2730:
2393:
1315:
2429:(216–276) was the culmination. Zoroaster's ethical dualism is—to an extent—incorporated in Manichaeism's doctrine which, unlike Mani's thoughts, viewed the world as being locked in an epic battle between opposing forces of good and evil. Manicheanism also incorporated other elements of Zoroastrian tradition, particularly the names of supernatural beings; however, many of these other Zoroastrian elements are either not part of Zoroaster's own teachings or are used quite differently from how they are used in Zoroastrianism.
2371:, among which Al-Shahrastani asserts that only the last of the three were properly followers of Zoroaster. As regards the recognition of a prophet, Zoroaster has said: "They ask you as to how should they recognize a prophet and believe him to be true in what he says; tell them what he knows the others do not, and he shall tell you even what lies hidden in your nature; he shall be able to tell you whatever you ask him and he shall perform such things which others cannot perform." (Namah Shat Vakhshur Zartust, .5–7. 50–54)
3539:
2673:
70:
3509:. By choosing the name of 'Zarathustra' as prophet of his philosophy, as he has expressed clearly, he followed the paradoxical aim of paying homage to the original Iranian prophet and reversing his teachings at the same time. The original Zoroastrian world view interprets being essentially on a moralistic basis and depicts the world as an arena for the struggle of the two fundamentals of being, Good and Evil, represented in two antagonistic divine figures. On the contrary, Nietzsche wants his philosophy to be
3380:
Zoroaster's head had pulsated so strongly that it repelled the hand when laid upon it, a presage of his future wisdom. The
Iranians were however just as familiar with the Greek writers, and the provenance of other descriptions are clear. For instance, Plutarch's description of its dualistic theologies reads thus: "Others call the better of these a god and his rival a daemon, as, for example, Zoroaster the Magus, who lived, so they record, five thousand years before the siege of Troy. He used to call the one
2490:
1934:
3144:. Its ethos and cultural matrix was likewise Hellenistic, and "the ascription of literature to sources beyond that political, cultural and temporal framework represents a bid for authority and a fount of legitimizing "alien wisdom". Zoroaster and the magi did not compose it, but their names sanctioned it." The attributions to "exotic" names (not restricted to magians) conferred an "authority of a remote and revelatory wisdom."
8046:
7558:
3596:
649:
3375:", another prominent magian pseudo-author, is a set of prophecies distinguished from other Zoroastrian pseudepigrapha in that it draws on real Zoroastrian sources. Some allusions are more difficult to assess: in the same text that attributes the invention of magic to Zoroaster, Pliny states that Zoroaster laughed on the day of his birth, although in an earlier place, Pliny had sworn in the name of
4043:"258 years before Alexander" is only superficially precise. It has been suggested that this "traditional date" is an adoption of some date from foreign sources, from the Greeks or the Babylonians for example, which the priesthood then reinterpreted. A simpler explanation is that the priests subtracted 42 (the age at which Zoroaster is said to have converted Vistaspa) from the round figure of 300.
3402:
3006:
3582:
2842:
2944:
2801:
7428:
3610:
1838:
237:
2718:—usually stylized as a steel rod crowned by a bull's head—that priests carry in their installation ceremony. In other depictions he appears with a raised hand and thoughtfully lifted finger, as if to make a point. Alternatively, this could be an Islamic influence, drawing parallels between both religions' conception of the oneness of God.
3222:, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed." Although Pliny calls him the inventor of magic, the Roman does not provide a "magician's persona" for him. Moreover, the little "magical" teaching that is ascribed to Zoroaster is actually very late, with the very earliest example being from the 14th century.
3364:), of which nothing is known other than its extent (one volume) and that pseudo-Zoroaster 'sang' it (from which Cumont and Bidez conclude that it was in verse). Numerous other fragments preserved in the works of other authors are attributed to "Zoroaster", but the titles of those books are not mentioned.
