209:βNIH reaffirms its support for the concept of data sharing. We believe that data sharing is essential for expedited translation of research results into knowledge, products, and procedures to improve human health. The NIH endorses the sharing of final research data to serve these and other important scientific goals. The NIH expects and supports the timely release and sharing of final research data from NIH-supported studies for use by other researchers. βNIH recognizes that the investigators who collect the data have a legitimate interest in benefiting from their investment of time and effort. We have therefore revised our definition of "the timely release and sharing" to be no later than the acceptance for publication of the main findings from the final data set. NIH continues to expect that the initial investigators may benefit from first and continuing use but not from prolonged exclusive use.β
95:
325:
no more so than in timely communication of essential information to effectively respond to health emergencies. While public domain archives have been embraced for depositing data, mainly post formal publication, they have failed to encourage rapid data sharing during health emergencies, among them the Ebola and Zika, outbreaks. More clearly defined principles are required to recognize the interests of those generating the data while permitting free, unencumbered access to and use of the data (pre-publication) for research and practical application, such as those adopted by the GISAID Initiative to counter emergent threats from influenza.
187:βThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants Policy Statement defines "data" as "recorded information, regardless of the form or medium on which it may be recorded, and includes writings, films, sound recordings, pictorial reproductions, drawings, designs, or other graphic representations, procedural manuals, forms, diagrams, work flow charts, equipment descriptions, data files,
1555:
267:"The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) promotes integrity in biomedical and behavioral research supported by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) at about 4,000 institutions worldwide. ORI monitors institutional investigations of research misconduct and facilitates the responsible conduct of research (RCR) through educational, preventive, and regulatory activities."
317:. In environmental sciences, the research community is recognizing that major scientific advances involving integration of knowledge in and across fields will require that researchers overcome not only the technological barriers to data sharing but also the historically entrenched institutional and sociological barriers. Dr. Richard J. Hodes, director of the
33:
150:. To take full advantage of modern rapid communication may require consensual agreement on the criteria underlying mutual recognition of respective contributions. Models recognized for improving the timely sharing of data for more effective response to emergent infectious disease threats include the data sharing mechanism introduced by the
178:(or the "America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act") requiring civilian federal agencies to provide guidelines, policies and procedures, to facilitate and optimize the open exchange of data and research between agencies, the public and policymakers. See Section 1009.
158:
it. When authors withhold data like this, they run the risk of losing the trust of the science community. A 2022 study identified about 3500 research papers which contained statements that the data was available, but upon request and further seeking the data, found that it was unavailable for 94% of papers.
289:
has a philosophy about reproducible research and disclosing all algorithms and source code necessary to reproduce the research. In a paper titled "WaveLab and
Reproducible Research," the authors describe some of the problems they encountered in trying to reproduce their own research after a period of
157:
Despite policies on data sharing and archiving, data withholding still happens. Authors may fail to archive data or they only archive a portion of the data. Failure to archive data alone is not data withholding. When a researcher requests additional information, an author sometimes refuses to provide
324:
The
Alliance for Taxpayer Access is a group of organizations that support open access to government sponsored research. The group has expressed a "Statement of Principles" explaining why they believe open access is important. They also list a number of international public access policies. This is
439:
Funding agencies such as the NIH and NSF tend to require greater sharing of data, but even these requirements tend to acknowledge the concerns of patient confidentiality, costs incurred in sharing data, and the legitimacy of the request. Private interests and public agencies with national security
435:
Requirements for data sharing are more commonly imposed by institutions, funding agencies, and publication venues in the medical and biological sciences than in the physical sciences. Requirements vary widely regarding whether data must be shared at all, with whom the data must be shared, and who
133:
published research. A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, data sharing is at the discretion of the scientists themselves. In addition, in certain situations
235:
a. NSF β¦expects investigators to share with other researchers, at no more than incremental cost and within a reasonable time, the data, samples, physical collections and other supporting materials created or gathered in the course of the work. It also encourages awardees to share software and
417:
which found openly available raw data for 18 papers (53%), with compositional and dating data being the most frequently shared types. The same study also emailed authors of articles on experiments with stone artifacts that were published during 2009 and 2015 to request data relating to the
295:
The idea is: An article about computational science in a scientific publication is not the scholarship itself, it is merely advertising of the scholarship. The actual scholarship is the complete software development environment and the complete set of instructions which generated the
134:
governments and institutions prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests, national security, and subject/patient/victim confidentiality. Data sharing may also be restricted to protect institutions and scientists from use of data for political purposes.
