Data General - Knowledge (XXG)

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commercial environments, such as multi-user COBOL systems, replacing refrigerator-sized minicomputers with toaster-sized modular microcomputers based around the microECLIPSE CPUs and some of the technology developed for the microNOVA-based "Micro Products" range such as the MP/100 and MP/200 that had struggled to find a market niche. The Single-processor version of the DG10, the DG10SP, was the entry-level machine with, like the DG20 and 30, no ability to run Intel software. Despite having some good features and having less direct competition from the flood of cheap PC compatibles, the Desktop Generation range also struggled, partly because they offered an economical way of running what was essentially "legacy software" while the future was clearly either slightly cheaper Personal Computers or slightly more expensive "super minicomputers" such as the MV and VAX computers.

294:; compilers used hardware-based memory locations in lieu of a stack pointer. Designed to be rack-mounted similarly to the later PDP-8 machines, it was packaged on four PCB cards and was thus smaller in height, while also including a number of features that made it run considerably faster. Announced as "the best small computer in the world", the Nova quickly gained a following, especially in scientific and educational markets, and made the company flush with cash. DEC sued for misappropriation of its trade secrets, but this ultimately went nowhere. With the initial success of the Nova, Data General went public in the fall of 1969. 1146: 704:. The RPG product (shipped in 1976) incorporated a language runtime system implemented as a virtual machine which executed pre-compiled code as sequences of PLN statements and Eclipse commercial instruction routines. The latter provided microcode acceleration of arithmetic and conversion operations for a wide range of now-arcane data types such as overpunch characters. The DG Easy product, a portable application platform developed by Nichols and others from 1975 to 1979 but never marketed, had roots easily traceable back to the RPG VM created by Stephen Schleimer. 362: 335: 794: 434: 36: 491: 374:, while others simply canceled their orders and went elsewhere. The Eclipse was originally intended to replace the Nova outright, evidenced by the fact that the Nova 3 series, released at the same time and utilizing virtually the same internal architecture as the Eclipse, was phased out the next year. Strong demand continued for the Nova series, resulting in the Nova 4, perhaps as a result of the continuing problems with the Eclipse. 271: 843: 298: 1219:

third party, who also acquired all of DG's remaining hardware components for spare parts sales to old DG customers. The CLARiiON line continued to be a major player in the market and was marketed under that name until January 2012. CLARiiON was also widely sold by Dell through a worldwide OEM deal with EMC. The Clariion and Celerra storage products evolved into EMC's unified storage platform, the VNX platform.

2435: 27: 1135: 925: 544: 1027:'s report outlined these changes in the marketplace, and suggested that the customer was going to win the fight over lock-in. They also outlined a different solution: Instead of trying to compete against the much larger IBM and DEC, they suggested that since the user no longer cared about the hardware as much as software, DG could deliver the best "commodity" machines instead. 605: 510:

of functional integration in an agency that had long prized its decentralized structure. Despite some tensions, the implementation was effective and the overall effects on the agency notably positive. The introduction, implementation, and effects of the DG systems in USFS were documented in a series of evaluative reports prepared in the late 1980s by the

309:(ALU) with a 16-bit version that made the machine roughly four times as fast. Several variations and upgrades to the SuperNova core followed. The last major version, the Nova 4, was released in 1978. During this period the Nova generated 20% annual growth rates for the company, becoming a star in the business community and generating 453:. References to "the Eagle project" and "Project Eagle" co-exist. Eagle was a straightforward, 32-bit extension of the Nova-based Eclipse. It was backwards-compatible with 16-bit Eclipse applications, used the same command-line interpreter, but offered improved 32-bit performance over the VAX 11/780 while using fewer components. 1187:, were also introducing similar machines. The lack of lock-in now came back to haunt DG, and the rapid commoditization of the Unix market led to shrinking sales. DG did begin a minor shift toward the service industry, training their technicians for the role of implementing a spate of new x86-based servers and the new 1238:

