Data center - Knowledge (XXG)

1112:, also referred to as a thermal assessment, measures the relative temperatures in specific areas as well as the capacity of the cooling systems to handle specific ambient temperatures. A power and cooling analysis can help to identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center. Power cooling density is a measure of how much square footage the center can cool at maximum capacity. The cooling of data centers is the second largest power consumer after servers. The cooling energy varies from 10% of the total energy consumption in the most efficient data centers and goes up to 45% in standard air-cooled data centers. 876: 1515: 615: 127: 1139:, and pressure behavior of a data center to assess performance and energy consumption, using numerical modeling. By predicting the effects of these environmental conditions, CFD analysis of a data center can be used to predict the impact of high-density racks mixed with low-density racks and the onward impact on cooling resources, poor infrastructure management practices, and AC failure or AC shutdown for scheduled maintenance. 379: 6015: 33: 253: 312:, provides guidelines for data center spaces within telecommunications networks, and environmental requirements for the equipment intended for installation in those spaces. These criteria were developed jointly by Telcordia and industry representatives. They may be applied to data center spaces housing data processing or Information Technology (IT) equipment. The equipment may be used to: 1192:

applications received. Singapore's new data centers shall meet very strict green technology criteria including "Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE) of 2.0/MWh, Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of less than 1.3, and have a "Platinum certification under Singapore's BCA-IMDA Green Mark for New Data Centre" criteria that clearly addressed decarbonization and use of hydrogen cells or solar panels.

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All of the devices are accessed and managed by remote systems, with automation programs used to perform unattended operations. In addition to the energy savings, reduction in staffing costs and the ability to locate the site further from population centers, implementing a lights-out data center reduces the threat of malicious attacks upon the infrastructure.

1372: 305:'s Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers specifies the minimum requirements for telecommunications infrastructure of data centers and computer rooms including single tenant enterprise data centers and multi-tenant Internet hosting data centers. The topology proposed in this document is intended to be applicable to any size data center. 754: 476: 1258:

and matched to allow for a fully liquid-cooled infrastructure that captures all heat with water. Different liquid technologies are categorized in 3 main groups, indirect liquid cooling (water-cooled racks), direct liquid cooling (direct-to-chip cooling) and total liquid cooling (complete immersion in liquid, see

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identifies air-management metrics. However, the limitation of most current metrics and approaches is that they do not include IT in the analysis. Case studies have shown that by addressing energy efficiency holistically in a data center, major efficiencies can be achieved that are not possible otherwise.

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It is very difficult to reuse the heat which comes from air-cooled data centers. For this reason, data center infrastructures are more often equipped with heat pumps. An alternative to heat pumps is the adoption of liquid cooling throughout a data center. Different liquid cooling techniques are mixed

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Cooling cost reduction through natural means includes location decisions: When the focus is avoiding good fiber connectivity, power grid connections, and people concentrations to manage the equipment, a data center can be miles away from the users. Mass data centers like Google or Facebook don't need

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rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center must be within the top quartile in energy efficiency of all reported facilities. The Energy Efficiency Improvement Act of 2015 (United States) requires federal facilities — including data centers — to operate more

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Amidst the recent boom of development, the United States has established a position as the leader in data center infrastructure, hosting 5,381 data centers as of March 2024, the highest number of any country worldwide. According to global consultancy McKinsey & Co., U.S. market demand is expected

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Power is the largest recurring cost to the user of a data center. Cooling it at or below 70 °F (21 °C) wastes money and energy. Furthermore, overcooling equipment in environments with a high relative humidity can expose equipment to a high amount of moisture that facilitates the growth of

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It is important that computers do not get humid or overheat, as high humidity can lead to dust clogging the fans, which leads to overheat, or can cause components to malfunction, ruining the board and running a fire hazard. Overheat can cause components, usually the silicon or copper of the wires or

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about whether residents will have to foot the bill for future power lines. It has also made it harder to develop housing in London. A Bank of America Institute report in July 2024 found that the increase in demand for electricity due in part to AI has been pushing electricity prices higher and is a

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An energy efficiency analysis measures the energy use of data center IT and facilities equipment. A typical energy efficiency analysis measures factors such as a data center's Power Use Effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and

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data center, also known as a darkened or a dark data center, is a data center that, ideally, has all but eliminated the need for direct access by personnel, except under extraordinary circumstances. Because of the lack of need for staff to enter the data center, it can be operated without lighting.

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Energy use is a central issue for data centers. Power draw ranges from a few kW for a rack of servers in a closet to several tens of MW for large facilities. Some facilities have power densities more than 100 times that of a typical office building. For higher power density facilities, electricity

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Logging access is required by some data protection regulations; some organizations tightly link this to access control systems. Multiple log entries can occur at the main entrance, entrances to internal rooms, and at equipment cabinets. Access control at cabinets can be integrated with intelligent

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Virtualization: Lowers capital and operational expenses, reduces energy consumption. Virtualized desktops can be hosted in data centers and rented out on a subscription basis. Investment bank Lazard Capital Markets estimated in 2008 that 48 percent of enterprise operations will be virtualized by

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Singapore lifted a three-year ban on new data centers in April 2022. A major data center hub for the Asia-Pacific region,Singapore lifted its moratorium on new data center projects in 2022, granting 4 new projects, but rejecting more than 16 data center applications from over 20 new data centers

1044:. Calculations show that in two years, the cost of powering and cooling a server could be equal to the cost of purchasing the server hardware. Research in 2018 has shown that a substantial amount of energy could still be conserved by optimizing IT refresh rates and increasing server utilization. 1035:

In 2011, server racks in data centers were designed for more than 25 kW and the typical server was estimated to waste about 30% of the electricity it consumed. The energy demand for information storage systems is also rising. A high-availability data center is estimated to have a 1 megawatt (MW)

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PUE measures the percentage of power used by overhead devices (cooling, lighting, etc.). The average USA data center has a PUE of 2.0, meaning two watts of total power (overhead + IT equipment) for every watt delivered to IT equipment. State-of-the-art data centers are estimated to have a PUE of

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are access-level data centers which are smaller in size than traditional data centers but provide the same features. They are typically located near the data source to reduce communication delays, as their small size allows several MDCs to be spread out over a wide area. MDCs are well suited to

534:: Location factors include proximity to power grids, telecommunications infrastructure, networking services, transportation lines and emergency services. Other considerations should include flight paths, neighboring power drains, geological risks, and climate (associated with cooling costs). 138:, one of the earliest examples of a data center. Early computer systems, complex to operate and maintain, required a special environment in which to operate. Many cables were necessary to connect all the components, and methods to accommodate and organize these were devised such as standard 1333:

facilities. It also facilitates performing routine maintenance on either physical or virtual systems all while minimizing interruption. A related concept is Composable Infrastructure, which allows for the dynamic reconfiguration of the available resources to suit needs, only when needed.