3716:
Most scholars believe this dating to be way too recent based on linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, instead placing
Zoroaster's life sometime in the 2nd millenium or early 1st millenium BC, with some suggesting dates as early as the 18th century BC, or as late as the 6th century BC, the latter of
2174:
that refer to the
Zoroastrian doctrine do not match the sources that appeared after the collapse of the state, such as the Pahlavi source and others. The reason is that because of the fall of the Sasanian state, the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction through modifying it
807:
that cover the core of
Zoroastrian thinking. Little is known about Zoroaster; most of his life is known only from these scant texts. By any modern standard of historiography, no evidence can place him into a fixed period and the historicization surrounding him may be a part of a trend from before the
2151:
indicates that the stories of
Zoroaster's life were distorted by quoting stories from Christianity and Judaism and attributing them to Zoroaster, but the most quotations were from Islam after the entry of Muslims into Persia, as it was a means for the Zoroastrian clergy to strengthen their religion.
1465:
some even identified Cyrus with
Vishtaspa) counting back the length of successive generations, until they concluded that Zoroaster must have lived "258 years before Alexander". This estimate then re-appeared in the 9th- to 12th-century Arabic and Pahlavi texts of Zoroastrian tradition, like the 10th
3334:
in 1945. A three-line cryptogram in the colophones following the 131-page treatise identify the work as "words of truth of
Zostrianos. God of Truth . Words of Zoroaster." Invoking a "God of Truth" might seem Zoroastrian, but there is otherwise "nothing noticeably Zoroastrian" about the text and "in
1959:
According to the tradition, he lived for many years after
Vishtaspa's conversion, managed to establish a faithful community, and married three times. His first two wives bore him three sons, Isat Vâstra, Urvatat Nara, and Hvare Chithra, and three daughters, Freni, Thriti, and Pouruchista. His third
3379:
that no child had ever done so before the 40th day from his birth. This notion of
Zoroaster's laughter also appears in the 9th– to 11th-century texts of genuine Zoroastrian tradition, and for a time it was assumed that the origin of those myths lay with indigenous sources. Pliny also records that
1859:
Zoroaster's training for priesthood probably started very early around seven years of age. He became a priest probably around the age of 15, and according to Gathas, gaining knowledge from other teachers and personal experience from traveling when he left his parents at age 20. By the age of 30,
1723:
Apart from these indications in Middle
Persian sources that are open to interpretations, there are a number of other sources. The Greek and Latin sources are divided on the birthplace of Zoroaster. There are many Greek accounts of Zoroaster, referred usually as Persian or Perso-Median Zoroaster;
1460:
rulers who gained power following Alexander's death instituted an "Age of Alexander" as the new calendrical epoch. This did not appeal to the Zoroastrian priesthood who then attempted to establish an "Age of Zoroaster". To do so, they needed to establish when Zoroaster had lived, which they
2182:
After the Islamic conquest of Persia and the migration of many Zoroastrians to India and after being exposed to Islamic and Christian propaganda, the Zoroastrians, especially the Parsis in India, went so far as to deny dualism and consider themselves completely monotheists. After several
2697:
Although a few recent depictions of Zoroaster show him performing some deed of legend, in general the portrayals merely present him in white vestments (which are also worn by present-day Zoroastrian priests). He often is seen holding a collection of unbound rods or twigs, known as a
4250:
4248:
1290:('wrong, unjust, idle'), which therefore means that "the name must have been reinterpreted in an anti-Zoroastrian sense by the Armenian Christians". Furthermore, Schmitt adds: "it cannot be excluded, that the (Parthian or) Middle Persian form, which the Armenians took over (
787:, though most scholars, using linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, suggest a dating to somewhere in the second millennium BC. Zoroastrianism eventually became Iran's most prominent religion from around the 6th century BC, enjoying official sanction during the time of the
1424:. According to Pliny the Elder, there were two Zoroasters. The first lived thousands of years ago, while the second accompanied Xerxes I in the invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Some scholars propose that the chronological calculation for Zoroaster was developed by Persian
1626:
The birthplace of Zoroaster is also unknown, and the language of the Gathas is not similar to the proposed north-western and north-eastern regional dialects of Persia. It is also suggested that he was born in one of the two areas and later lived in the other area.