Data General exhibited a brash style of marketing and advertising, which acted to set the company in the spotlight. A memorable advertising campaign during the early 1980s Desktop Generation era, was issuance of T-shirts with the logo "We did it on a desktop". The early AViiON servers were portrayed

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could not offer the sort of performance needed for data center use. DG attacked this problem in the same fashion as the processor issue, by running a large number of drives in parallel. The overall performance was greatly improved and the resulting innovation was marketed originally as the HADA (High

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within the company for constantly shrinking project funds. In the meantime, customers were abandoning Data General in droves, driven not only by the delivery problems with the original Eclipse, including very serious quality control and customer service problems, but also the power and versatility of

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market, where all of the needed software already exists, and see if DG can provide compelling Unix solutions." Now the customer could run any software they wished as long as it ran on Unix, and by the early 1990s, everything did. As long as DG's machines outperformed the competition, their customers

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In 1988, two company directors put together a report showing that if the company were to continue existing in the future, DG would have to either invest heavily in software to compete with new applications being delivered by IBM and DEC on their machines, or alternately exit the proprietary hardware

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data manager. The COBOL variant used included an added screen section. Both of these products were a major departure from the transaction monitors of the day which did not have a screen design tool and used subroutine calls from COBOL to handle the screen. IDEA was identified by some market watchers

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series which offered much larger memory capacity while still being able to run Nova code without modification. The Eclipse launch was marred by production problems and it was some time before it was a reliable replacement for the tens of thousands of Novas in the market. As the mini world moved from

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Although details of the acquisition specified that EMC had to take the entire company, and not just the storage line, EMC quickly ended all development and production of DG computer hardware and parts, effectively ending Data General's presence in the segment. The maintenance business was sold to a

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These products also led to the development of a third product, TPMS (Transaction Processing Monitoring System (announced in 1980)) which could capably run a large number of COBOL or PL/I users with a smaller number of processors, a major resource and performance advantage on AOS and AOS/VS systems.

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wiped out all 16-bit machines, once DG's best customer segment. While the MV series did stop the erosion of DG's customer base, this now smaller base was no longer large enough to allow DG to develop their next generation. DG had also changed their marketing to focus on direct sales to Fortune 100

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The MV series came in various iterations, from the MV/2000 (later MV/2500), MV/4000, MV/10000, MV/15000, MV/20000, MV/30000, MV/40000 and ultimately concluded with the MV/60000HA minicomputer. The MV/60000HA was intended to be a High Availability system, with many components duplicated to eliminate

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down to individual ranger stations and fire command posts. This required equipment of high reliability and generally rugged construction that could be deployed in a wide range of places, often to be maintained and used by people with no computer background at all. The intent was to create new kinds

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Data General immediately launched their own 32-bit effort in 1976 to build what they called the "world's best 32-bit machine", known internally as the "Fountainhead Project", or FHP for short (Fountain Head Project). Development took place off-site so that even DG workers would not know of it. The

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Wayne Rosing was hardware manager of Special Systems (hardware) who left to design the Lisa workstation for Apple. Though not a commercial success, stripped down it became the Macintosh. Rosing later went to Sun Microsystems where he was Vice President of Advanced Development, appearing on the

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Data General also targeted the explosion of the internet in the latter 1990s with the formation of the THiiN Line business unit, led by Tom West, which had a focus on creation and sale of so-called "internet appliances". The product developed was called the SiteStak web server appliance and was

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concurrently with DG/RDOS, with each benefiting from the hardware acceleration given by other CPU as a co-processor that would handle (for instance) screen graphics or disk operations concurrently. Other members of the Desktop Generation range, the DG20 and DG30, were aimed more at traditional

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The original IDEA ran on RDOS and would support up to 24 users in an RDOS Partition. Each user could use the same or a different program. Eventually, IDEA ran on every commercial hardware product from the MicroNova (4 users) to the MV series under AOS/VS, the same IDEA program running all those

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With the change in software development, combined with new generations of commodity processors that could match the performance of low-end minicomputers, lock-in was no longer working. When forced to make a decision, it was often cheaper for the users to simply throw out all of their existing