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Data center transformation takes a step-by-step approach through integrated projects carried out over time. This differs from a traditional method of data center upgrades that takes a serial and siloed approach. The typical projects within a data center transformation initiative include

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are often organized for containment of hot/cold aisles. Proper air duct placement prevents the cold and hot air from mixing. Rows of cabinets are paired to face each other so that the cool and hot air intakes and exhausts don't mix air, which would severely reduce cooling efficiency.

1059:(OCP) to develop and publish open standards for greener data center computing technologies. As part of the project, Facebook published the designs of its server, which it had built for its first dedicated data center in Prineville. Making servers taller left space for more effective 270:

is also a concern, and for this reason, a data center has to offer a secure environment that minimizes the chances of a security breach. A data center must, therefore, keep high standards for assuring the integrity and functionality of its hosted computer environment.

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Data centers can vary widely in terms of size, power requirements, redundancy, and overall structure. Four common categories used to segment types of data centers are onsite data centers, colocation facilities, hyperscale data centers, and edge data centers.

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called for more "government and industry efforts on energy efficiency, renewables procurement and RD&D", as some data centers still use electricity generated by fossil fuels. They also said that lifecycle emissions should be considered, that is including

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efficiency by preventing the recirculation of hot air exhausted from IT equipment and reducing bypass airflow. There are several methods of separating hot and cold airstreams, such as hot/cold aisle containment and in-row cooling units.

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A modular data center may consist of data center equipment contained within shipping containers or similar portable containers. Components of the data center can be prefabricated and standardized which facilitates moving if needed.

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applications, generating a global boom for more powerful and efficient data center infrastructure. As of March 2021, global data creation was projected to grow to more than 180 zettabytes by 2025, up from 64.2 zettabytes in 2020.

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connectivity and non-stop operation to deploy systems and to establish a presence on the Internet. Installing such equipment was not viable for many smaller companies. Many companies started building very large facilities, called

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in May 2024 estimates U.S. data center power consumption could range from 4.6% to 9.1% of the country’s generation by 2030. As of 2023, about 80% of U.S. data center load was concentrated in 15 states, led by Virginia and Texas.

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Modularity and flexibility are key elements in allowing for a data center to grow and change over time. Data center modules are pre-engineered, standardized building blocks that can be easily configured and moved as needed.

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usually deployed in data centers, Google had achieved a 30% increase in energy efficiency. In 2017, sales for data center hardware built to OCP designs topped $ 1.2 billion and are expected to reach $ 6 billion by 2021.

98:, fire suppression), and various security devices. A large data center is an industrial-scale operation using as much electricity as a small town. Estimated global data center electricity consumption in 2022 was 240–340 3413: 707:

Cold aisle containment is done by exposing the rear of equipment racks, while the fronts of the servers are enclosed with doors and covers. This is similar to how large-scale food companies refrigerate and store their

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expects could double global overall data center demand for electricity between 2022 and 2026. The US could see its share of the electricity market going to data centers increase from 4% to 6% over those four years.

1448:, and so on. Also common are monitoring systems for the network and some of the applications. Additional off-site monitoring systems are also typical, in case of a failure of communications inside the data center. 4555: 460:

has been growing for decades in various directions, including new construction big and small along with the creative re-use of existing facilities, like abandoned retail space, old salt mines and war-era bunkers.

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Data centers use a lot of power, consumed by two main usages: The power required to run the actual equipment and then the power required to cool the equipment. Power efficiency reduces the first category.

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During the boom of the microcomputer industry, and especially during the 1980s, users started to deploy computers everywhere, in many cases with little or no care about operating requirements. However, as

1716:) running without input or display devices were housed in the old computer rooms. These new "data centers" or "server rooms" were built within company walls, co-located with low-cost networking equipment. 102:, or roughly 1–1.3% of global electricity demand. This excludes energy used for cryptocurrency mining, which was estimated to be around 110 TWh in 2022, or another 0.4% of global electricity demand. The 1188:

Renewable electricity sources are another plus. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Canada, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.

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OSHA regulations require monitoring of noise levels inside data centers if noise exceeds 85 decibels. The average noise level in server areas of a data center may reach as high as 92-96 dB(A).

4225: 2722: 2487: 4292: 3437: 282:, another research company, says data centers older than seven years are obsolete. The growth in data (163 zettabytes by 2025) is one factor driving the need for data centers to modernize. 2633: 205:(CDCs) has been used. Data centers typically cost a lot to build and maintain. Increasingly, the division of these terms has almost disappeared and they are being integrated into the term 5095: 293:

was concerned about the age of the equipment therein. By 2018 concern had shifted once again, this time to the age of the staff: "data center staff are aging faster than the equipment."

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This information can help to identify optimal positioning of data center equipment. For example, critical servers might be placed in a cool zone that is serviced by redundant AC units.

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Alternatively, a range of underfloor panels can create efficient cold air pathways directed to the raised-floor vented tiles. Either the cold aisle or the hot aisle can be contained.

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for not committing to become carbon neutral. Google and Microsoft now each consume more power than some fairly big countries, surpassing the consumption of more than 100 countries.

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In May 2011, data center research organization Uptime Institute reported that 36 percent of the large companies it surveyed expect to exhaust IT capacity within the next 18 months.

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In 2020, data centers (excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity. Although some of this electricity was low carbon, the

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Generally speaking, local authorities prefer noise levels at data centers to be "10 dB below the existing night-time background noise level at the nearest residence."

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in 1956, and they've "been around since the 1960s", it was the 1970s that made it more common for computer centers to thereby allow cool air to circulate more efficiently.

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emissions, such as in buildings. Data centers are estimated to have been responsible for 0.5% of US greenhouse gas emissions in 2018. Some Chinese companies, such as

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Various metrics exist for measuring the data-availability that results from data-center availability beyond 95% uptime, with the top of the scale counting how many

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This type of analysis uses sophisticated tools and techniques to understand the unique thermal conditions present in each data center—predicting the temperature,

2676: 216:, worldwide data center infrastructure spending reached $ 200 billion in 2021, representing a 6% increase from 2020 despite the economic challenges posed by the 4385: 1325:

Dynamic infrastructure provides the ability to intelligently, automatically and securely move workloads within a data center anytime, anywhere, for migrations,

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The focus of measuring and analyzing energy use goes beyond what is used by IT equipment; facility support hardware such as chillers and fans also use energy.

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required a great deal of power and had to be cooled to avoid overheating. Security became important – computers were expensive, and were often used for

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are almost always present if the data center is large or contains sensitive information. Fingerprint recognition mantraps are starting to be commonplace.

1075:, was also saved. In 2016, Google joined the project and published the designs of its 48V DC shallow data center rack. This design had long been part of 4233: 4196: 3897: 3452: 3022: 1699:

Until the early 1960s, it was primarily the government that used computers, which were large mainframes housed in rooms that today we call data centers.

