6218:
447:
6058:
4825:
6206:
3627:
139:
3633:
3010:
4841:
6065:
3015:
2469:
6071:
395:
537:, nicknamed "Mrs T" (short for "Mrs Pterodactyl"), described by Lü Junchang and colleagues in January 2011. This specimen was preserved with the impression of an egg between its thighs in close association with its pelvis. This specimen had a broad pelvis and lacked any evidence of a crest. The egg was probably expelled from the body during decomposition, and its association with the
2477:
2484:
118:
4833:
599:, requiring little to no parental care. These results imply that reproduction in pterosaurs was more like that in modern reptiles and significantly differed from reproduction in birds. However, in 2015, the counterplate of the specimen was reported, IVPP V18403, which showed a single additional egg present in the body, indicating that there were two active
434:
is distinguished from its close relatives by the greater relative length of the back portion of the skull compared to its jaws, thin nasal bone, and elongated hip bone (ilium). The teeth in all species were spaced widely with the longest teeth at the jaw tips. The teeth were spike-like in form, and
585:
had a parchment-like, soft shell. In modern birds, the eggshell is hardened with calcium, completely shielding the embryo from the outside environment. Soft-shelled eggs are permeable, and allow significant amounts of water to be absorbed into the egg during development. Eggs of this type are more
590:
would have weighed about 6 grams (0.21 oz) when they were laid, but due to moisture intake, they may have doubled in weight by the time of hatching. The eggs were small compared to the size of the mother (the "Mrs T" specimen weighed between 110 grams and 220 grams ), also more like modern
569:. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of wukongopterid variation published in 2017 noted that crests among wukongopterids were subject to a large amount of individual variation, and that there was no consistent dimorphism in the pelvic anatomy of crested and uncrested wukongopterid specimens.
559:), the size and shape of the crests change dramatically with age. He noted that the "Mrs T" specimen may simply have been a sub-adult which had not yet developed a crest (most animals are able to reproduce before they are fully grown). In 2015, Wang e.a. reassigned the "Mrs T" specimen to
911:. In other words, rather than a gradual change from one body type to the other, various major aspects of pterodactyloid anatomy arose unsystematically, producing species with distinct combinations of both primitive and advanced features.
512:
is known from numerous well-preserved specimens including an egg, researchers have been able to deduce various aspects of its biology, including growth patterns and life history, reproduction, and possible variation between sexes.
435:
set into tooth sockets with raised margins. The hand bones were relatively short, even shorter than the femur. The tail was long, with over 20 vertebrae, and was partially stiffened by long, thin bony projections. Unlike other
614:, like most wukongopterids, is a terrestrial pterosaur lacking speciations for piscivory; ergo, it was early on recognised to have been a terrestrial form. Originally, it was described as a raptorial
1063:"High-precision U–Pb geochronology of the Jurassic Yanliao Biota from Jianchang (western Liaoning Province, China): Age constraints on the rise of feathered dinosaurs and eutherian mammals"
1047:
Liu Y.-Q. Kuang H.-W., Jiang X.-J., Peng N., Xu H. & Sun H.-Y. (2012). "Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota."
1094:
484:
and colleagues in later in 2010. It was characterized by a shorter and taller skull and shorter, cone-shaped teeth. In 2011, Lü and another team of scientists described and named
1206:
Xiaolin Wang; Kellner
Alexander W.A.; Xin Cheng; Shunxing Jiang; Qiang Wang; Sayão Juliana M.; Rordrigues Taissa; Costa Fabiana R.; Ning Li; Xi Meng; Zhonghe Zhou (2015).
1168:
Lü J.; Xu L.; Chang H.; Zhang X. (2011). "A new darwinopterid pterosaur from the Middle
Jurassic of western Liaoning, northeastern China and its ecological implications".
6150:
439:, the head crest found in males was supported by a thin bony extension of the skull, with a serrated top edge. The serrations probably helped anchor an even larger
907:
implies, the researchers who first described this genus saw it as evidence that pterodactyloid pterosaurs evolved from the more primitive 'rhamphorhynchoids' via
424:
features, such as long vertebrae in the neck and a single skull opening in front of the eyes, the nasoantorbital fenestra (in most 'rhamphorhynchoids', the
6248:
577:
The specimen preserved along with an egg (nicknamed "Mrs T"), described by Lü and colleagues in 2011, offers insight into the reproductive strategies of
6137:
6253:
6258:
1470:
488:, for a new specimen with very robust teeth. Lü and colleagues (2011) suggested that these differences in tooth shape may indicate that each
492:
species occupied a different ecological niche, with the teeth of each becoming specialized for different food sources. The robust teeth of
6057:
534:
1302:
Lü J.; Unwin D.M.; Deeming D.C.; Jin X.; Liu Y.; Ji Q. (2011). "An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs".
1249:"Premaxillary crest variation within the Wukongopteridae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) and comments on cranial structures in pterosaurs"
454:
618:
carnivore; however, posterior analyses have found no speciations towards aerial predation. Instead, it appears to have been a
925:
6243:
4824:
3632:
1061:
Chu, Z.; He, H.; Ramezani, J.; Bowring, S.A.; Hu, D.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, S.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Z.; Deng, C.; Guo, J. (2016).