1700:). In the 9th- to 12th-century Middle Persian texts of Zoroastrian tradition, this 'Ragha' and with many other places appear as locations in Western Iran. While the land of Media does not figure at all in the Avesta (the westernmost location noted in scripture is
3504:
uses the native Iranian name Zarathustra, which has a significant meaning as he had used the familiar Greek-Latin name in his earlier works. It is believed that Nietzsche invents a characterization of Zarathustra as the mouthpiece for Nietzsche's own ideas about
3304:
is now lost, and of the attested texts—with only one exception—only fragments have survived. Pliny's 2nd- or 3rd-century attribution of "two million lines" to Zoroaster suggest that (even if exaggeration and duplicates are taken into consideration) a formidable
3092:
that saw him, at the core, to be the "prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples," Beck notes that "the rest was mostly fantasy". Zoroaster was set in the ancient past, six to seven millennia before the Common Era, and was described as a king of
2721:
Zoroaster is rarely depicted as looking directly at the viewer; instead, he appears to be looking slightly upwards, as if beseeching. Zoroaster is almost always depicted with a beard along with other factors bearing similarities to 19th-century portraits of
1535:(who dated Zoroaster to somewhere between 1700 and 1000 BC) used linguistic and socio-cultural evidence to place Zoroaster between 1500 and 1000 BC (or 1200 and 900 BC). The basis of this theory is primarily proposed on linguistic similarities between the
2333:(I, 681–683) recounts that Zaradusht accompanied a Jewish prophet to Bishtasb/Vishtaspa. Upon their arrival, Zaradusht translated the sage's Hebrew teachings for the king and so convinced him to convert (Tabari also notes that they had previously been
1845:
Zoroaster is recorded as the son of Pourushaspa of the Spitama family, and Dugdōw, while his great-grandfather was Haēčataspa. All the names appear appropriate to the nomadic tradition. His father's name means 'possessing gray horses' (with the word
1478:
In modern scholarship, two main approaches can be distinguished: a late dating to the 7th and 6th centuries BC, based on the indigenous Zoroastrian tradition, and an early dating, which places his life more generally in the 15th to 9th centuries BC.
1828:
article on the history of Zoroastrianism summarizes the issue with "while there is general agreement that he did not live in western Iran, attempts to locate him in specific regions of eastern Iran, including Central Asia, remain tentative".
2041:. Before, he wanted the tree to be reconstructed before his eyes. This was done in spite of protests by the Iranians, who offered a very great sum of money to save the tree. Al-Mutawakkil never saw the cypress, because he was murdered by a
1783:
homelands, some of which then decided that Zoroaster must then have then been buried in their regions or composed his Gathas there or preached there. Arabic sources of the same period and the same region of historical Persia also consider
4164:, pp. 149–150: "At present, the majority opinion among scholars probably inclines toward the end of the second millennium or the beginning of the first, although there are still those who hold for a date in the seventh century."
3116:
Zoroaster has also been described as a sorcerer-astrologer – the creator of both magic and astrology. Deriving from that image, and reinforcing it, was a "mass of literature" attributed to him and that circulated the
3217:
30.2.3). "However, a principle of the division of labor appears to have spared Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds." That "dubious honor" went to the "fabulous magus,
2729:
1514:
in Greek). However, if this was true, it seems unlikely that the Avesta would not mention that Vishtaspa's son became the ruler of the Persian Empire, or that this key fact about Darius's father would not be mentioned in the
3354:), and which ran to five volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The title and fragments suggest that it was an astrological handbook, "albeit a very varied one, for the making of predictions." A third text attributed to Zoroaster is
1611:
Traditions favoring a late date for Zoroaster's life have fallen out of vogue with some Zoroastian communities, who see the prospect of their faith having more ancient roots than previously thought as a welcome development.
1819:. The medieval "from Media" hypothesis is no longer taken seriously, and Zaehner has even suggested that this was a Magi-mediated issue to garner legitimacy, but this has been likewise rejected by Gershevitch and others.
4257:, : "Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so ".
1578:
could have been composed more than a few centuries apart. These scholars suggest that Zoroaster lived in an isolated tribe or composed the Gathas before the 1200–1000 BC migration by the Iranians from the steppe to the
2024:
3685:
Zoroastrian tradition from no later than the 10th century AD holds that Zoroaster's revelation happened at 30 years old "258 years before the time of Alexander" (almost certainly based on faulty reasoning, see
2383:
views Zoroaster as a Prophet and describe the expressions of the all-good Ahura Mazda and evil Ahriman as merely referring to the coexistence of forces of good and evil enabling humans to exercise free will.
2586:
In 2005, the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zoroaster as first in the chronology of philosophers. Zoroaster's impact lingers today due in part to the system of religious ethics he founded called
2009:
The Cypress of Kashmar is a mythical cypress tree of legendary beauty and gargantuan dimensions. It is said to have sprung from a branch brought by Zoroaster from Paradise and to have stood in today's
2737:
3317:
and from a 6th-century commentator on Aristotle it is known that the acquisition policies of well-endowed royal libraries created a market for fabricating manuscripts of famous and ancient authors.