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publishes quarterly efficiency metrics from its data centers in operation. PUEs of as low as 1.01 have been achieved with two phase immersion cooling.

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Local building codes may govern the minimum ceiling heights and other parameters. Some of the considerations in the design of data centers are:

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International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Smart Community: AISC 2020, 17–18 December, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia

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used up 2% of US electricity in 2023. This has led to increased electricity prices, particularly in regions with lots of data centers like

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and back to the cooling units or to outside vents. With this configuration, traditional hot/cold aisle configuration is not a requirement.

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ing, using high pressure to create extremely small water droplets, which can be used in sensitive rooms due to the nature of the droplets.

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to double to 35 gigawatts (GW) by 2030, up from 17 GW in 2022. As of 2023, the U.S. accounts for roughly 40 percent of the global market.

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The global data center market saw steady growth in the 2010s, with a notable acceleration in the latter half of the decade. According to

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Thermal zone mapping uses sensors and computer modeling to create a three-dimensional image of the hot and cool zones in a data center.

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J. Koomey, C. Belady, M. Patterson, A. Santos, K.D. Lange: Assessing Trends Over Time in Performance, Costs, and Energy Use for Servers

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Old large computer rooms that housed machines like the U.S. Army's ENIAC, which were developed pre-1960 (1945), are now referred to as

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projects that data center electric use could double between 2022 and 2026. High demand for electricity from data centers, including by

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Mohammad Noormohammadpour; Cauligi Raghavendra (July 16, 2018). "Datacenter Traffic Control: Understanding Techniques and Tradeoffs".

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would be eliminated. The data center site could still use AC power as a grid-as-a-backup solution. DC data centers could be 10% more

5297:- Data centre energy efficiency guidelines, extensive online training material, case studies/lectures (under events page), and tools. 3398: 6083: 5441: 4009: 3121: 2903: 2878: 1404: 3916: 3250:

Clark, Jeffrey. "The Price of Data Center Availability—How much availability do you need?", Oct. 12, 2011, The Data Center Journal

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Residents living near data centers have described the sound as "a high-pitched whirring noise 24/7", saying “It’s like being on a

2995: 2522:'Friends don't let friends build data centers,' said Charles Phillips, chief executive officer of Infor, a business software maker 5081: 3362: 2338: 1599: 503:

Electrical engineering infrastructure design - utility service planning; distribution, switching and bypass from power sources;

4916: 3944: 2534: 174:, made it possible to use a hierarchical design that put the servers in a specific room inside the company. The use of the term 1973: 795:, there still exist systems that can be used in the rest of the facility or in cold/hot aisle air circulation systems that are 4153: 1874: 240: 6000: 5056: 4651: 3277: 1185:

to be near population centers. Arctic locations that can use outside air, which provides cooling, are becoming more popular.

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started to grow in complexity, organizations grew aware of the need to control IT resources. The availability of inexpensive

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Bullock, Michael. "Computation Fluid Dynamics - Hot topic at Data Center World," Transitional Data Services, March 18, 2010.

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Niles, Susan. "Standardization and Modularity in Data Center Physical Infrastructure," 2011, Schneider Electric, page 4.

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Having the customer write the data to a physical medium, such as magnetic tape, and then transporting the tape elsewhere.

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the number of data centers as of 2016 had grown beyond 3 million USA-wide, and more than triple that number worldwide

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are sometimes used to ensure instantaneous switchover from one supply to the other in the event of a power failure.

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have developed mobile/modular solutions that can be installed and made operational in a very short amount of time.

1445: 1209: 4309:"Bouley, Dennis (editor). "Impact of Virtualization on Data Center Physical Infrastructure," The Green grid, 2010" 3384: 945:(PUE), calculated as the ratio of total power entering the data center divided by the power used by IT equipment. 351:(both physical and virtual) often includes replacing aging data center equipment, and is aided by standardization. 5825: 4454: 2443: 2191: 1609: 942: 601:

indirect cooling, such as using outside air, Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IDEC) units, and also using sea water.

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Typical cold aisle configuration with server rack fronts facing each other and cold air distributed through the

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Raised floor cabling, both for security reasons and to avoid the extra cost of cooling systems over the racks.

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In a world of rapidly increasing carbon emissions from the ICT industry, Norway offers a sustainable solution

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Rabih Bashroush; Eoin Woods (2017). "Architectural Principles for Energy-Aware Internet-Scale Applications".

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Securing: Protection of virtual systems is integrated with the existing security of physical infrastructures.

5446: 5370: 4626: 1589: 1392: 1295: 1282: 1201: 1041: 901: 864: 769: 638: 111: 4884: 3853: 2920: 2488:"Tang, Helen. "Three Signs it's time to transform your data center," August 3, 2010, Data Center Knowledge" 6058: 5456: 5416: 3651: 3237: 1579: 1569: 1320: 1018: 393: 3460: 2122: 1403:

that transport traffic between the servers and to the outside world which are connected according to the

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with an airplane engine running constantly ... Except that the airplane keeps idling and never leaves.”

261: 178:, as applied to specially designed computer rooms, started to gain popular recognition about this time. 72: 5288: 114:, has also increased strain on local electric grids and increased electricity prices in some markets. 5125:

Ibrahim, Rosdiazli; Porkumaran, K.; Kannan, Ramani; Nor, Nursyarizal Mohd; Prabakar, S. (2022-11-13).

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purposes. Basic design guidelines for controlling access to the computer room were therefore devised.

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A bank of batteries in a large data center, used to provide power until diesel generators can start

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of the internet connection is often provided by using two or more upstream service providers (see

875: 5777: 5200: 5011: 4993: 4966: 4790:"US electricity prices rise again as AI, onshoring may mean decades of power demand growth: BofA" 4272: 4048: 3756: 3176: 2127: 2103: 2062: 1879: 1855: 1832: 1713: 1584: 1427: 1396: 883: 788: 171: 151: 4115: 3877: 2513: 2058:"Commercial Property/Engine Room for the Internet; Combining a Data Center With a 'Telco Hotel'" 990:{\displaystyle \mathrm {PUE} ={{\mbox{Total Facility Power}} \over {\mbox{IT Equipment Power}}}} 2007: 1838:

data center .. a giant .. facility .. 15 of these buildings, and six more .. under construction

1514: 5830: 5692: 5687: 5491: 5350: 5254: 5227: 5186: 5159: 5132: 4958: 4843:"A.I. Power Shortage. Plus, Oil & Gas Stock Picks - Barron's Streetwise Barron's Podcasts" 4659: 4005: 3976: 3748: 2899: 2874: 2806: 1574: 1559: 1530: 1526: 1349: 1330: 1326: 1303: 1159: 1037: 897: 614: 549: 480: 366:, release management, and compliance is needed, not just when facing fewer skilled IT workers. 363: 359: 217: 68: 4936:"Software-defined load-balanced data center: design, implementation and performance analysis" 2285:"Powering Intelligence: Analyzing Artificial Intelligence and Data Center Energy Consumption" 2260:"Powering Intelligence: Analyzing Artificial Intelligence and Data Center Energy Consumption" 682:

Smaller/less expensive data centers may use anti-static tiles instead for a flooring surface.