6196:
3626:
1036:
1028:
138:
446:
6238:
3009:
1463:
1567:
920:
464:
have been divided into three distinct species, based largely on the size and shape of their teeth. The first,
2468:
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3045:
3014:
2476:
1248:
6090:
5965:
4123:
6064:
6176:
6070:
794:
533:
specimen in which sex could be confidently identified was specimen ZMNH M8802 in the collections of the
1208:"Eggshell and Histology Provide Insight on the Life History of a Pterosaur with Two Functional Ovaries"
4840:
4218:
2657:
2567:
2483:
1456:
937:
359:
343:
4832:
6210:
5722:
5411:
5098:
4397:
4324:
2092:
1812:
425:
375:
481:
288:
6128:
5251:
3725:
3568:
2711:
2514:
2501:
2415:
2257:
1888:
1863:
1377:
1327:
1185:
367:
133:
6181:
552:, suggesting in a 2011 interview that, in other animals with elaborate display crests (such as
6163:
6155:
5677:
4492:
4421:
3663:
3650:
3593:
3356:
3254:
3156:
3074:
2852:
2829:
2795:
2725:
2266:
2182:
2134:
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1821:
1726:
1435:
1369:
1319:
1281:
1273:
1229:
1143:
997:
908:
667:
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and pterosaurs in general. Like the eggs of later pterosaurs and modern reptiles, the eggs of
526:
6168:
5906:
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5427:
4969:
4872:
4859:
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1986:
1536:
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1311:
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371:
5995:
5838:
5687:
5472:
5376:
5351:
5344:
5331:
5264:
5150:
5048:
5014:
4910:
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4602:
4543:
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4501:
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4288:
4147:
4020:
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3242:
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3194:
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3098:
3091:
3083:
2838:
2818:
2648:
2624:
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2382:
2365:
2355:
2332:
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2237:
2216:
2170:
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2101:
2017:
1957:
1876:
1845:
1735:
1714:
1667:
1552:
1527:
615:
476:
had an especially elongated back end to the skull, and widely spaced, "spike-like" teeth.
436:
416:
pterosaurian features. While it had a long tail and other features characteristic of the '
209:
196:
30:
386:, were described from the same fossil beds in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.
5972:
5945:
5923:
5747:
5661:
5646:
5598:
5537:
5522:
5488:
5313:
5297:
5285:
5271:
5224:
5181:
5141:
5055:
5001:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4687:
4594:
4515:
4442:
4353:
4109:
4001:
3936:
3877:
3817:
3783:
3503:
3430:
3402:
3321:
3271:
3210:
3179:
2779:
2755:
2733:
2679:
2637:
2581:
2549:
2230:
2147:
2124:
2003:
1929:
1897:
1750:
1699:
1647:
1430:
1405:
992:
968:"Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull"
967:
963:
770:
653:
596:
561:
469:
421:
339:
229:
1346:
1117:
Wang, X.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Jiang, S.; Cheng, X.; Meng, X. & Rodrigues, T. (2010).
1037:
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20011-did-pterosaurs-fly-out-of-their-eggs.html
6232:
6009:
5980:
5956:
5937:
5895:
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5829:
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5529:
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5434:
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4551:
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2065:
2025:
1975:
1944:
1905:
1800:
1792:
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1674:
1658:
1404:
Wang, X.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, J.; Cheng, X.; Yu, X.; Li, Y.; Wei, G.; Wang, X. (2017).
1331:
1189:
1181:
931:
622:
insectivore, hopping around both in the trees and on the ground, akin to some modern
68:
1138:
6222:
6002:
5930:
5801:
5696:
5630:
5582:
5392:
5320:
5198:
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4629:
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4062:
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2195:
2050:
1838:
1784:
1743:
1381:
545:
413:
351:
241:
1268:
1224:
1207:
342:. Between 30 and 40 fossil specimens have been identified, all collected from the
1406:"New evidence from China for the nature of the pterosaur evolutionary transition"
6122:
5888:
5848:
5767:
5731:
5465:
5240:
5173:
5116:
5062:
4919:
4587:
4458:
4450:
4410:
4369:
4361:
4236:
4203:
4171:
4163:
4134:
4095:
4079:
4038:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3898:
3839:
3831:
3492:
3454:
3377:
3032:
2965:
2932:
2868:
2209:
2078:
2033:
2010:
1685:
619:
409:
43:
1345:
Ji, Q.; Ji, S.A.; Cheng, Y.N.; You, H.; Lü, J.; Liu, Y. & Yuan, C. (2004).
394:
5856:
5811:
5739:
5614:
5606:
5441:
5420:
5365:
5233:
5208:
5158:
5123:
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4472:
4310:
4211:
4190:
4179:
4116:
3733:
3526:
3519:
2954:
2845:
1852:
1509:
553:
88:
53:
6113:
1277:
1118:
5916:
5358:
5306:
5028:
5021:
4989:
4927:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4558:
4336:
4302:
4252:
4245:
3982:
3920:
3824:
3412:
2811:
2528:
2155:
1995:
1830:
1707:
1629:
1616:
1579:
1518:
1479:
1315:
639:
623:
595:
probably laid many small eggs at a time and buried them, and that juveniles
408:, like its closest relatives, is characterized by its unique combination of
331:
183:
150:
93:
37:
1439:
1373:
1323:
1285:
1233:
1147:
1119:"New long-tailed pterosaurs (Wukongopteridae) from western Liaoning, China"
1001:
983:
591:
reptiles than birds. David Unwin, a co-author of the paper, suggested that
117:
6107:
5988:
5872:
5864:
5638:
5622:
5553:
5130:
4480:
4385:
4317:
3989:
3944:
3717:
2946:
2606:
1503:
1079:
1062:
586:
vulnerable to the elements and are typically buried in soil. The eggs of
556:
347:
170:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
6142:
1394:
Witton, Mark P. (2013), Pterosaurs: Natural
History, Evolution, Anatomy
440:
366:
was the first known pterosaur to display features of both long-tailed (
269:
98:
73:
1421:
4579:
4346:
3928:
2536:
2403:
1497:
497:
160:
6084:
1365:
541:
individual was used to support the hypothesis of sexual dimorphism.