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TPMS had the same screen design tool as the earlier products. TPMS used defined subroutine calls for screen functions from COBOL or PL/I, which in some users' eyes made it more difficult to use. However, this product was aimed at the professional IS Programmers as were its competitors—IBM's

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was changing the way such software was developed. Now developers typically linked together several pieces of existing software, as opposed to developing everything from scratch. In this market, the question of which machine was the "best" changed; it was no longer the machine with the best

692:(CEO), which included a mail system, a calendar, a folder-based document store, a word processor (CEOWrite), a spreadsheet processor, and other assorted tools. All were crude by today's standards, but were revolutionary for their time. CEOWrite was also offered on the DG One Portable. 1004:

This change forced changes on the hardware vendors as well. Formerly, almost all computer companies attempted to make their machines different enough that when their customers sought a more powerful machine, it was often cheaper to buy another from the same company. This was known as

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the single point of failure. Yet, there were failures among the system's many daughter boards, back-plane, and mid-plane. DG technicians were kept quite busy replacing boards and many blamed poor quality control at the DG factory in Mexico where they were made and refurbished.

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Production problems with the Eclipse led to a rash of lawsuits in the late 1970s. Newer versions of the machine were pre-ordered by many of DG's customers, which were never delivered. Many customers sued Data General after more than a year of waiting, charging the company with

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Some software development from the early 1970s is notable. PLN (created by Robert Nichols) was the host language for a number of DG products, making them easier to develop, enhance, and maintain than macro assembler equivalents. PLN smacked of a micro-subset of

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Also notable were several commercial software products developed in the mid to late 1970s in conjunction with the commercial computers. These products were popular with business customers because of their screen design feature and other ease-of-use features.

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that suggested that the PDP-8 could be produced much more inexpensively. DEC was not interested, having turned its attention increasingly to the high-end market. Convinced he could improve the process, De Castro began work on his own low-cost 16-bit design.

860:(DG-1) in 1984 is one of the few cases of a minicomputer company introducing a truly breakthrough PC product. Considered genuinely portable, rather than "luggable", as alternatives often were called, it was a nine-pound battery-powered 1226:, that collapsed or were sold to larger companies after the 1980s. On the Internet, even the old Data General domain (dg.com), which contained a few EMC webpages that only mentioned the latter company in passing, was sold to the 632:

for the Eclipse MV and AViiON machines. The AOS/VS software was the most commonly used DG software product and included CLI (Command Line Interpreter) allowing for complex scripting, DUMP/LOAD, and other custom components.

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worked on AOS/VS kernel virtual terminal services for PCI and was a Corporate Vice President at Microsoft and is currently Vice President, Consumer PC & Solutions, Printing and Personal Systems Group, Hewlett-Packard

254:, DEC's line of inexpensive computers that created the minicomputer market. It was designed specifically to be used in laboratory equipment settings; as the technology improved, it was reduced in size to fit into a 149:, Novas provided a multi-user platform far ahead of many contemporary systems. A series of updated Nova machines were released through the early 1970s that kept the Nova line at the front of the 16-bit mini world. 1206:

CLARiiON was the only product line that saw continued success through the later 1990s after finding a large niche for Unix storage systems, and its sales were still strong enough to make DG a takeover target.

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announced Perekat (Перекат, “Rolling Thunder,”) the first joint venture between an American computer company and a Soviet company. DG would provide hardware and NPO Parma the software, and Austrian companies

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compatibility) occupied the very high end of the range. Terminal emulators for the D2/D3/D100/D200/D210 (and some features of the D450/460) do exist, including the Freeware 1993 DOS program in D460.zip.