5960: 5619: 5534: 5466: 5003: 4950: 4902: 4591:"Direct Current (DC) Power | Center of Expertise for Energy Efficiency in Data Centers" 4264: 4038: 3738: 3728: 2093: 1648: 1564: 1388: 1299: 828: 695: 627: 596: 589: 290: 228: 95: 48: 4765:"The electricity demands of data centers are making it harder to build new homes in London" 3323: 3219: 827:

was the most popular, until the negative effects of producing and using it were discovered.

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Directly transferring the data to another site during the backup, using appropriate links.

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An operation engineer overseeing a network operations control room of a data center (2006)

1263: 1238: 781: 777: 765: 742: 658: 654: 4652:"AI's Energy Demands Are Out of Control. Welcome to the Internet's Hyper-Consumption Era" 4364: 3724: 3194: 641:, all elements of the electrical systems, including backup systems, are typically given 378: 5840: 5757: 5667: 5471: 5411: 5155:

Edge Learning for Distributed Big Data Analytics: Theory, Algorithms, and System Design

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The European Union also has a similar initiative: EU Code of Conduct for Data Centres.

856: 792: 336: 182: 4590: 2313:"Mukhar, Nicholas. "HP Updates Data Center Transformation Solutions," August 17, 2011" 6047: 5815: 5662: 5652: 5637: 5614: 5562: 5519: 5436: 5421: 4970: 3760: 3151: 2398: 1072: 926: 796: 773: 442: 286: 163: 79: 5015: 4052: 2284: 2259: 2107: 322:

Provide hosted applications for a third party to provide services to their customers

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There was considerable construction of data centers during the early 2000s, in the

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Some of the servers at the data center are used for running the basic internet and

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Physical access is usually restricted. Layered security often starts with fencing,

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Mechanical engineering infrastructure - heating, ventilation and air conditioning (

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Data centers have their roots in the huge computer rooms of the 1940s, typified by

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Onsite is traditional, and one of its major advantages is immediate availability.

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are usually installed to provide early warning of a fire at its incipient stage.

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and enabled the use of fans that moved more air with less energy. By not buying

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Standardization/consolidation: Reducing the number of data centers and avoiding

5007: 4954: 4043: 4026: 3733: 3708: 2143:"Gartner Says Worldwide Data Center Infrastructure Spending to Grow 6% in 2021" 1809: 1164: 5990: 5975: 5935: 5875: 5792: 5772: 5762: 5742: 5727: 5697: 5682: 5599: 3548:"Data Center Fire Suppression Systems: What Facility Managers Should Consider" 3301: 3166: 1285:

boom of the 2020's has also led to increased demand for electricity, that the

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is not new: concern about obsolete equipment was decried in 2007, and in 2011

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Research Anthology on Edge Computing Protocols, Applications, and Integration

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Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers - Globe & Mail

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services needed by internal users in the organization, e.g., e-mail servers,

223:

The latter part of the 2010s and early 2020s saw a significant shift towards

63:, a dedicated space within a building, or a group of buildings used to house 5940: 5900: 5880: 5850: 5797: 5752: 5707: 5657: 5609: 5574: 5557: 5552: 4226:"HP Shows Companies How to Integrate Energy Management and Carbon Reduction" 4002:

Designing Green Networks and Network Operations: Saving Run-the-Engine Costs

2098: 2085: 1486: 1308: 1052: 824: 17: 4713:"Power-hungry AI data centers are raising electric bills and blackout risk" 4468: 2782:"Raised Floor Info | Tips for Ordering Replacement Raised Floor Tiles" 1379: 711: 493:

Other considerations - Space, power, cooling, and costs in the data center.

4027:"A Comprehensive Reasoning Framework for Hardware Refresh in Data Centres" 3593:

Systems and methods for controlling an electronic lock for a remote device

3570: 2996:"In Northern Virginia, a Coming Data Center Boom Sounds a Community Alarm" 2896:

Designing a total data solution: technology, implementation and deployment

2828:"HVAC: The Challenge And Benefits of Under Floor Air Distribution Systems" 319:

Provide data center based applications directly to the carrier's customers

5910: 5717: 5647: 5584: 5567: 5546: 5451: 3253:"Data Center Outsourcing in India projected to grow according to Gartner" 1618: 1419: 1270:

scenarios to create high-temperature water outputs from the data center.

1048: 487:

Size - one room of a building, one or more floors, or an entire building,

397: 310:

NEBS Requirements for Telecommunications Data Center Equipment and Spaces

190: 155: 64: 60: 3743: 2535:"This Wave of Data Center Consolidation is Different from the First One" 753: 606:

circuits to melt, causing connections to loosen, causing fire hazards.

448:

External sources of noise include HVAC equipment and energy generators.

5970: 5950: 5920: 5915: 5747: 5732: 5672: 5604: 5524: 5496: 4870:"Method for Dynamic Information Technology Infrastructure Provisioning" 4397: 4268: 3317:"Standardization and Modularity in Data Center Physical Infrastructure" 3296: 3171: 2426:"TIA-942 Certified Data Centers - Consultants - Auditors - TIA-942.org" 1623: 1291: 1136: 922: 844: 734: 691: 279: 213: 186: 3898:"Immersion cooling firm LiquidStack launches as a stand-alone company" 2339:"Sperling, Ed. "Next-Generation Data Centers," Forbes, March 15. 2010" 1067:

servers, energy consumption due to unnecessary expansion slots on the

815:

However, there also exist other means to put out fires, especially in

414:

The first purpose of the raised floor was to allow access for wiring.

260:

Modernization and data center transformation enhances performance and

5995: 5965: 5930: 5895: 5890: 5787: 5782: 5702: 5529: 5034: 3048:"Chicago residents complain of noise from Digital Realty data center" 2447: 1002: 27:

Building or room used to house computer servers and related equipment

5247:

Srivastava, Gautam; Ghosh, Uttam; Lin, Jerry Chun-Wei (2023-06-24).

3707:

Siddik, Md Abu Bakar; Shehabi, Arman; Marston, Landon (2021-05-21).

3438:"Cable tray systems support cables' journey through the data center" 941:

The most commonly used energy efficiency metric for data centers is

5030:"Protecting Data Without Blowing The Budget, Part 1: Onsite Backup" 4998: 4398:

Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center.