544:
However, this hypothesis has been criticized. Pterosaur researcher
3677:
2273:
600:
445:
393:
335:
327:
565:, and in 2021 it was classified as a specimen of the new species
6088:
4857:
3648:
3030:
2499:
1614:
1490:
1452:
1448:
1035:
online edition, 20 Jan 2011. Accessed online 21 Jan 2011,
496:, for example, may have been used to feed on hard-shelled
1095:"Odd New Pterosaur: 'Darwin's Wing' Fills Evolution Gap."
630:
in particular might have preferred hard-shelled beetles.
16:
Genus of wukongopterid pterosaur from the Middle
Jurassic
1247:
Cheng, X.; Jiang, S.; Wang, X.; Kellner, A.W.A. (2017).
6194:
1347:"Palaeontology: pterosaur egg with a leathery shell"
298:
278:
248:
6097:
5955:
5905:
5837:
5828:
5800:
5765:
5721:
5686:
5676:
5572:
5501:
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5455:
5410:
5375:
5330:
5296:
5250:
5223:
5196:
5140:
5096:
5038:
5000:
4968:
4909:
4900:
4870:
4790:
4670:
4628:
4569:
4529:
4491:
4420:
4396:
4335:
4286:
4235:
4189:
4133:
4061:
4037:
4009:
4000:
3909:
3875:
3864:
3801:
3766:
3703:
3688:
3661:
3592:
3567:
3502:
3478:
3429:
3401:
3297:
3253:
3221:
3169:
3154:
3121:
3073:
3043:
2964:
2882:
2828:
2778:
2754:
2743:
2709:
2647:
2623:
2592:
2547:
2512:
2414:
2364:
2354:
2306:
2256:
2247:
2181:
2133:
2122:
2091:
2076:
2048:
1985:
1955:
1927:
1887:
1862:
1820:
1811:
1768:
1725:
1684:
1657:
1627:
1578:
1551:
603:, each of which producing a single egg at a time.
1049:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
378:between the two groups. Two additional species,
548:questioned some of the conclusions drawn by Lü
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
958:
956:
954:
952:
1464:
1297:
1295:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
8:
1100:, 13 October 2009. Accessed 14 October 2009.
966:; Unwin D.M.; Jin X.; Liu Y.; Ji Q. (2010).
1256:Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
6085:
5834:
5773:
5683:
5507:
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5494:
5452:
5448:
5336:
5256:
5220:
5216:
5108:
5104:
5006:
4974:
4906:
4882:
4878:
4867:
4854:
4787:
4625:
4566:
4535:
4426:
4402:
4294:
4195:
4139:
4058:
4043:
4006:
3883:
3872:
3809:
3709:
3700:
3696:
3669:
3658:
3645:
3573:
3564:
3484:
3305:
3227:
3166:
3162:
3129:
3055:
3051:
3040:
3027:
2888:
2760:
2751:
2717:
2629:
2598:
2559:
2555:
2520:
2509:
2496:
2361:
2253:
2187:
2139:
2130:
2088:
2084:
2057:
1967:
1963:
1936:
1868:
1817:
1776:
1691:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1611:
1557:
1548:
1487:
1471:
1457:
1449:
1201:
1199:
116:
20:
1429:
1267:
1223:
1137:
1078:
991:
1212:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
1126:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
6201:
1170:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
948:
1029:Did pterosaurs fly out of their eggs?
428:and the nasal opening are separate).
374:) pterosaurs, and was described as a
7:
1067:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
521:The large amount of variation among
810:
786:
762:
695:
683:
659:
649:
6249:Middle Jurassic pterosaurs of Asia
972:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
535:Zhejiang Museum of Natural History
525:specimens has been interpreted as
350:period, 160.89–160.25 Ma ago. The
14:
6216:
6204:
6069:
6063:
6056:
4839:
4831:
4823:
3631:
3625:
3013:
3008:
2482:
2475:
2467:
1182:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00444.x
137:
1139:10.1590/S0001-37652010000400024
455:Paleozoological Museum of China
326:(meaning "Darwin's wing") is a
926:Timeline of pterosaur research
1:
6254:Fossil taxa described in 2010
1269:10.1590/0001-3765201720160742
1225:10.1590/0001-3765201520150364
1051:(advance online publication).
817:"Painten pro-pterodactyloid"
738:Darwinopterus linglongtaensis
567:Kunpengopterus antipollicatus
358:, was described in February
346:, which dates to the middle
6280:
450:Holotype (IVPP V16049) of
338:and named after biologist
6259:Taxa named by Lü Junchang
6053:
5776:
5510:
5497:
5451:
5339:
5259:
5219:
5111:
5107:
5009:
4977:
4885:
4881:
4866:
4853:
4820:
4786:
4538:
4429:
4405:
4297:
4198:
4142:
4046:
3886:
3812:
3712:
3699:
3672:
3657:
3644:
3622:
3576:
3563:
3487:
3308:
3230:
3165:
3132:
3058:
3054:
3039:
3026:
3006:
2891:
2763:
2720:
2632:
2601:
2562:
2558:
2523:
2508:
2495:
2464:
2190:
2142:
2087:
2060:
1970:
1966:
1939:
1871:
1779:
1694:
1642:
1638:
1623:
1610:
1560:
1547:
1486:
837:
815:
808:
791:
784:
767:
760:
734:
721:Darwinopterus robustodens
717:
700:
693:
681:
664:
657:
398:Restoration of a crested
275:
267:
247:
240:
134:Scientific classification
132:
124:
115:
23:
1098:National Geographic News
921:List of pterosaur genera
472:and colleagues in 2010.