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and hard-copy terminals were high quality and featured a generous number of function keys, each with the ability to send different codes, with any combination of control and shift keys, which influenced

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100 million in sales in 1975. In 1977, DG launched a 16-bit microcomputer called the microNOVA to poor commercial success. The Nova series played a very important role as instruction-set inspiration to

141:. A basic Nova system cost two-thirds or less than a similar PDP-8 while running faster, offering easy expandability, being significantly smaller, and proving more reliable in the field. Combined with 2667: 1051:. The name "AViiON" was a reversed play on the name of DG's first product, Nova, implying "Nova II". In an effort to keep costs down, the AViiON was originally designed and shipped with the 2687: 2672: 1215:

in the storage market, announced in August 1999 that they would buy Data General and its assets for $ 1.1 billion or $ 19.58 a share. The acquisition was completed on October 12, 1999.

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was shipped in February 1978, however, Fountainhead was not yet ready to deliver a machine, due mainly to problems in project management. DG's customers left quickly for the VAX world.

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The MV systems generated an almost miraculous turnaround for Data General. Through the early 1980s sales picked up, and by 1984 the company had over a billion dollars in annual sales.

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Throughout the 1980s, the computer market had evolved dramatically. Large installations in the past typically ran custom-developed software for a small range of tasks. For instance,

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could be more flexible in terminal handling, because logging into a Business BASIC system would initiate a process whereby the terminal type would (usually) be auto-detected.

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The first product was IDEA (Interactive Data Entry/Access), which consisted of a screen design tool (IFMT), TP Controller (IMON), and a program development language (IFPL).

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The VAX 11/780 was introduced on 25 October 1977 at the Digital Equipment Corporation's Annual Meeting of Shareholders. It was the first member of the VAX family.

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Storage systems, software and services vendor EMC is to buy Data General for ... of Data General whose flagship Clariion line targets midrange storage systems

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In retrospect, the nicely performing MV series was too little, too late. At a time when DG invested its last dollar into the dying minicomputer segment, the

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in 1981 marked the beginning of the end for minicomputers, and by the end of the decade, the entire market had largely disappeared. The introduction of the

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The CLARiiON line was marketed not only to AViiON and Data General MV series customers, but also to customers running servers from other vendors such as

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De Castro agreed with the report, and future generations of the MV series were terminated. Instead, DG released a technically interesting series of Unix

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machinery and buy a microcomputer product instead. If this was not the case at present, it certainly appeared it would be within a generation or two of

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Most Data General software was written specifically for their own terminals (or the terminal emulation built into the Desktop Generation DG10, but the

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often delivered machines whose only purpose was to generate accounting data for a single company, running software tailored for that company alone.

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In the first 2 years of Data General operation, the Forest Service increased its productivity by saving almost 1/2 million hours of employee time.

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more suitable to the small office environment. For this reason, the Eclipse was packaged differently, in a floor-standing case resembling a small

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systems. The CS40 (the first of this line) was a package system which supported four terminal users, each running a different COBOL program.

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Data General also brought out a small-footprint "Desktop Generation" range, starting with the DG10 that included both Data General and

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and went on to develop C compilers for Unix and Windows. He wrote a book on C and is the developer of the visual programming language

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developers were given free rein over the design and selected a system that used a writable instruction set. The idea was that the

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Digital's new VAX line. Ultimately, Fountainhead was cancelled and Eagle became the new MV series, with the first model, the

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SimuLogics ("dedicated to preserving the history and legacy of the Data General Nova, Eclipse, MV and compatible computers")

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An important element in all enterprise computer systems is high speed storage. At the time AViiON came to market, commodity

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domain-driven, small server world. This never developed enough to offset the loss of high margin server business however.

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protocols on top. Because it was based on X.25, remote sites could be linked together over commercial X.25 services like

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was head of Data General's Fountainhead project which competed with the MV/8000. After leaving DG he co-founded

361: 2033:... a long way to go .... Skates proceeded to pare costs and plan Data General's future around the AViiON line. 1647:"The Business That Time Forgot Data General is gone. But does that make its founder a failure? - April 1, 2003" 1344: 1184: 661: 199: 2045: 738:

and DEC's TRAX. As with IDEA, TPMS used INFOS for information management and DG/DBMS for database management.

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DG quickly responded by introduced new models of the AViiON series based on a true commodity processor, the

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in various capacities, offered a great price/performance and platform flexibility over competing solutions.