475: 355:

2012. Gartner views virtualization as a catalyst for modernization.

325:

Provide a combination of these and similar data center applications

5980: 5885: 5767: 5300: 4742: 3709:"The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States" 3191:"Romonet Offers Predictive Modeling Tool For Data Center Planning" 3097:"Data Center Soundproofing and Noise Control- Reduce Server Noise" 2634:"Carousel's Expert Walks Through Major Benefits of Virtualization" 1974:"Types of Data Centers | How do you Choose the Right Data Center?" 1513: 1489:

copy of the data offsite. Methods used for transporting data are:

1378: 1370: 1355: 1163: 925:, have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030, while others such as 874: 757: 752: 710: 613: 510: 474: 377: 251: 135: 125: 36: 31: 4817:"Utility bills are getting cheaper, but AI could spoil the party" 4736:

Benetton, Matteo; Compiani, Giovanni; Morse, Adair (2023-08-12).

3073:"Chandler to consider banning data centers amid noise complaints" 1771:

instead of chillers/air conditioners, resulting in energy savings

500:); humidification and dehumidification equipment; pressurization. 4493:"Singapore authorities invite applications for new data centers" 3830:"Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency" 1097: 808: 497: 99: 94:, data communication connections, environmental controls (e.g., 5304: 1545:

user-facing, front end applications. They are commonly used in

278:(IDC) puts the average age of a data center at nine years old. 5096:"Iron Mountain introduces cloud backup and management service" 2873:. The Auerbach Best Practices Series. CRC Press. p. 227. 2846:"Premier 100 Q&A: HP's CIO sees 'lights-out' data centers" 2192:"Leading countries by number of data centers as of March 2024" 1950:"AI and crypto mining are driving up data centers' energy use" 1438: 733:

Another option is fitting cabinets with vertical exhaust duct

408: 392:

A raised floor standards guide named GR-2930 was developed by

256:

Racks of telecommunications equipment in part of a data center

5285:- FAQ: 380VDC testing and demonstration at a Sun data center. 5179:

Resources, Management Association, Information (2022-04-01).

5082:"PTAM - Pickup Truck Access Method (disaster recovery slang)" 1549:

and other areas where low latency data processing is needed.

1387:

Communications in data centers today are most often based on

1262:). This combination of technologies allows the creation of a 4903:"Computation on Demand: The Promise of Dynamic Provisioning" 4688:"How AI Is Fueling a Boom in Data Centers and Energy Demand" 1040:, with cooling representing 35% to 45% of the data center's 5294: 3910:

Commentary on introduction of Energy Star for Data Centers

3835:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program. 224: 150:(installed overhead or under the elevated floor). A single 4917:"Just What the Heck Is Composable Infrastructure, Anyway?" 3678:"Big Tech races to clean up act as cloud energy use grows" 2610: 2608: 1218:

Direct current data centers are data centers that produce

867:, so that locks are networked through the same appliance. 737:. Hot exhaust pipes/vents/ducts can direct the air into a 5250:

Security and Risk Analysis for Intelligent Edge Computing

2871:

Complete book of remote access: connectivity and security

2548: 2425: 1742:"Data Centers Turn to Outsourcing to Meet Capacity Needs" 5295:

The European Commission H2020 EURECA Data Centre Project

4627:"Amid explosive demand, America is running out of power" 3652:"Data Centres and Data Transmission Networks – Analysis" 1828:"Cloud Computing Brings Sprawling Centers, but Few Jobs" 1105:

salt deposits on conductive filaments in the circuitry.

1036:

demand and consume $ 20,000,000 in electricity over its

316:

Operate and manage a carrier's telecommunication network

3567:"19 Ways to Build Physical Security Into a Data Center" 3377:"tw telecom and NYSERDA Announce Co-location Expansion" 2394:"Data center staff are aging faster than the equipment" 2380:"Data centers are aging, unsuited for new technologies" 1792:"An Oregon Mill Town Learns to Love Facebook and Apple" 653:

power feeds. This arrangement is often made to achieve

5050:"Iron Mountain vs Amazon Glacier: Total Cost Analysis" 3776:"Tencent pledges to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030" 2470:"GR-3160 - Telecommunications Data Center - Telcordia" 979: 972: 170:

equipment, coupled with new standards for the network

5226:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 17. 4579:

Could DC win the new data center War of the Currents?

4340:"HP Thermal Zone Mapping plots data center hot spots" 3482:

Hot-Aisle vs. Cold-Aisle Containment for Data Centers

2086:"Workload-Aware Request Routing in Cloud Data Center" 1810:"Google announces London cloud computing data centre" 1433:

Network security elements are also usually deployed:

1383:

An example of network infrastructure of a data center

954: 694:

management addresses the need to improve data center

5291:- Property Taxes: The New Challenge for Data Centers 5079:What IBM calls "PTAM: Pickup Truck Access Method." 1230:. Computers run on direct current and the need for 5806: 5628: 5510: 5404: 5338: 4556:"4 Proposals Selected from Data Centre Application" 2946:"That sound you hear? The next data center problem" 537:

Often, power availability is the hardest to change.