420:', it also had distinct
3046:Archaeopterodactyloidea
1316:10.1126/science.1197323
1093:Dell'Amore, C. (2009).
905:Darwinopterus modularis
771:Kunpengopterus sinensis
704:Darwinopterus modularis
597:could fly upon hatching
253:Darwinopterus modularis
984:10.1098/rspb.2009.1603
457:
402:
6177:Paleobiology Database
795:Douzhanopterus zhangi
449:
397:
6244:Transitional fossils
2658:Archaeoistiodactylus
2568:Archaeoistiodactylus
1080:10.1002/2016GC006529
938:2010 in paleontology
370:) and short-tailed (
344:Tiaojishan Formation
5723:Targaryendraconidae
5412:Ornithocheiriformes
5099:Ornithocheiromorpha
4398:Neopterodactyloidea
4325:Dsungaripteromorpha
2093:Campylognathoididae
1813:Eudimorphodontoidea
1027:Hecht, J. (2011). "
452:D. linglongtaensis,
426:antorbital fenestra
376:transitional fossil
36:160.89–160.25
5252:Istiodactyliformes
3726:Lonchognathosaurus
3569:Eupterodactyloidea
2712:Pterodactyliformes
2515:Pterodactylomorpha
2502:Pterodactylomorpha
2416:Pterodactylomorpha
2258:Angustinaripterini
1889:Eudimorphodontinae
1864:Eudimorphodontidae
1410:Scientific Reports
478:D. linglongtaensis
458:
403:
380:D. linglongtaensis
283:D. linglongtaensis
6192:
6191:
6164:Open Tree of Life
6091:Taxon identifiers
6082:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5678:Targaryendraconia
5672:
5671:
5482:
5481:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5192:
5191:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
4849:
4848:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4525:
4524:
4493:Chaoyangopterinae
4422:Chaoyangopteridae
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3664:Ornithocheiroidea
3651:Ornithocheiroidea
3640:
3639:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3594:Ornithocheiroidea
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3357:Gladocephaloideus
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3255:Aurorazhdarchidae
3157:Ctenochasmatoidea
3117:
3116:
3075:Germanodactylidae
3022:
3021:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2878:
2877:
2853:Dendrorhynchoides
2830:Batrachognathinae
2796:Dendrorhynchoides
2726:Changchengopterus
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2491:
2490:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2267:Angustinaripterus
2183:Rhamphorhynchinae
2135:Rhamphorhynchidae
2118:
2117:
2109:Campylognathoides
2044:
2043:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1822:Raeticodactylidae
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1727:Austriadraconidae
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1422:10.1038/srep42763
1310:(6015): 321–324.
1073:(10): 3983–3992.
978:(1680): 383–389.
909:modular evolution
895:
894:
886:
885:
877:
876:
868:
867:
859:
858:
850:
849:
749:
748:
668:Wukongopterus lii
527:sexual dimorphism
418:rhamphorhynchoids
319:
318:
313:
295:
236:
6271:
6239:Monofenestratans
6221:
6220:
6219:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6200:
6185:
6184:
6172:
6171:
6159:
6158:
6146:
6145:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6086:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6060:
5907:Coloborhynchinae
5835:
5790:Ornithocheiridae
5782:Brasileodactylus
5774:
5684:
5574:Ornithocheirinae
5508:
5503:Ornithocheiridae
5499:
5495:
5453:
5449:
5428:Brasileodactylus
5337:
5257:
5225:Lonchodraconidae
5221:
5217:
5109:
5105:
5007:
4975:
4970:Nyctosauromorpha
4907:
4883:
4879:
4873:Pteranodontoidea
4868:
4860:Pteranodontoidea
4855:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4792:Pteranodontoidea
4788:
4672:Quetzalcoatlinae
4661:Mistralazhdarcho
4626:
4567:
4536:
4427:
4403:
4295:
4196:
4140:
4059:
4044:
4007:
3911:Thalassodromidae
3884:
3873:
3810:
3768:Dsungaripterinae
3710:
3705:Dsungaripteridae
3701:
3697:
3670:
3659:
3646:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3574:
3565:
3485:
3480:Ctenochasmatinae
3462:Plataleorhynchus
3306:
3300:Ctenochasmatidae
3228:
3167:
3163:
3130:
3124:Euctenochasmatia
3056:
3052:
3041:
3028:
3017:
3012:
2940:Propterodactylus
2926:Ningchengopterus
2889:
2884:Pterodactyloidea
2761:
2752:
2718:
2630:
2599:
2560:
2556:
2521:
2510:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2390:Jianchangopterus
2376:Fenghuangopterus
2362:
2308:Rhamphorhynchini
2254:
2188:
2140:
2131:
2089:
2085:
2058:
1987:Dimorphodontidae
1968:
1964:
1937:
1869:
1818:
1777:
1692:
1640:
1636:
1625:
1612:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1537:Pterosauromorpha
1488:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1271:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1218:(3): 1599–1609.
1203:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1132:(4): 1045–1062.