8110:
1345:, while others use internal evidence. While many scholars today consider a date around 1000 BC to be the most likely, others still consider a range of dates between 1500 and 500 BC to be possible.
1337:
There is no consensus on the dating of Zoroaster. The Avesta gives no direct information about it, while historical sources are conflicting. Some scholars base their date reconstruction on the
4971:
1960:
wife, Hvōvi, was childless. Zoroaster died when he was 77 years and 40 days old. There are conflicting traditions on Zoroaster's manner of death. The most common is that he was murdered by a
1154:
was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis. All present-day Iranian-language variants of his name derive from the Middle Iranian variants of
3297:
the doctrines of Zoroastrianism to have been". The assembled fragments do not even show noticeable commonality of outlook and teaching among the several authors who wrote under each name.
1428:
in the 4th century BC, and as the early Greeks learned about him from the Achaemenids, this indicates they did not regard him as a contemporary of Cyrus the Great, but as a remote figure.
7531:
7485:
2477:, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, saw Bahá'u'lláh as the fulfillment of a post-Sassanid Zoroastrian prophecy that saw a return of Sassanid emperor
7501:
2712:), which is generally considered to be another symbol of priesthood, or with a book in hand, which may be interpreted to be the Avesta. Alternatively, he appears with a mace, the
4265:
4263:
4347:
3173:
has the Sun in middle position, which was how it was understood in the 3rd century. In contrast, Plato's 4th-century BC version had the Sun in second place above the Moon.
3741:
place them at around March 26 and December 26 respectively, which contradict the traditional account. It is likely the dates are symbolic at best and conjectural at worst.
2632:. For Zoroaster, by thinking good thoughts, saying good words, and doing good deeds (e.g. assisting the needy, doing good works, or conducting good rituals) one increases
2193:
This provides an explanation of why a number of parallels have been drawn between Zoroastrian teachings and Islam. Such parallels include the evident similarities between
2778:
around his head. Until the 1920s, this figure was commonly thought to be a depiction of Zoroaster, but in recent years is more commonly interpreted to be a depiction of
7506:
7499:
1852:
meaning 'horse'), while his mother's means 'milkmaid'. According to the tradition, he had four brothers, two older and two younger, whose names are given in much later
7520:
5433:
677:
2313:
Ibn Kathir has quoted the original narrative was borrowed from Tabari's record of the "History of Jerusalem". He also mentioned that Zoroastrian was synonymous with
7658:
7507:
3551:
2183:
transformations and developments, one of the distinctive features of the Zoroastrian religion gradually faded away and almost disappeared from modern Zoroastrianism
4076:, with the latter specifically stating (in 943/944 AD) that "the Magians count a period of two hundred and fifty-eight years between their prophet and Alexander."
3313:. This corpus can safely be assumed to be pseudepigrapha because no one before Pliny refers to literature by "Zoroaster", and on the authority of the 2nd-century
7546:
3289:
While the division along the lines of Zoroaster/astrology and Ostanes/magic is an "oversimplification, the descriptions do at least indicate what the works are
1502:. This date gains credence mainly from attempts to connect figures in Zoroastrian texts to historical personages; thus some have postulated that the mythical
1470:
who cited a prophecy from a lost Avestan book in which Zoroaster foretold the Empire's destruction in 300 years, but the religion would last for 1,000 years.
2652:, but can make a personal choice to be co-workers, thereby perfecting the world as saoshyants ("world-perfecters") and eventually achieving the status of an
2445:", one of a line of prophets who have progressively revealed the Word of God to a gradually maturing humanity. Zoroaster thus shares an exalted station with
2442:
1808:
7455:
2614:
Zoroaster emphasized the freedom of the individual to choose right or wrong and individual responsibility for one's deeds. This personal choice to accept
1274:. Based on this assumption, Andreas even went so far to form conclusions from this also for the Avestan form of the name. However, the modern Iranologist
7493:
7476:
3558:. A sculpture of Zoroaster is included among other prominent religious figures in a procession representing major faith traditions on the south side of
7532:
2266:"of the Book" cannot apply in light of the Zoroastrian assertion that their books were destroyed by Alexander. Citing the authority of the 8th-century
7495:
3566:. It features figures from Abraham to the Reformation, illustrating a historical continuum of religious thought that includes the likes of Zoroaster,
2568:. For humankind, this occurs through active ethical participation in life, ritual, and the exercise of constructive/good thoughts, words, and deeds.