3676: 3414:"EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF UPS TECHNOLOGY" 2898:. Auerbach Best Practices. CRC Press. p. 24. 1875:"Dell Sees Double With Data Center in a Container" 989: 4365:"Fjord-cooled DC in Norway claims to be greenest" 3852:. Silicon Valley Leadership Group. Archived from 3122:"Your "cloud" data is making noise on the ground" 2894:Roxanne E. Burkey; Charles V. Breakfield (2000). 2709:"Gartner: Virtualization Disrupts Server Vendors" 645:, and critical servers are connected to both the 4411:"Stockholm sets sights on data center customers" 4175:"HP's Green Data Center Portfolio Keeps Growing" 4109: 4107: 2307: 2305: 465:a 65-story data center has already been proposed 5220:Furht, Borko; Escalante, Armando (2011-12-09). 3399:"Air to air combat - indirect air cooling wars" 3363:"HP says prefab data center cuts costs in half" 3278:"Five tips on selecting a data center location" 1302:. Data centers have also generated concerns in 490:Capacity - can hold up to or past 1,000 servers 5158:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–13. 4098:"OCP Summit: Google joins and shares 48V tech" 3913:"Introducing EPA ENERGY STAR for Data Centers" 3348:"Strategies for the Containerized Data Center" 3214: 3212: 2090:Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 787:Although the main room usually does not allow 5316: 4531:"Singapore to free up 300MW for data centres" 4507:"BCA-IMDA Green Mark for Data Centres Scheme" 2596:"Top reasons to upgrade vintage data centers" 2235:"Investing in the rising data center economy" 2210:"Investing in the rising data center economy" 1997: 1995: 1993: 8: 5205:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2514:"the Era of Great Data Center Consolidation" 2051: 2049: 673:Data cabling can be routed through overhead 90:or backup components and infrastructure for 4986:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 4455:Swiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud. 3292:"IBM zEnterprise EC12 Business Value Video" 3167:"Google container data center tour (video)" 2748:"GR-2930 - NEBS: Raised Floor Requirements" 2653:"The New urgency for Server Virtualization" 2616:"Complexity: Growing Data Center Challenge" 1125:Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis 6089:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 5323: 5309: 5301: 4064: 4062: 4031:IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing 3915:. Jack Pouchet. 2010-09-27. Archived from 2444:"Telecommunications Standards Development" 130:NASA mission control computer room c. 1962 4997: 4934:Montazerolghaem, Ahmadreza (2020-07-13). 4469:"Singapore Data Centers & Colocation" 4042: 3878:"Efficiency: How we do it – Data centers" 3742: 3732: 2097: 1639:Server Room Environment Monitoring System 1485:Data backup techniques include having an 978: 971: 969: 955: 953: 4605:"Data Center Cooling with Heat Recovery" 2289:Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 2264:Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 2029: 2027: 2025: 1091: 479:A typical server rack, commonly seen in 241:Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 5283:DC Power For Data Centers Of The Future 3614:"Data Center Energy Consumption Trends" 3411:Detailed explanation of UPS topologies 2363:"IDC white paper, sponsored by Seagate" 1783: 1666: 1307:significant contributor to electricity 1226:and store the electricity on site in a 776:elements, as well as implementation of 303:Telecommunications Industry Association 181:A boom of data centers came during the 5198: 4681: 4679: 4077:from the original on November 29, 2023 3943:. iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Archived from 3636:Released on the web August 17th, 2009. 2759: 2757: 2682:. Intrinsic Technology. Archived from 1727:period of expanding dot-com businesses 1329:, to enhance performance, or building 164:information technology (IT) operations 6054:Applications of distributed computing 4224:Kathryn, Siranosian (April 5, 2011). 3941:"EU Code of Conduct for Data Centres" 3646: 3644: 3642: 3220:"BICSI News Magazine - May/June 2010" 2651:Stephen Delahunty (August 15, 2011). 2406:from the original on December 7, 2023 2004:"Data Center Evolution: 1960 to 2000" 1168:This water-cooled data center in the 622:Backup power consists of one or more 358:Automating: Automating tasks such as 7: 6026: 5223:Handbook of Data Intensive Computing 5152:Guo, Song; Qu, Zhihao (2022-02-10). 5102:. September 14, 2017. Archived from 4560:Infocomm Media Development Authority 4511:Infocomm Media Development Authority 3147:"Envisioning a 65-story data center" 3145:Patrick Thibodeau (April 12, 2016). 2921:"Acoustic Barriers for Data Centres" 1943: 1941: 1939: 1499:Uploading the data "into the cloud". 1010:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 248:Requirements for modern data centers 4071:"What is the Open Compute Project?" 1896:"Power, Pollution and the Internet" 1456:Non-mutually exclusive options for 1071:and unneeded components, such as a 67:and associated components, such as 4185:from the original on Oct 25, 2020. 2765:"Data Center Raised Floor History" 2002:Angela Bartels (August 31, 2011). 1894:James Glanz (September 22, 2012). 962: 959: 956: 297:Meeting standards for data centers 25: 5442:Distributed file system for cloud 5371:Integration platform as a service 4883:Meyler, Kerrie (April 29, 2008). 2944:Thibodeau, Patrick (2007-07-31). 2474:telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net 2121:Quentin Hardy (October 4, 2011). 592:and humidity are controlled via: 143: 6079:Distributed data storage systems 6025: 6014: 6013: 5131:. Springer Nature. p. 461. 3238:"Hedging Your Data Center Power" 3179:from the original on 2021-11-04. 2994:Weisbrod, Katelyn (2023-02-10). 2677:"HVD: the cloud's silver lining" 2034:Cynthia Harvey (July 10, 2017). 1708:In the 1990s, network-connected 1600:Microsoft underwater data center 1405:data center network architecture 1395:. Data centers contain a set of 1028:Energy use analysis and projects 900:and account for over 10% of the 5253:. Springer Nature. p. 17. 4788:Walton, Robert (July 8, 2024). 4711:Petersen, Melody (2024-08-12). 4650:Rogers, Reece (July 11, 2024). 3689:from the original on 2022-12-10 3569:. Csoonline.com. Archived from 3193:. June 29, 2011. Archived from 3077:ABC15 Arizona in Phoenix (KNXV) 2854:. March 6, 2006. Archived from 335:standardization/consolidation, 6001:Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand 4686:Chow, Andrew R. (2024-06-12). 4203:, Nov 29, 2010, archived from 4173:Needle, David (25 July 2007). 4140:David Garrett (July 9, 2004), 4069:Peter Sayer (March 28, 2018). 3713:Environmental Research Letters 3565:Sarah D. Scalet (2005-11-01). 3361:Niccolai, James (2010-07-27). 2123:"A Data Center Power Solution" 1172:, France claims the attribute 1079:. By eliminating the multiple 937:Energy efficiency and overhead 624:uninterruptible power supplies 520:Design criteria and trade-offs 276:International Data Corporation 1: 4763:Vincent, James (2022-07-28). 4197:"How to Choose a Data Center" 4096:Peter Judge (March 9, 2016). 3847:"Data Center Energy Forecast" 3120:Bosker, Bianca (2019-12-06). 3071:Phillips, Mark (2021-11-30). 2919:Clarke, Renaud (2020-07-01). 2056:John Holusha (May 14, 2000). 1948:Calma, Justine (2024-01-24). 1920:"Data centres & networks" 1228:battery storage power station 791:due to the fragile nature of 382:Perforated cooling floor tile 3966:"UNICOM Global :: Home" 3675:Kantor, Alice (2021-05-18). 3525:. 2017-07-27. Archived from 3383:. 2009-09-14. Archived from 2567:"Stop Virtual Server Sprawl" 1851:"From Manhattan to Montvale" 1520:Portable Modular Data Center 1274:Impact on electricity prices 1131:Computational fluid dynamics 505:uninterruptible power source 5366:Infrastructure as a service 4625:Halper, Evan (2024-03-07). 4123:, Disaster Recovery Journal 4100:. DCD Data center Dynamics. 3616:. U.S. Department of Energy 3046:Judge, Peter (2022-07-27). 3021:Judge, Peter (2022-07-19). 1446:intrusion detection systems 1196:Direct current data centers 855:surveillance and permanent 6110: 5185:. IGI Global. p. 55. 5008:10.1109/comst.2017.2782753 4955:10.1007/s10586-020-03134-x 4457:. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 4400:. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 4044:10.1109/TSUSC.2018.2795465 3774:James, Greg (2022-03-01). 3101:DDS Acoustical Specialties 2971:"Data Center Noise Levels" 2869:Victor Kasacavage (2002). 2826:Steven Spinazzola (2005). 2786:www.accessfloorsystems.com 1644:Telecommunications network 1507: 1478: 1318: 1249:for inverting components. 1210:Switched-mode power supply 1199: 1157: 1128: 1116:Energy efficiency analysis 1110:power and cooling analysis 1088:Power and cooling analysis 1017:efficiently. California's 888: 836: 569: 566:Modularity and flexibility 547: 407:computer room was made by 385: 330:Data center transformation 274:Industry research company 6009: 5826:Abiquo Enterprise Edition 3804:Craig Hale (2024-07-15). 2805:. John Wiley & Sons. 1610:Network operations center 1542:Micro data centers (MDCs) 1529:, several large hardware 943:power usage effectiveness 665:Low-voltage cable routing 526:Availability expectations 239:A study published by the 6084:Distributed data storage 5462:Native cloud application 4885:"The Dynamic Datacenter" 4388:Retrieved June 29, 2011. 4295:January 3, 2012, at the 4025:Rabih Bashroush (2018). 4004:. CRC Press. p. 5. 3734:10.1088/1748-9326/abfba1 1978:Maysteel Industries, LLC 1595:Internet hosting service 1525:For quick deployment or 1481:Off-site data protection 1260:server immersion cooling 1065:commercial off-the-shelf 929:have been criticized by 908:Greenhouse gas emissions 904:(TCO) of a data center. 865:power distribution units 821:Gaseous fire suppression 780:programs in operations. 659:Static transfer switches 639:single points of failure 626:, battery banks, and/or 507:(UPS) systems; and more. 86:, it generally includes 5986:Virtual Machine Manager 5447:Hardware virtualization 4445:Retrieved 1 March 2016. 3451:Mike Fox (2012-02-15). 2099:10.1109/JSEE.2015.00020 1590:Internet exchange point 1393:Internet protocol suite 1296:Santa Clara, California 1283:artificial intelligence 1202:Power distribution unit 1055:and others founded the 1042:total cost of ownership 902:total cost of ownership 112:artificial intelligence 5457:Mobile cloud computing 5427:Cloud storage gateways 5417:Cloud-native computing 4612:StockholmDataParks.com 4117:Choosing a Data Center 4000:Daniel Minoli (2011). 2571:IBMsystemsMagazine.com 1580:Dynamic infrastructure 1570:Data center management 1522: 1475:Offsite backup storage 1384: 1376: 1367:Network infrastructure 1337:Side benefits include 1321:Dynamic infrastructure 1315:Dynamic infrastructure 1177: 1101: 991: 886: 789:Wet Pipe-based Systems 761: 760:fire suppression tanks 719: 619: 516: 483: 394:Telcordia Technologies 383: 257: 131: 40: 5502:Virtual private cloud 5396:Software as a service 5391:Security as a service 5386:Platform as a service 5361:Function as a service 5277:Lawrence Berkeley Lab 2620:Data Center Knowledge 2520:. February 16, 2017. 1517: 1382: 1374: 1167: 1095: 992: 896:costs are a dominant 878: 764:Data centers feature 756: 714: 617: 585:Environmental control 514: 478: 381: 255: 196:internet data centers 129: 35: 5482:Serverless computing 5381:Network as a service 5376:Backend as a service 5356:Desktop as a service 5346:Content as a service 5106:on February 18, 2024 4152:(28), archived from 4142:"Heat Of The Moment" 4114:Joe Cosmano (2009), 3523:Data Center Frontier 3350:. September 8, 2011. 2802:Data Center Handbook 2799:Hwaiyu Geng (2014). 2382:. December 10, 2007. 1873:(December 8, 2008). 1675:spelling differences 1615:Open Compute Project 1605:Neher–McGrath method 1452:Software/data backup 1268:temperature chaining 1206:Inspur Server Series 1143:Thermal zone mapping 1057:Open Compute Project 974:Total Facility Power 952: 891:IT energy management 839:Data center security 558:can be placed after 268:Information security 142:to mount equipment, 57:Commonwealth English 6094:Servers (computing) 6064:Computer networking 5821:Amazon Web Services 5643:Amazon Web Services 4614:. January 23, 2017. 3725:2021ERL....16f4017S 3001:Inside Climate News 2711:. December 2, 2008. 2638:technews.tmcnet.com 2537:. February 8, 2018. 2450:on November 6, 2011 2402:. August 30, 2018. 2010:on October 24, 2018 1836:. August 27, 2016. 1654:Web hosting service 1510:Modular data center 1504:Modular data center 1346:business continuity 1239:power from the grid 1077:Google data centers 768:systems, including 572:Modular data center 403:Although the first 308:Telcordia GR-3160, 84:business continuity 5778:SAP Cloud Platform 5487:Structured storage 5038:. October 4, 2018. 4441:2020-10-29 at the 4367:. 23 December 2011 4269:10.1109/MS.2017.60 4236:on August 22, 2018 3499:patents.justia.com 3197:on August 23, 2011 2689:on October 2, 2012 2494:on August 10, 2011 2319:on August 12, 2012 2128:The New York Times 2063:The New York Times 1900:The New York Times 1880:The New York Times 1856:The New York Times 1833:The New York Times 1796:The New York Times 1585:Electrical network 1523: 1385: 1377: 1178: 1170:Port of Strasbourg 1154:Green data centers 1102: 987: 983: 981:IT Equipment Power 976: 887: 884:The Dalles, Oregon 880:Google Data Center 762: 722:Computer cabinets/ 720: 620: 517: 484: 458:data center design 452:Data center design 396:, a subsidiary of 384: 258: 203:cloud data centers 172:structured cabling 132: 69:telecommunications 41: 39:data center (2014) 6041: 6040: 5693:Google App Engine 5492:Virtual appliance 5351:Data as a service 5260:978-3-031-28150-1 5233:978-1-4614-1414-8 5192:978-1-6684-5701-6 5165:978-1-108-83237-3 5138:978-981-16-2183-3 4943:Cluster Computing 4717:Los Angeles Times 4417:on 19 August 2010 2858:on July 12, 2019. 2832:FacilitiesNet.com 2239:McKinsey & Co 2214:McKinsey & Co 1859:. April 20, 1986. 1575:Disaster recovery 1560:Colocation centre 1537:Micro data center 1527:disaster recovery 1350:high availability 1304:Northern Virginia 1160:Green data center 985: 982: 975: 898:operating expense 804:Sprinkler systems 703:Aisle containment 669:Options include: 550:High availability 544:High availability 362:, configuration, 262:energy efficiency 218:COVID-19 pandemic 16:(Redirected from 6101: 6029: 6028: 6017: 6016: 5961:Safe Swiss Cloud 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5265: 5264: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5055:. Archived from 5054: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5001: 4992:(2): 1492–1525. 4981: 4975: 4974: 4940: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4923:. July 14, 2016. 4913: 4907: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4815:Mott, Filip De. 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4413:. Archived from 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4342:. Archived from 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4314:. Archived from 4313: 4305: 4299: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4232:. Archived from 4221: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4122: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4073:. NetworkWorld. 4066: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3975:. Archived from 3970: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3782:. Archived from 3771: 3765: 3764: 3746: 3736: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3463:on March 1, 2012 3459:. Archived from 3448: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3419:. Archived from 3418: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3322:. Archived from 3321: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3300:. Archived from 3288: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3255:. Archived from 3248: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3175:. 7 April 2009. 3163: 3157: 3156: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2725:. Archived from 2719: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2661:. Archived from 2648: 2642: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2573:. Archived from 2563: 2557: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2490:. Archived from 2484: 2478: 2477: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2446:. Archived from 2440: 2434: 2433: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2315:. Archived from 2309: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2190:Petroc, Taylor. 