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or service contracts, but the one that ran all of the third-party software the customer intended to use.

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By the mid-1980s, the introduction of new software development methods and the rapid acceptance of the

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Eriksen, Denise C. (1984). "A synopsis of present day practices concerning decision support systems".

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who were frustrated with DEC's management and left to form their own company. The chief founders were

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in 2005, and Ozzie replaced Bill Gates as chief software architect at Microsoft from 2006 until 2010.

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Data General would be only one of many New England based computer companies, including the original

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family of personal computers at Dell and was the director of the personal computing division at

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By late 1979, it became clear that Eagle would deliver before Fountainhead, igniting an intense

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minicomputer intended to both outperform and cost less than the equivalent from DEC, the 12-bit

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This first completed Nova was shipped to Unitech in Austin, TX to be used by Mobil Oil... 1969.

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would return, because they liked the machines, not because they were forced; lock-in was over.

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Data General developed operating systems for its hardware: DOS and RDOS for the Nova, RDOS and

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Donker, Peter P. (13 December 1989). "DG to Enter Soviet Market 'Foothold' in Untapped Area".

1993: 1948: 1905: 1843: 1407: 1385: 1212: 1101:. Data General also embarked on a plan to hire storage sales specialists and to challenge the 806: 763: 680: 669: 525:

was rapidly making inroads to the lower-end market segment, and the introduction of the first

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project was started to develop an alternative 32-bit system known as "Eagle" by a team led by

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The original Nova was soon followed by the faster SuperNova, which replaced the Nova's 4-bit

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White, Donald (July 28, 1968). "The Data General Corp., New firm, new line of computers".

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was a manager in the Xodiac Networking group who went on to co-found Prominet (bought by

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was the manager for the MV/8000 and later projects. He was the main protagonist of the

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systems which became a major product line in the later 1990s. This led to a purchase by

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was a software engineer in Special Systems (software) who later went on to found

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design. The model 6053 Dasher 2 featured an easily tilted screen, but used many

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Related system software also in common use at the time included such packages as

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was a software developer at Data General and later became Chief Technologist at

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processor. The AViiON machines supported multi-processing, later evolving into

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and pioneered Local Area network technologies in late 1980s along with Novell.

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In June 1987, Data General announced its intention to replace Xodiac with the

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was a manager in the portable computing group who led the development of the

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firms of the late 1960s. Three of the four founders were former employees of

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New International Dictionary of Acronyms in Library and Information Sciences

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built-in terminal emulator is not often suitable), although software using

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While DG was still struggling with Eclipse, in 1977, Digital announced the

2323:. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint edition July 1997 by Modern Library. 882:

graphics (640×200). The DG-1 was considered a modest advance over similar

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screen capable of either the full-sized standard 80×25 characters or full

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if the company's workload included significant numbers of COBOL programs.

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The second was the CS40 line of products, which used COBOL and their own

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and their marketing group Voest Alpine Vertriebe would build the plant.

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and DG/DBMS for databases, and the nascent relational database software

1553: 1418: 1335: 1299: 1170: 907: 771: 767: 653: 645: 394:". This coincided with the aging of DEC's 16-bit products, notably the 291: 1526:

was product marketing manager at Data General before his positions at

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In 1974, the Nova was supplanted by their upscale 16-bit machine, the

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was hired from Computer Control Corporation to oversee manufacturing.

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Carl Friend's Computer Museum (has pages for over a dozen DG systems)

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The Comprehensive Electronic Office (CEO) featured word processing...

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was a software developer at Data General. He subsequently worked for

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in Canada. Data General software packages supporting Xodiac included

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cover of Fortune magazine. He retired as VP of Hardware at Google.