7594:
6691:
3623:
1558:–1100 BC), a collection of early Vedic hymns. Both texts are considered to have a common archaic Indo-Iranian origin. The Gathas portray an ancient
7504:
6226:
2306:), governor of Nebuchadnezzar, and spread his teaching of Zoroastrianism there. Bashtaasib then followed his teaching, forces the inhabitants of
7492:
6323:
Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.),
2242:
Like the Greeks of classical antiquity, Islamic tradition understands Zoroaster to be the founding prophet of the Magians (via Aramaic, Arabic
1779:. Coming from a reputed scholar of religions, this was a serious blow to the various regions which all claimed that Zoroaster originated from
950:
root for 'camel', with the entire name meaning 'he who can manage camels'. Reconstructions from later Iranian languages—particularly from the
8070:
7529:
7358:
7319:
7296:
7229:
7010:
6827:
6553:
6427:
4878:
4287:
6437:
7519:
1583:. The shortfall of the argument is the vague comparison, and the archaic language of Gathas does not necessarily indicate time difference.
670:
7522:
7502:
7527:
7523:
7488:
6243:
8012:
7483:
7482:
7019:
Nock, A. D. (1929), "(Book Review) Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland by R. Reitzenstein & H. H. Schaeder",
3105:
sage, i.e. having a mission preceded by ascetic withdrawal and enlightenment. However, at first mentioned in the context of dualism, in
599:
7496:
6475:
1669:
refers to some Iranian peoples that are unknown in the Greek and Achaemenid sources about the 6th and 5th century BC Eastern Iran. The
8085:
2398:
1991:
soldier named Baraturish, potentially a spin on the same figure, while other traditions combine both accounts or hold that he died of
1373:), which is a possible misunderstanding of the Zoroastrian four cycles of 3,000 years (i.e. 12,000 years). This belief is recorded by
7524:
4544:
2178:
The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies comments that the Islamic conquest of Persia caused a huge impact on the Zoroastrian doctrine.
7252:
6971:
6845:
6671:
6650:
6625:
Gronke, Monika (1993), "Derwische im Vorhof der Macht. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Nordwestirans im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert",
6532:
6509:
6404:
6381:
5050:
4682:
4557:
3530:
3441:
3063:
3045:
2987:
2925:
2828:
1519:. It is also possible that Darius I's father was named in honor of the Zoroastrian patron, indicating possible Zoroastrian faith by
1444:, which references a date "258 years before Alexander") place Zoroaster in the 6th century BC, which coincided with the accounts by
7533:
5278:
7537:
3468:
I believe, besides Zoroaster, there were divers that writ before Moses, who notwithstanding have suffered the common fate of time.
8105:
7513:
7512:
2294:, Zoroaster came into conflict with Jeremiah which resulted in angry Jeremiah cast a curse upon Zoroaster, causing him to suffer
2059:
1876:(Wise Lord) and five other radiant figures. Zoroaster soon became aware of the existence of two primal spirits, the second being
7528:
7478:
2579:
and have been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. Among the classic Greek philosophers,
7448:
2357:(an otherwise undocumented sect that – per Sharastani – seems to have had a stronger doctrine of Ahriman's "non-reality"), the
1860:
Zoroaster experienced a revelation during a spring festival; on the river bank he saw a shining being, who revealed himself as
663:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7508:
8100:
8075:
7518:
7477:
5799:
3423:
3286:
6, reports deciding to journey to Babylon "to ask one of the magi, Zoroaster's disciples and successors," for their opinion.
3275:
3027:
2954:
2863:
2856:
1511:
7536:
7517:
6445:
4929:
4085:
From a letter of the Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, May 13, 1979, to Gayle Woolson published in
7511:
7510:
7498:
5695:
4272:, : "In the last ten years a general consensus has gradually emerged in favor of placing the Gāthās around 1000 BCE ".