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2164:Petroc, Taylor. 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2101: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2031: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2006:. Archived from 1999: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1945: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1816:. July 13, 2017. 1806: 1800: 1799: 1798:. March 6, 2018. 1788: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1750:. Archived from 1740:James Niccolai. 1736: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1649:Utah Data Center 1565:Computer cooling 1300:upstate New York 996: 994: 993: 988: 986: 984: 980: 977: 973: 970: 965: 819:, usually using 696:computer cooling 657:in the systems. 643:redundant copies 610:Electrical power 597:Air conditioning 515:CRAC Air Handler 291:Uptime Institute 229:machine learning 96:air conditioning 82:are crucial for 65:computer systems 49:American English 21: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6074:Data management 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6005: 5956:Rackspace Cloud 5906:Microsoft Azure 5802: 5723:Microsoft Azure 5624: 5506: 5400: 5339:Business models 5334: 5332:Cloud computing 5329: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5197: 5193: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5028: 5027: 5023: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4822:Markets Insider 4814: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4631:Washington Post 4624: 4623: 4619: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4443:Wayback Machine 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4297:Wayback Machine 4288: 4284: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4157: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4068: 4067: 4060: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3787: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3683:Financial Times 3674: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3224:www.nxtbook.com 3218: 3217: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2851:Informationweek 2844: 2843: 2839: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2658:InformationWeek 2650: 2649: 2645: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2622:. May 16, 2007. 2614: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2430:www.tia-942.org 2424: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2033: 2032: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2001: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1926: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1555: 1539: 1512: 1506: 1483: 1477: 1454: 1369: 1323: 1317: 1276: 1264:thermal cascade 1255: 1216: 1198: 1162: 1156: 1145: 1133: 1127: 1118: 1096:Data center at 1090: 1030: 950: 949: 939: 910: 893: 873: 857:security guards 841: 835: 817:Sensitive areas 782:Smoke detectors 778:fire prevention 766:fire protection 751: 749:Fire protection 743:Dropped ceiling 705: 689: 667: 612: 587: 574: 568: 552: 546: 522: 454: 433: 420: 390: 376: 332: 299: 250: 124: 73:storage systems 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6023: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5808:Infrastructure 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5758:PythonAnywhere 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5668:Cocaine (PaaS) 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5472:Personal cloud 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412:Cloud database 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5271:External links 5269: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5239: 5232: 5212: 5191: 5171: 5164: 5144: 5137: 5117: 5087: 5072: 5041: 5021: 4976: 4949:(2): 591–610. 4926: 4908: 4894: 4875: 4861: 4851:. May 17, 2024 4834: 4807: 4780: 4755: 4728: 4703: 4675: 4642: 4617: 4596: 4582: 4571: 4547: 4535:Capacity Media 4522: 4498: 4484: 4459: 4447: 4428: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4356: 4331: 4300: 4282: 4247: 4216: 4207:on Mar 8, 2013 4188: 4165: 4132: 4103: 4088: 4058: 4037:(4): 209–220. 4017: 4010: 3992: 3957: 3932: 3903: 3889: 3869: 3838: 3821: 3796: 3766: 3699: 3667: 3638: 3626: 3605: 3583: 3557: 3539: 3510: 3486: 3474: 3443: 3429: 3426:on 2010-11-22. 3404: 3390: 3387:on 2009-09-26. 3368: 3353: 3339: 3307: 3304:on 2012-08-29. 3283: 3269: 3243: 3229: 3208: 3182: 3158: 3137: 3112: 3088: 3063: 3038: 3013: 2986: 2961: 2936: 2911: 2904: 2886: 2879: 2861: 2837: 2818: 2812:978-1118436639 2811: 2791: 2773: 2753: 2739: 2714: 2700: 2668: 2665:on 2012-04-02. 2643: 2625: 2604: 2587: 2558: 2553:startafire.com 2549:"Start A Fire" 2540: 2526: 2505: 2479: 2461: 2435: 2417: 2385: 2371: 2354: 2330: 2301: 2276: 2251: 2226: 2201: 2182: 2156: 2145:. Gartner, Inc 2134: 2113: 2076: 2045: 2021: 1989: 1965: 1935: 1911: 1886: 1862: 1842: 1819: 1801: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1731: 1718: 1701: 1692: 1679: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1547:edge computing 1538: 1535: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1479:Main article: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1453: 1450: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1360:grid computing 1352: 1342: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1275: 1272: 1254: 1251: 1220:direct current 1197: 1194: 1158:Main article: 1155: 1152: 1144: 1141: 1129:Main article: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1089: 1086: 1029: 1026: 998: 997: 968: 964: 961: 958: 938: 935: 909: 906: 889:Main article: 872: 869: 837:Main article: 834: 831: 813: 812: 806: 797:closed systems 793:Circuit-boards 750: 747: 704: 701: 688: 685: 684: 683: 680: 677: 666: 663: 655:N+1 redundancy 611: 608: 603: 602: 599: 586: 583: 570:Main article: 567: 564: 548:Main article: 545: 542: 541: 540: 539: 538: 532:Site selection 529: 521: 518: 509: 508: 501: 494: 491: 488: 470: 469: 466: 453: 450: 432: 429: 419: 416: 386:Main article: 375: 372: 371: 370: 367: 356: 352: 343:and security. 337:virtualization 331: 328: 327: 326: 323: 320: 317: 298: 295: 249: 246: 185:of 1997–2000. 183:dot-com bubble 123: 120: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6106: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Cloud storage 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6034: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Alibaba Cloud 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Cloud Foundry 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:Alibaba Cloud 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Dew computing 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5422:Cloud storage 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5148: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5121: 5118: 5105: 5101: 5100:Network world 5097: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5073: 5062:on 2018-10-28 5058: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4889:Network World 4886: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4781: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4704: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4572: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4346:on 2021-01-26 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4321:on 2014-04-29 4317: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257:IEEE Software 4251: 4248: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4156:on 2013-01-31 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4011:9781439816394 4007: 4003: 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April 2016. 3439: 3433: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3329:on 2012-04-16 3325: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3259:on 2011-12-03 3258: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3152:Computerworld 3148: 3141: 3138: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2951: 2950:Computerworld 2947: 2940: 2937: 2926: 2925:IAC Acoustics 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2905:0-8493-0893-3 2901: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2880:0-8493-1253-1 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2729:on 2017-06-25 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 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