167:. Although DG's computers were successful, the introduction of the 2558: 2245:"Dell listened to customer needs in redesign of its desktop lines" 1429: 1295: 1177: 1144: 1133: 899: 841: 792: 701: 649: 629: 603: 489: 432: 415: 360: 333: 296: 269: 251: 138: 1734:"Data General Corporation (DG) - Selling the Computer Revolution" 501:

One of Data General's significant customers at this time was the

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Data General produced a full range of peripherals, sometimes by

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Bumper sticker with the company's slogan from the early 1980s

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Interactive Data Entry/Access (Data General Corp. - US) IDEA

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CPUs in a patented closely coupled arrangement, able to run

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Late 1970s to late 1980s: crisis and a short term solution

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Transferring technology to improve forest land management

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Charles P. Thacker; Edward M. McCreight (December 1974).

1992:. Vol. 4, no. 37. IDG. pp. 1, 35–38, 40. 1183:

series. By this time a number of other vendors, notably

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Data General software as released on paper tape, 1973–74

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Edson de Castro was the chief engineer in charge of the

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Data General (DG) was founded by several engineers from

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printers for example, but Data General's own series of

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In the spring of 1978, with Fountainhead apparently in

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The result was released in 1969 by Data General as the

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Edson de Castro, the product manager of the PDP-8, ...

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Despite Data General's betting the AViiON farm on the

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Microsoft PressPass – Microsoft Executives and Images

2255:(32). IDG Publications: 28 – via Google Books. 1198:

designed as an inexpensive website hosting product.

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Origin, founding and early years: Nova and SuperNova