1123:
1114:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1025:
1006:
1005:
995:
960:
840:Pterodactyloidea
826:
822:Propterodactylus
811:
787:
763:
696:
684:
660:
650:
517:Sexual variation
368:rhamphorhynchoid
334:, discovered in
307:
300:
287:
280:
250:
228:
221:
208:
195:
182:
142:
141:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6193:
6188:
6180:
6175:
6167:
6162:
6154:
6149:
6141:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6093:
6083:
6074:
6055:
6015:
5996:Liaoningopterus
5951:
5901:
5839:Tropeognathinae
5824:
5796:
5770:
5753:
5717:
5688:Cimoliopteridae
5668:
5568:
5491:
5478:
5473:Zhenyuanopterus
5447:
5398:
5377:Istiodactylinae
5371:
5352:Longchengpterus
5345:Lingyuanopterus
5332:Istiodactylidae
5326:
5292:
5265:Hongshanopterus
5246:
5215:
5201:
5188:
5151:Hongshanopterus
5136:
5101:
5076:
5049:Barbaridactylus
5034:
4996:
4964:
4911:Pteranodontidae
4896:
4891:Santanadactylus
4875:
4862:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4806:
4750:
4745:Zhejiangopterus
4666:
4624:
4603:Palaeocursornis
4565:
4544:Montanazhdarcho
4531:Azhdarchiformes
4521:
4502:Chaoyangopterus
4487:
4416:
4392:
4378:Montanazhdarcho
4331:
4291:
4289:Azhdarchomorpha
4258:
4231:
4185:
4148:Aymberedactylus
4129:
4057:
4033:
4021:Aymberedactylus
3996:
3976:Thalassodromeus
3905:
3880:
3869:
3860:
3848:Montanazhdarcho
3806:
3789:
3777:Domeykodactylus
3762:
3756:Tendaguripterus
3693:
3684:
3666:
3653:
3636:
3624:
3608:
3588:
3582:Altmuehlopterus
3539:
3498:
3474:
3425:
3397:
3302:
3285:
3249:
3243:Gallodactylidae
3223:Aurorazhdarchia
3217:
3195:Normannognathus
3171:Gallodactylidae
3159:
3150:
3126:
3113:
3107:Tendaguripterus
3099:Normannognathus
3092:Germanodactylus
3084:Altmuehlopterus
3069:
3048:
3035:
3018:
2980:
2960:
2874:
2839:Batrachognathus
2824:
2819:Vesperopterylus
2774:
2748:
2739:
2714:
2693:
2649:Wukongopterinae
2643:
2625:Wukongopteridae
2619:
2588:
2575:Normannognathus
2552:
2543:
2517:
2504:
2487:
2474:
2466:
2430:
2410:
2383:Jianchangnathus
2366:Scaphognathidae
2356:Digibrevisauria
2338:
2333:Rhamphorhynchus
2302:
2289:Qinglongopterus
2281:Harpactognathus
2249:Rhamphorhynchae
2243:
2238:Qinglongopterus
2217:Harpactognathus
2177:
2171:Scaphognathinae
2163:Parapsicephalus
2127:
2114:
2102:Bergamodactylus
2081:
2072:
2054:
2040:
2018:Parapsicephalus
1981:
1960:
1958:Macronychoptera
1951:
1933:
1911:
1883:
1877:Arcticodactylus
1858:
1846:Raeticodactylus
1807:
1773:
1756:
1736:Arcticodactylus
1721:
1715:Raeticodactylus
1680:
1668:Austriadactylus
1653:
1632:
1619:
1594:
1574:
1568:Avemetatarsalia
1553:Avemetatarsalia
1543:
1528:Avemetatarsalia
1493:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1447:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1366:10.1038/432572a
1349:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1026:
1009:
962:
961:
950:
946:
917:
901:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
818:
750:
642:following Wang
636:
609:
575:
519:
506:
468:, was named by
392:
306:
286:
263:
256:
227:
219:
210:Wukongopterinae
206:
197:Wukongopteridae
193:
180:
136:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
31:Middle Jurassic
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6277:
6275:
6267:
6266:
6264:Charles Darwin
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6213:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6173:
6160:
6147:
6134:
6119:
6103:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5973:Caulkicephalus
5969:
5961:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5946:Uktenadactylus
5942:
5934:
5927:
5924:Coloborhynchus
5920:
5912:
5910:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5844:
5842:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5805:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5786:
5777:
5771:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5748:Targaryendraco
5744:
5736:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5662:Uktenadactylus
5658:
5650:
5647:Ornithocheirus
5643:
5635:
5627:
5619:
5611:
5603:
5599:Coloborhynchus
5595:
5587:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5558:
5550:
5542:
5538:Caulkicephalus
5534:
5526:
5523:Arthurdactylus
5519:
5511:
5505:
5492:
5489:Ornithocheirae
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5459:
5446:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5314:Linlongopterus
5310:
5302:
5300:
5298:Mimodactylidae
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:Lonchodectidae
5282:
5275:
5272:Linlongopterus
5268:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5227:
5214:
5213:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:Targaryendraco
5178:
5170:
5163:
5155:
5146:
5144:
5142:Lonchodectidae
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5102:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5066:
5059:
5056:Muzquizopteryx
5052:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5004:
5002:Aponyctosauria
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4924:
4915:
4913:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4886:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4730:Thanatosdrakon
4726:
4723:Quetzalcoatlus
4719:
4716:Phosphatodraco
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4688:Arambourgiania
4684:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4599:
4595:Navajodactylus
4591:
4584:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4516:Shenzhoupterus
4512:
4505:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4443:Argentinadraco
4439:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4354:Argentinadraco
4350:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4110:Nemicolopterus
4106:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4014:
4004:
4002:Tapejariformes
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:Argentinadraco
3933:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3878:Tapejaromorpha
3876:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3821:
3818:Argentinadraco
3813:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3784:Dsungaripterus
3780:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3673:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3504:Pterodaustrini
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3433:
3431:Gnathosaurinae
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3403:Moganopterinae
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3322:Balaenognathus
3318:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3272:Aurorazhdarcho
3268:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:Moganopterinae
3207:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3180:Aurorazhdarcho
3175:
3173:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2780:Anurognathinae
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2756:Anurognathidae
2749:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2734:Douzhanopterus
2730:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2680:Douzhanopterus
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2638:Kunpengopterus
2633:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:Anurognathidae
2578:
2571:
2563:
2553:
2550:Monofenestrata
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2231:Orientognathus
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2148:Dolicorhamphus
2143:
2137:
2128:
2125:Breviquartossa
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2007:
2004:Caelestiventus
2000:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1930:Zambellisauria
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1898:Carniadactylus
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1751:Seazzadactylus
1747:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1700:Carniadactylus
1695:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1648:Daohugoupterus
1643:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1396:
1387:
1337:
1291:
1262:(1): 119–130.
