestan
479:Yazghulam
383:Karategin
330:, or the
309:Romanized
82:Religion
557:"DARVĀZ"
463:Muzaffar
414:Gharjvin
406:Fayzabad
391:Shughnan
483:Khwahan
459:Bukhara
451:Khoqand
427:Khoqand
364:History
336:Persian
299:Persian
76:Persian
62:Capital
41:Persian
18:Darvaza
783:
727:
673:
646:
610:
604:UNESCO
529:
395:Wakhsh
393:, and
387:Roshan
379:Wakhan
346:Pamiri
328:Darwoz
324:Darvoz
320:Darwaz
313:Darvāz
295:Darvaz
113:
37:
27:Darvaz
475:Wanch
439:Hisar
435:Kulab
326:, or
304:درواز
33:درواز
781:ISBN
725:ISBN
671:ISBN
644:ISBN
608:ISBN
527:ISBN
437:and
402:Ragh
358:Kham
110:Mir
805::
763:^
739:^
705:^
685:^
622:^
571:^
559:.
541:^
477:,
461:,
429:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
360:.
338::
322:,
311::
307:,
301::
789:.
757:.
733:.
679:.
652:.
616:.
565:.
535:.
334:(
297:(
43:)
39:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