2592: 2567: 2536: 2529: 2504: 2475: 2449: 2442: 2401: 2209:(13). IDG Publications: 40–41 – via ProQuest. 1488:. He was later a key person in the creation of the 624:for the Eclipse MV line, and a modified version of 178:In a major business pivot, in 1989 DG released the 99: 89: 79: 71: 63: 55: 45: 2096:"EMC Discontinues Clariion, Celerra Storage Lines" 1294:code for Data General for four years. He authored 1239:as powerful computing in the size of a pizza box. 365:Data General factory being built in Japan, c. 1979 194:. This scalability was managed through the use of 2668:Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts 1330:was with Data General in France before moving to 1230:discount department store chain in October 2009. 783:Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol suite 40:Headquarters in Westborough, Massachusetts, 1981 2688:Defunct software companies of the United States 2673:Defunct computer companies of the United States 1807:The 16-bit Eclipse was a problem-strewn product 1075:Availability Disk Array) and then later as the 2703:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1999 1926: 1924: 2379: 530:companies and thus alienated many resellers. 8: 2192: 2190: 2135:"Ron Gruner: Geek of the Week - Simple Talk" 1347:along with former DG colleague Craig Mundie. 762:standard at the lower levels, and their own 19: 2713:Technology companies disestablished in 1999 2698:Manufacturing companies established in 1968 1791: 1789: 953:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 747:"Xodiac" redirects here. For the band, see 572:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2533: 2446: 2433: 2386: 2372: 2364: 2228:. DigiBarn Computer Museum. Archived from 1641: 1639: 1274:cars. The DG016 used in 1987 was prefixed 616:for the 16-bit Eclipse C, M, and S lines, 301:Data General mN601G, used in the microNova 282:. The Nova, like the PDP-8, used a simple 34: 25: 18: 2663:Computer companies disestablished in 1999 2653:American companies disestablished in 1999 2177:"Asher Waldfogel: A choice beyond reason" 1669: 1667: 1560:numbers and for hardware stress testing.) 1079:line. The CLARiiON arrays, which offered 973:Learn how and when to remove this message 758:networking system. This was based on the 592:Learn how and when to remove this message 290:, as did competing products, such as the 175:in 1984 did nothing to stop the erosion. 145:(DG/RDOS) and programming languages like 2708:Technology companies established in 1968 2638:1999 disestablishments in Massachusetts 1675:"What Have We Learned from the PDP-11?" 1569: 1262:, with prominent placing on the team's 1165:proposed their joint solution based on 722:fourth-generation programming languages 2658:Computer companies established in 1968 2648:American companies established in 1968 2046:"EMC to buy Data General for $ US1.1B" 1844:"CPSC 3300: The Soul of a New Machine" 2029:"History of Data General Corporation" 468:The Eagle Project was the subject of 7: 2633:1968 establishments in Massachusetts 2220:Damer, Bruce; Allan Lundell (2004). 1898:Henryk Sawoniak; Maria Witt (1994). 1550:Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search 951:adding citations to reliable sources 570:adding citations to reliable sources 16:Minicomputer manufacturer, 1968–1999 2678:Defunct computer hardware companies 856:Data General's introduction of the 186:systems which spanned from desktop 2683:Defunct computer systems companies 2359:data general facebook alumni group 2083:(Press release). October 12, 1999. 1749:"Alto: A Personal Computer System" 1577:Klein, Stanley (October 2, 1977). 1432:) and became vice chairman/CEO of 1396:. Groove Networks was acquired by 14: 2243:Polilli, Steve (August 9, 1993). 2160:"Executive Biography - Mike Nash" 1984:King, Julia (14 September 1987). 1579:"The Maxigrowth of Minicomputers" 1109:Joint venture with Soviet company 390:minicomputer line, described as " 322:during their construction of the 2268:"Low prices will shape the year" 2266:Chen, Elaine (January 5, 1998). 2069:(Press release). August 9, 1999. 2014:Worcester Telegram & Gazette 1484:, the Data General/Two, and the 1124:Voest Alpine Industrieanlagenbau 923: 542: 231:of Digital Equipment (DEC), and 157:16-bit to 32, DG introduced the 2094:Connor, Deni (23 August 2011). 1973:. 10 December 1979. p. 23. 1761:from the original on 2011-08-14 776:Comprehensive Electronic Office 689:Comprehensive Electronic Office 1797:"Data General's Tom West dies" 1692:"Data General Nova, serial #1" 1446:, Tollbridge Technologies and 1278:in deference to Data General. 284:accumulator-based architecture 239:. The company was founded in 1: 2643:1999 mergers and acquisitions 2197:Krohn, Nico (April 1, 1991). 2067:"EMC to Acquire Data General" 1556:(which is used to search for 1552:(GIMPS) and is the author of 1290:designed PC motherboards and 1248:Formula 1 World Championships 1224:Digital Equipment Corporation 1149:Promotional item c. mid-1990s 1113:On December 12, 1989, DG and 754:In 1979, DG introduced their 679:Data General also offered an 221:Digital Equipment Corporation 152:The Nova was followed by the 124:Digital Equipment Corporation 1945:10.1016/0378-7206(84)90048-X 1933:Information & Management 1878:"Minicomputers and Software" 864:machine equipped with dual 3 503:United States Forest Service 463:Data General Eclipse MV/8000 404:instruction set architecture 159:Data General Eclipse MV/8000 129:Their first product, 1969's 1421:, search technology company 1242:Data General sponsored the 832:Data General Business BASIC 666:Data General Business Basic 465:, announced in April 1980. 