1239:
1195:
1176:(3): 507–514.
1153:
1102:
1086:
1053:
1040:
1007:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
935:
928:
923:
916:
913:
900:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
814:
809:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
790:
785:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
766:
761:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
747:
746:
743:
742:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
699:
694:
692:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
663:
658:
656:
654:Monofenestrata
648:
635:
634:Classification
632:
628:D. robustidens
608:
605:
574:
571:
562:Kunpengopterus
518:
515:
505:
502:
494:D. robustodens
486:D. robustodens
437:wukongopterids
422:pterodactyloid
391:
388:
384:D. robustodens
372:pterodactyloid
340:Charles Darwin
317:
316:
315:
314:
303:D. robustodens
296:
273:
272:
265:
264:
257:
245:
244:
238:
237:
217:
213:
212:
204:
200:
199:
191:
187:
186:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6276:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6202:
6198:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6129:Darwinopterus
6124:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6099:Darwinopterus
6096:
6092:
6087:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6059:
6012:
6011:
6010:Maaradactylus
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:Cearadactylus
5978:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5957:Anhanguerinae
5954:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:Siroccopteryx
5935:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5896:Tropeognathus
5893:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:Siroccopteryx
5878:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Anhangueridae
5827:
5821:
5820:
5819:Iberodactylus
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5764:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5712:Cimoliopterus
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:Camposipterus
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:Siroccopteryx
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:Camposipterus
5588:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5563:
5562:Tropeognathus
5559:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5546:Cimoliopterus
5543:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:Camposipterus
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5516:Araripesaurus
5513:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5485:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5457:Boreopteridae
5454:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5435:Cearadactylus
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5386:Istiodactylus
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5279:Yixianopterus
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5040:Nyctosauridae
5037:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4983:Alamodactylus
4980:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Pteranodontia
4899:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4826:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:Wellnhopterus
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4709:Hatzegopteryx
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4681:Aralazhdarcho
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4552:Radiodactylus
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:Apatorhamphus
4432:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4226:Tupandactylus
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:Caupedactylus
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4028:Caupedactylus
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:Caupedactylia
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:Neoazhdarchia
3863:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:Azhdarchoidea
3800:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:Puntanipterus
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:Beipiaopterus
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3469:Tacuadactylus
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:Forfexopterus
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:Elanodactylus
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:Cratonopterus
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:Cathayopterus
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:Ardeadactylus
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:Ardeadactylus
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:Cycnorhamphus
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3145:Pterodactylus
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:Diopecephalus
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3064:Prejanopterus
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3011:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:Herbstosaurus
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:Eurolimnornis
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:Dermodactylus
2894:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:Caelidracones
2742:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2690:
2689:
2688:Wukongopterus
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:Darwinopterus
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:Cuspicephalus
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2614:Pterorhynchus
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2470:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:Scaphognathus
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2066:Eudimorphodon
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:Peteinosaurus
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:Herbstosaurus
1973:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1945:Peteinosaurus
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1908:
1907:
1906:Eudimorphodon
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1801:Preondactylia
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:Peteinosaurus
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:Eopterosauria
1767:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1675:Preondactylus
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1659:Preondactylia
1656:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:(7017): 572.