262:
Allegations of misconduct in medical research carry severe consequences. The United States
Department of Health and Human Services established an office to oversee investigations of allegations of misconduct, including data withholding. The website defines the mission:
105:
is the practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators. Many funding agencies, institutions, and publication venues have policies regarding data sharing because transparency and openness are considered by many to be part of the
403:(APA) empirical articles, 103 (73%) did not respond with their data over a 6-month period. In a follow-up study published in 2015, it was found that 246 out of 394 contacted authors of papers in APA journals did not share their data upon request (62%).
1620:
367:
447:
initiatives, for example where forest communities collect data on local social and environmental conditions. In this case, a rights-based approach to the development of data-sharing protocols can be based on principles of
137:
Data and methods may be requested from an author years after publication. In order to encourage data sharing and prevent the loss or corruption of data, a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on
241:
b. Adjustments and, where essential, exceptions may be allowed to safeguard the rights of individuals and subjects, the validity of results, or the integrity of collections or to accommodate legitimate interests of
426:
A study of scientists in training indicated many had already experienced data withholding. This study has given rise to the fear the future generation of scientists will not abide by the established practices.
418:
publications. They contacted the authors of 23 articles and received 15 replies, resulting in a 70% response rate. They received five responses that included data files, giving an overall sharing rate of 20%.
1617:
334:
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published a journal article on the subject. The study found that "Because they were denied access to data, 28% of geneticists reported that they had been unable to confirm published research."
290:
time. In many cases, it was so difficult they gave up the effort. These experiences are what convinced them of the importance of disclosing source code. The philosophy is described:
781:
Gabelica, Mirko; BojΔiΔ, RuΕΎica; Puljak, Livia (May 2022). "Many researchers were not compliant with their published data sharing statement: mixed-methods study".
94:
939:"Data Conservancy | Data Conservancy is devoted to developing institutional solutions for the challenges of data collection, preservation and re-use"
345:
1305:
1168:
511:
1600:
1676:
350:
1016:
1538:
400:
1369:
Wicherts, J. M.; Borsboom, D.; Kats, J.; Molenaar, D. (2006). "The poor availability of psychological research data for reanalysis".
1729:
413:
81:
1656:
530:
452:, and prioritise the protection of the rights of those who generated the data, and/or those potentially affected by data-sharing.
1714:
449:
55:
1041:
1744:
839:
684:
388:
286:
1719:
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interests (defense and law enforcement) often discourage sharing of data and methods through non-disclosure agreements.
318:
310:
1709:
1627:: Data Sharing and Withholding in Academic Genetics" by Eric Campbell and David Blumenthal published May 31, 2002.
1537:
D Sabogal. 2015. Data sharing in community-based forest monitoring: lessons from Guyana. Global Canopy
Programme.
1405:
139:
1724:
444:
63:
59:
43:
1514:
895:
Rimmer, Matthew (2005-09-01). "Japonica Rice: Intellectual
Property, Scientific Publishing and Data-sharing".
1570:
411:
A 2018 study reported on study of a random sample of 48 articles published during
FebruaryβMay 2017 in the
355:
147:
531:"A Global Health Epidemic Is A Ticking Time Bomb - But Virus Databases Can And Are Helping To Save Lives"
1739:
768:
321:
has stated, "the old model in which researchers jealously guarded their data is no longer applicable".
1331:
771:," chapter from "On Being A Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research", National Academy of Sciences.
1253:
1204:
1132:
965:
722:
648:
599:
215:
175:
1539:
http://forestcompass.org/how/resources/data-sharing-community-based-forest-monitoring-lessons-guyana
496:
122:
1581:
Committee on Issues in the
Transborder Flow of Scientific Data, National Research Council (1997).