227:, Henry Burkhardt III, and 147:Data General Business Basic 2731: 2607:The Talking Propellerheads 1498:Northgate Computer Systems 1424:Christopher Stone founded 1298:, and currently works for 849: 746: 437:Tom West (as seen in 2009) 338:Data General Eclipse C/330 94:Westborough, Massachusetts 2601:The Soul of a New Machine 2431: 2320:The Soul of a New Machine 2291:The Soul of a New Machine 1517:The Soul of a New Machine 1496:and a product manager at 479:The Soul of a New Machine 274:Data General Nova System 164:The Soul of a New Machine 33: 24: 2222:"Data General Walkabout" 1345:Alliant Computer Systems 1185:Sequent Computer Systems 200:network-attached storage 116:Data General Corporation 20:Data General Corporation 2289:Kidder, Tracy (1981) . 1967:"Networking that Works" 1608:www.computerhistory.org 1426:Object Management Group 999:price–performance ratio 237:Fairchild Semiconductor 2317:Kidder, Tracy (1981). 2199:"Not as Easy as 1-2-3" 2179:. 2003. Archived from 1486:Data General Walkabout 1244:Tyrrell Formula 1 team 1150: 1142: 1139:Data General Walkabout 915:Lock-in or no lock-in? 847: 798: 609: 495: 438: 412:writable control store 366: 339: 302: 275: 260:printed circuit boards 2232:on February 25, 2004. 1904:. Walter de Gruyter. 1548:went on to found the 1148: 1137: 1105:in the wider market. 845: 796: 607: 493: 436: 364: 337: 307:arithmetic logic unit 300: 273: 241:Hudson, Massachusetts 118:was one of the first 1677:. December 4, 2017. 947:improve this section 797:Dasher D400 keyboard 566:improve this section 386:series, their first 2476:Microcomputers and 2052:. August 10, 1999. 1468:Lucent Technologies 1417:Jit Saxena founded 1312:was a developer of 1117:software developer 1021:business entirely. 816:integrated circuits 410:to the processor's 182:series of scalable 21: 2293:. Modern Library. 2183:on March 10, 2008. 1584:The New York Times 1410:where he authored 1167:POWER architecture 1151: 1143: 894:Desktop Generation 848: 799: 720:as a precursor to 610: 496: 439: 372:breach of contract 367: 340: 316:Charles P. Thacker 303: 276: 2615: 2614: 2588: 2587: 2537:Operating systems 2525: 2524: 2300:978-0-316-49170-9 2100:Network Computing 1408:Lotus Development 1386:Lotus Development 1328:Jean-Louis Gassée 1213:800-pound gorilla 983: 982: 975: 890:systems overall. 764:application layer 681:office automation 668:for programming, 602: 601: 594: 143:Data General RDOS 131:Data General Nova 113: 112: 2720: 2534: 2491:Data General/One 2447: 2437: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2365: 2343:Official Website 2305: 2304: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2156: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1805:. 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Gruner 1322:Visual Solutions 1099:Silicon Graphics 1091:Sun Microsystems 1072:hard disk drives 978: 971: 967: 964: 958: 927: 919: 873: 872: 868: 858:Data General/One 852:Data General/One 846:Data General One 838:Data General/One 828:Data General One 789:Dasher terminals 644:for networking, 597: 590: 586: 583: 577: 546: 538: 512:RAND Corporation 507:Washington, D.C. 443:development hell 190:to departmental 173:Data General/One 38: 29: 22: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2584: 2563: 2521: 2500: 2471: 2438: 2429: 2409:Edson de Castro 2397: 2392: 2339: 2334: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2272:Electronic News 2265: 2264: 2260: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2137:. 25 July 2012. 2133: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1912: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1709:"Nova brochure" 1707: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1632:. p. B-25. 1627: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1528:Apollo Computer 1458:Convex Computer 1440:Asher Waldfogel 1394:Groove Networks 1390:Iris Associates 1284: 1236: 1204: 1132: 1111: 1095:Hewlett-Packard 1068: 1041: 979: 968: 962: 959: 944: 928: 917: 896: 870: 866: 865: 854: 840: 791: 752: 745: 598: 587: 581: 578: 563: 547: 536: 488: 476:-winning book, 431: 421:When Digital's 380: 332: 245:Harvey Newquist 233:Herbert Richman 225:Edson de Castro 217: 212: 84:EMC Corporation 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2575:Business Basic 2571: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2444: 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850:Main article: 839: 836: 790: 787: 744: 741: 740: 739: 726: 725: 713: 640:, Xodiac, and 600: 599: 550: 548: 541: 535: 532: 487: 484: 474:Pulitzer prize 430: 427: 379: 376: 348:virtual memory 331: 328: 318:and others at 264:wave soldering 216: 213: 211: 208: 111: 110: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 47: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2726: 2725: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450:Minicomputers 2448: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2426: 2425:Edward Zander 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2415:Steve Wallach 2413: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2329:0-679-60261-5 2326: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:ComputerWorld 2047: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:Network World 1987: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1971:Computerworld 1968: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876:Brian Kelly. 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1821: 1815: 1812: 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