1359:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:New Scientist
1030:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
955:
953:
949:
943:
939:
936:
934:
933:
932:Wukongopterus
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
914:
912:
910:
906:
898:
891:
890:
882:
881:
873:
872:
864:
863:
855:
854:
846:
845:
842:
841:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
824:
823:
813:
812:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
796:
789:
788:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
772:
765:
764:
758:
757:
754:
753:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
722:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
705:
698:
697:
691:
690:
689:Darwinopterus
686:
685:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
669:
662:
661:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Darwinopterus
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
593:Darwinopterus
589:
588:Darwinopterus
584:
583:Darwinopterus
580:
579:Darwinopterus
572:
570:
568:
564:
563:
558:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
539:Darwinopterus
536:
532:
531:Darwinopterus
528:
524:
523:Darwinopterus
516:
514:
511:
510:Darwinopterus
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:Darwinopterus
487:
483:
480:was named by
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Darwinopterus
460:Specimens of
456:
453:
448:
444:
442:
438:
433:
432:Darwinopterus
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Darwinopterus
401:
396:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
323:Darwinopterus
311:
305:
304:
297:
293:
290:
285:
284:
277:
276:
274:
271:
266:
261:
255:
254:
246:
243:
239:
234:
231:
226:
225:
224:Darwinopterus
218:
215:
214:
211:
205:
202:
201:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
25:Darwinopterus
22:
19:
6211:Paleontology
6098:
6062:
6008:
6003:Ludodactylus
6001:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5964:
5944:
5936:
5931:Nicorhynchus
5929:
5922:
5915:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5817:
5810:
5802:Hamipteridae
5788:
5780:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5710:
5702:
5697:Aetodactylus
5695:
5660:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5631:Ludodactylus
5629:
5621:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5589:
5583:Aetodactylus
5581:
5560:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5471:
5464:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5393:Liaoxipterus
5391:
5384:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5321:Mimodactylus
5319:
5312:
5305:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5239:
5232:
5207:
5199:Lanceodontia
5180:
5172:
5167:Lonchodectes
5165:
5157:
5149:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5027:
5020:
5013:
4988:
4981:
4956:
4948:
4941:
4935:Ornithostoma
4933:
4926:
4918:
4889:
4829:
4743:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4702:Eurazhdarcho
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4630:Azhdarchinae
4616:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4571:Azhdarchidae
4557:
4550:
4542:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4479:
4471:
4466:Meilifeilong
4464:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4409:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4345:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4251:
4244:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4103:Huaxiapterus
4101:
4094:
4088:Eopteranodon
4086:
4078:
4072:Afrotapejara
4070:
4063:Sinopterinae
4052:Afrotapejara
4050:
4026:
4019:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3897:
3892:Bennettazhia
3890:
3855:Ornithostoma
3853:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3782:
3775:
3754:
3746:
3741:Ordosipterus
3739:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3691:Tapejaroidea
3676:
3580:
3534:Pterodaustro
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3491:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3447:Huanhepterus
3445:
3440:Gnathosaurus
3438:
3420:Moganopterus
3418:
3411:
3392:Pterofiltrus
3390:
3385:Petrodactyle
3383:
3376:
3371:Liaodactylus
3369:
3364:Kepodactylus
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3279:Huanhepterus
3277:
3270:
3262:
3241:
3236:Aerodactylus
3234:
3209:
3203:Petrodactyle
3201:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3143:
3136:
3105:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3062:
2953:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2919:Kryptodrakon
2917:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2867:
2861:Jeholopterus
2859:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2817:
2810:
2804:Jeholopterus
2802:
2794:
2789:Anurognathus
2787:
2769:Mesadactylus
2767:
2732:
2724:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2636:
2612:
2605:
2594:Darwinoptera
2580:
2573:
2566:
2535:
2527:
2473:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2331:
2325:Nesodactylus
2323:
2317:Cacibupteryx
2315:
2297:Sericipterus
2295:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2236:
2229:
2224:Nesodactylus
2222:
2215:
2208:
2203:Cacibupteryx
2201:
2196:Bellubrunnus
2194:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2107:
2100:
2064:
2051:Lonchognatha
2032:
2024:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1974:
1943:
1904:
1896:
1875:
1851:
1844:
1839:Pachagnathus
1837:
1829:
1799:
1791:
1785:Austriadraco
1783:
1749:
1744:Austriadraco
1742:
1734:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1673:
1666:
1646:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1390:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1307:
1303:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1215:
1211:
1173:
1169:
1129:
1125:
1097:
1089:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1032:
975:
971:
930:
904:
903:As the name
902:
899:Implications
838:
820:
816:
793:
792:
769:
768:
737:
736:
735:
720:
719:
718:
703:
702:
701:
688:
687:
666:
665:
643:
637:
627:
611:
610:
592:
587:
582:
578:
576:
573:Reproduction
566:
560:
549:
546:Kevin Padian
543:
538:
530:
529:. The first
522:
520:
509:
507:
493:
489:
485:
482:Wang Xiaolin
477:
474:D. modularis
473:
466:D. modularis
465:
461:
459:
451:
431:
430:
405:
404:
400:D. modularis
399:
383:
379:
364:D. modularis
363:
356:D. modularis
355:
322:
321:
320:
309:
302:
301:
291:
282:
281:
259:
252:
251:
242:Type species
232:
223:
222:
126:D. modularis
125:
24:
18:
6123:Wikispecies
5889:Thapunngaka
5849:Amblydectes
5768:Anhangueria
5732:Aussiedraco
5466:Boreopterus
5241:Lonchodraco
5174:Lonchodraco
5117:Aussiedraco
5063:Nyctosaurus
4920:Bogolubovia
4588:Bogolubovia
4459:Lacusovagus
4451:Eoazhdarcho
4411:Eoazhdarcho
4370:Leptostomia
4362:Keresdrakon
4237:Caiuajarina
4204:Bakonydraco
4172:Lacusovagus
4164:Keresdrakon
4135:Tapejarinae
4096:Huaxiadraco
4080:Bakonydraco
4039:Tapejaridae
3968:Leptostomia
3960:Lacusovagus
3953:Kariridraco
3899:Keresdrakon
3840:Leptostomia
3832:Keresdrakon
3493:Ctenochasma
3455:Lusognathus
3378:Otogopterus
3033:Lophocratia
2966:Lophocratia
2933:Pangupterus
2869:Sinomacrops
2210:Dorygnathus
2079:Novialoidea
2034:Rhamphinion
2011:Dimorphodon
1686:Caviramidae
1630:Pterosauria
1617:Pterosauria
1580:Pterosauria
1519:Archosauria
1480:Pterosauria
638:Below is a
620:saltatorial
554:ceratopsian
470:Lü Junchang
443:extension.