1734:
989:
920:
806:
466:
285:
Some research organizations feel particularly strongly about data sharing. Stanford
University's
143:
1641:
868:
1406:"Are we wasting a good crisis? The availability of psychological research data after the storm"
161:
Data sharing may also indicate the sharing of personal information on a social media platform.
1596:
1496:
1442:"A Standard for the Scholarly Citation of Archaeological Data as an Incentive to Data Sharing"
1386:
1351:
1287:
1269:
1222:
1150:
1097:
981:
912:
798:
750:
666:
617:
563:
501:
107:
1008:
856:
1749:
1691:: open-access, online-only publication for descriptions of scientifically valuable datasets.
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1486:
1453:
1420:
1378:
1343:
1277:
1261:
1212:
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1079:
973:
904:
790:
740:
730:
656:
607:
192:
1660:
1624:
1083:
843:
476:
339:
188:
130:
236:
inventions or otherwise act to make the innovations they embody widely useful and usable.
1560:
1257:
1208:
1136:
969:
726:
652:
603:
1653:
1282:
1241:
1092:
1067:
745:
710:
1647:
1582:
1475:"Data withholding and the next generation of scientists: results of a national survey"
313:
to encourage and facilitate data sharing among research scientists and better support
17:
1704:
1698:
1491:
1474:
1116:
924:
810:
481:
314:
1671:
993:
846:: Rights and responsibilities", p. 5. Council on Governmental Relations, March 2006.
249:
1045:
872:
794:
491:
471:
461:
1068:"GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data β from vision to reality"
836:
824:
735:
1630:
1242:"Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health"
399:
In a 2006 study, it was observed that, of 141 authors of a publication from the
126:
114:
1382:
1688:
908:
1648:
The Role of Data and
Program Code Archives in the Future of Economic Research
1273:
916:
567:
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506:
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1347:
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1101:
985:
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754:
670:
621:
883:
384:
118:
1607:β discusses the international exchange of data in the natural sciences.
1425:
1332:"Data withholding in academic genetics: evidence from a national survey"
711:"Empirical Study of Data Sharing by Authors Publishing in PLoS Journals"
555:
98:
The decision whether and how to share data often rests with researchers.
1458:
1441:
306:
1265:
151:
113:
A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of
1217:
1192:
1145:
1120:
661:
636:
612:
587:
368:
National Data
Sharing and Accessibility Policy β Government of India
1654:
Ecological Society of America data sharing and archiving initiative
1404:
Vanpaemel, W.; Vermorgen, M.; Deriemaecker, L.; Storms, G. (2015).
62:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1644:
by Jonathan B. Buckheit and David L. Donoho of Stanford University
1592:
1306:"CDC Races to Create a Vaccine for China's Latest Bird Flu Strain"
1042:"Worldwide momentum for public access to publicly funded research"
142:. Access to publicly archived data is a recent development in the
93:
1029:
1009:"Vast Gene Study Yields Insights on Alzheimer's (Published 2011)"
360:'Omic Data Sharing β a list of policies of major science funders
1679:- Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
1636:
938:
146:
made possible by technological advances in communications and
26:
1473:
Vogeli C, Yucel R, Bendavid E, et al. (February 2006).
195:(software), statistical records, and other research data."β
685:"No Free Lunch, G20 Health Ministers Find At First Meeting"
1330:
Campbell EG, Clarridge BR, Gokhale M, et al. (2002).
361:
252:: Grant General Conditions (GC-1)", April 1, 2001 (p. 17).
230:
36. Sharing of Findings, Data, and Other Research Products
205:
The NIH Final Statement of Sharing of Research Data says:
1682:
1665:
1584:
Bits of Power: Issues in Global Access to Scientific Data
272:
1440:
Marwick, Ben; Birch, Suzanne E. Pilaar (5 April 2018).
51:
1668:
A website on data sharing and data policies in biology
954:"Challenges and Opportunities of Open Data in Ecology"
1515:"NIH Data Sharing Policy and Implementation Guidance"
309:) and Data Conservancy are projects supported by the
1240:
Elbe, Stefan; Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (2017-01-01).
952:
Reichman O.J.; Jones M.B.; Schildhauer M.P. (2011).
1650:published by The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1121:"Data sharing: Make outbreak research open access"
637:"Viruses: Model to accelerate epidemic responses"
383:Withholding of data has become so commonplace in
46:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
265:
227:
207:
185:
117:papers to share any supplemental information (
174:On August 9, 2007, President Bush signed the
8:
1587:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
216:Final NIH statement on sharing research data
1677:Data Management Plan Resources and Examples
1115:Yozwiak, Nathan L.; Schaffner, Stephen F.;
1637:The Public Domain of Digital Research Data
443:Data sharing poses specific challenges in
362:FAIRsharing.org Catalogue of Data Policies
1490:
1457:
1424:
1281:
1216:
1144:
1091:
744:
734:
660:
611:
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
1030:The Alliance for Taxpayer Access website
837:Access to and retention of research data
431:Differing approaches in different fields
224:NSF Policy from Grant General Conditions
522:
436:must bear the expense of data sharing.
1672:UK Data Archive: Manage and Share data
588:"How to encourage the right behaviour"
512:Registry of Research Data Repositories
129:) necessary to understand, develop or
1084:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.13.30494
1066:Shu, Yuelong; McCauley, John (2017).
7:
1633:β American Psychological Association
1446:Advances in Archaeological Practice
1169:"When research goes off the rails"
401:American Psychological Association
346:Commission of European Communities
303:Data Observation Network for Earth
25:
1642:WaveLab and Reproducible Research
869:WaveLab and Reproducible Research
414:Journal of Archaeological Science
374:Data sharing problems in academia
200:Council on Governmental Relations
1553:
1492:10.1097/00001888-200602000-00007
1019:from the original on 2021-06-09.
783:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
635:McCauley, John W. (2017-02-23).
450:free, prior and informed consent
31:
1631:Data sharing and data archiving
795:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.05.019
709:Savage CJ, Vickers AJ (2009).
389:Massachusetts General Hospital
1:
1007:Kolata, Gina (3 April 2011).
871:by Jonathan B. Buckheit and
736:10.1371/journal.pone.0007078
273:Office of Research Integrity
258:Office of Research Integrity
689:Intellectual Property Watch
319:National Institute on Aging
311:National Science Foundation
250:National Science Foundation
1766:
1383:10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.726
1203:(7589): 129. 2016-02-11.
909:10.1080/08109020500235180
1730:Open access (publishing)
769:Publication and Openness
556:"A shot of transparency"
445:participatory monitoring
165:U.S. government policies
1715:Scholarly communication
978:10.1126/science.1197962
857:NIH Data Sharing Policy
182:NIH data sharing policy
1348:10.1001/jama.287.4.473
422:Scientists in training
329:International policies
281:Ideals in data sharing
278:
255:
221:
203:
148:information technology
99:
18:Data sharing (Science)
1745:Scientific misconduct
1371:American Psychologist
1193:"Benefits of sharing"
97:
825:America COMPETES Act
387:that researchers at
176:America COMPETES Act
52:improve this article
1720:Academic publishing
1426:10.1525/collabra.13
1258:2017GloCh...1...33E
1209:2016Natur.530Q.129.
1137:2015Natur.518..477Y
970:2011Sci...331..703R
727:2009PLoSO...4.7078S
653:2017Natur.542..414M
604:2002Natur.416R...1.
497:Information sharing
123:statistical methods
64:footnote references
1659:2008-03-10 at the
1623:2008-08-05 at the
1459:10.1017/aap.2018.3
1013:The New York Times
884:WaveLab850 website
842:2007-05-26 at the
467:Data dissemination
144:history of science
100:
1710:Scientific method
1602:978-0-309-05635-9
1266:10.1002/gch2.1018
1246:Global Challenges
1131:(7540): 477β479.
1117:Sabeti, Pardis C.
964:(6018): 703β705.
598:(6876): 1. 2002.
537:. 12 January 2017
502:Knowledge sharing
193:computer programs
108:scientific method
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
1757:
1618:The Selfish Gene
1606:
1557:
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1054:
1053:
1044:. Archived from
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35:
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1759:
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1725:Data publishing
1695:
1694:
1689:Scientific Data
1666:FAIRsharing.org
1661:Wayback Machine
1625:Wayback Machine
1613:
1603:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1558:
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477:Data publishing
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189:data processing
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1465:
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140:data archiving
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