390:Description
203:Subfamily:
184:Pterosauria
6233:Categories
5966:Anhanguera
5857:Ferrodraco
5812:Hamipterus
5740:Barbosania
5615:Ferrodraco
5607:Draigwenia
5442:Hamipterus
5421:Barbosania
5366:Nurhachius
5234:Ikrandraco
5209:Draigwenia
5159:Ikrandraco
5124:Serradraco
5070:Volgadraco
4958:Volgadraco
4950:Tethydraco
4943:Pteranodon
4801:see below↓
4695:Cryodrakon
4618:Volgadraco
4610:Tethydraco
4509:Jidapterus
4473:Microtuban
4311:Microtuban
4212:Europejara
4191:Tapejarini
4180:Vectidraco
4117:Sinopterus
3734:Noripterus
3603:see below↓
3527:Gegepterus
3520:Eosipterus
2975:see below↓
2955:Wenupteryx
2846:Cascocauda
2425:see below↓
1853:Yelaphomte
1589:see below↓
1510:Sauropsida
944:References
5917:Aerodraco
5359:Luchibang
5307:Haopterus
5029:Simurghia
5022:Epapatelo
4990:Cretornis
4928:Dawndraco
4654:Azhdarcho
4647:Albadraco
4639:Aerotitan
4559:Alanqidae
4337:Alanqidae
4303:Cretornis
4253:Torukjara
4246:Caiuajara
3983:Tupuxuara
3921:Aerotitan
3825:Inabtanin
3413:Feilongus
2812:Luopterus
2529:Allkaruen
2156:Klobiodon
1996:Allkaruen
1831:Caviramus
1708:Caviramus
1496:Kingdom:
1416:: 42763.
1332:206529739
1278:1678-2690
1190:128545851
640:cladogram
624:songbirds
557:dinosaurs
354:species,
332:pterosaur
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
6108:Wikidata
5989:Guidraco
5873:Mythunga
5865:Haliskia
5639:Mythunga
5623:Guidraco
5554:Haliskia
5131:Unwindia
4481:Xericeps
4386:Xericeps
4318:Xericeps
4219:Tapejara
3990:Xericeps
3945:Banguela
3718:Banguela
2947:Samrukia
2607:Ceoptera
1504:Chordata
1502:Phylum:
1498:Animalia
1440:28202936
1374:15577900
1324:21252343
1286:28198921
1234:26153915
1148:21152776
1002:19828548
915:See also
646:(2017)
508:Because
348:Jurassic
190:Family:
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
6197:Portals
6169:6148871
6156:1472087
6143:8565196
6114:Q131776
5015:Alcione
4124:Wightia
1508:Class:
1431:5311862
1382:4416203
1304:Science
993:2842655
616:hawking
601:ovaries
504:Biology
498:beetles
441:keratin
414:derived
270:species
216:Genus:
177:Order:
128:fossil
105:↓
6182:157945
4580:Alanqa
4347:Alanqa
3929:Alanqa
2537:Sordes
2404:Sordes
1438:
1428:
1380:
1372:
1354:Nature
1330:
1322:
1284:
1276:
1232:
1188:
1146:
1000:
990:
644:et al.
550:et al.
312:, 2011
310:et al.
294:, 2010
292:et al.
268:Other
262:, 2010
260:et al.
235:, 2010
233:et al.
6223:China
6151:IRMNG
3678:Piksi
2274:Dearc
1533:Clade
1524:Clade
1515:Clade
1378:S2CID
1350:(PDF)
1328:S2CID
1252:(PDF)
1186:S2CID
1122:(PDF)
964:Lü J.
410:basal
336:China
328:genus
6138:GBIF
1566:see
1436:PMID
1370:PMID
1320:PMID
1282:PMID
1274:ISSN
1230:PMID
1144:PMID
998:PMID
607:Diet
412:and
382:and
360:2010
352:type
289:Wang
44:PreꞒ
1426:PMC
1418:doi
1362:doi
1358:432
1312:doi
1308:331
1264:doi
1220:doi
1178:doi
1134:doi
1075:doi
988:PMC
980:doi
976:277
330:of
308:Lü
258:Lü
6235::
6179::
6166::
6153::
6140::
6125::
6110::
1535::
1526::
1517::
1434:.
1424:.
1412:.
1408:.
1376:.
1368:.
1356:.
1352:.
1326:.
1318:.
1306:.
1294:^
1280:.
1272:.
1260:89
1258:.
1254:.
1228:.
1216:87
1214:.
1210:.
1198:^
1184:.
1174:85
1172:.
1156:^
1142:.
1130:82
1128:.
1124:.
1105:^
1071:17
1069:.
1065:.
1031:"
1010:^
996:.
986:.
974:.
970:.
951:^
626:.
500:.
362:.
230:Lü
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
6199::
5984:?
5976:?
5941:?
5909:?
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5876:?
5868:?
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5626:?
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4740:?
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4613:?
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4175:?
4167:?
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4091:?
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4013:?
3993:?
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3963:?
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3932:?
3924:?
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3902:?
3843:?
3835:?
3759:?
3751:?
3729:?
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3681:?
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3317:?
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3267:?
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3206:?
3198:?
3183:?
3110:?
3102:?
3087:?
2950:?
2914:?
2864:?
2856:?
2807:?
2799:?
2729:?
2683:?
2661:?
2585:?
2540:?
2532:?
2407:?
2368:?
2358:?
2328:?
2320:?
2292:?
2284:?
2174:?
2166:?
2151:?
2069:?
2053:?
2037:?
2029:?
2021:?
1999:?
1948:?
1932:?
1901:?
1880:?
1834:?
1804:?
1796:?
1788:?
1739:?
1718:?
1703:?
1688:?
1472:e
1465:t
1458:v
1442:.
1420::
1414:7
1384:.
1364::
1334:.
1314::
1288:.
1266::
1236:.
1222::
1192:.
1180::
1150:.
1136::
1083:.
1077::
1004:.
982::
825:)
819:(
299:†
279:†
249:†
220:†
207:†
194:†
181:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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