3157:), which appears to have originally constituted four volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The framework is a retelling of Plato's
1799:(though in a much wider scope than the present-day province) as the homeland of Zoroastrianism; Frye voted for Bactria and
1377:, and variant readings could place it 600 years before Xerxes I, somewhere before 1000 BC. However, Diogenes also mentions
8033:
7542:
2037:) caused the mighty cypress to be felled, and then transported it across Iran, to be used for beams in his new palace at
8028:
7975:
7587:
7509:
5684:
Frankfort, H., Frankfort, H. A. G., Wilson, J. A., & Jacobsen, T. (1964). Before Philosophy. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
3320:
The exception to the fragmentary evidence (i.e. reiteration of passages in works of other authors) is a complete Coptic
3109:, Plutarch presents Zoroaster as "Zaratras," not realizing the two to be the same, and he is described as a "teacher of
2906:
2775:
2533:—which is highly nuanced and difficult to translate—is at the foundation of all Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of
2271:
2118:
2067:
1756:
suggest west of Iran as his birthplace. Moreover, they have the suggestion that there has been more than one Zoroaster.
901:
38:
2392:
2278:
adaptation of "Zarathushtra Spitama") was an inhabitant of Israel and a servant of one of the disciples of the prophet
7965:
6980:
3628:
2878:
2407:
1342:
1338:
629:
609:
3783:
itself means "abundant strength", and is thought to have been a clan or family name taken from an eponymous ancestor.
7541:
7525:
7480:
7479:
3293:"; they were not expressions of Zoroastrian doctrine, they were not even expressions of what the Greeks and Romans "
725:, which he is believed to have authored, he is described as a preacher and a poet-prophet. He also had an impact on
8095:
8007:
7561:
7441:
7403:
6642:
3695:
3419:
3213:
3023:
2814:
882:. The Greek form of the name appears to be based on a phonetic transliteration or semantic substitution of Avestan
31:
7481:
3259:) which he himself had invoked, and even, that the stars killed him in revenge for having been restrained by him.
2638:
in the world and in themselves, celebrating the divine order, and coming a step closer on the everlasting road to
8080:
7970:
7275:
Die arischen Personennamen und ihre Träger bei den Alexanderhistorikern (Studien zur iranischen Anthroponomastik)
6724:
3976:
3241:, even as the 'living' star. Later, an even more elaborate mythoetymology evolved: Zoroaster died by the living (
2885:
2411:
1605:
792:
6337:
8115:
8090:
7657:
7544:
7505:
6166:
5989:
4937:
3646:
3267:
2969:
2083:
1967:
1567:
1314:
757:
706:
7539:
3538:
783:
His life is traditionally dated to sometime around the 7th and 6th centuries BC, making him a contemporary of
7543:
7540:
7500:
3454:
An early reference to Zoroaster in English literature occur in the writings of the physician-philosopher Sir
2282:. According to this tale, Zaradusht defrauded his master, who cursed him, causing him to become leprous (cf.
1594:'s writings on the topic. Mair himself guessed that Zoroaster could have been born in the 2nd millennium BC.
8120:
8050:
7980:
7929:
7580:
7392:
6354:
3633:
3412:
3016:
2965:
2852:
2672:
2604:
2147:
1992:
584:
220:
7530:
7526:
6903:
2892:
2470:
1649:(both Old and Younger portions) does not mention the Achaemenids or of any West Iranian tribes such as the
7997:
7344:
7305:
7282:
5965:
3966:
3639:
3496:
3162:
1265:
1099:
1061:
Mayrhofer (1977) proposed an etymology of 'who is desiring camels' or 'longing for camels' and related to
947:
347:
6183:
5043:
The History of Philosophy from the Earliest Periods: Drawn Up from Brucker's Historia Critica Philosophia
1791:
By the late 20th century, most scholars had settled on an origin in eastern Greater Iran. Gnoli proposed
1448:
from the 4th century AD. The traditional Zoroastrian date originates in the period immediately following
7939:
7535:
7521:
6518:
6281:
5946:
5538:
4108:
3563:
3310:
3189:
based on his perception of "Zoroastrian" philosophy, in order to express his disagreement with Plato on
2522:
2114:
2063:
1948:
Eventually, at the age of about 42, Zoroaster received the patronage of queen Hutaosa and a ruler named
1811:
region as "the native land of the Zoroastrians and, probably, of Zoroaster himself." Boyce includes the
1796:
1741:
634:
537:
7409:
2438:
200:
7494:
7489:
7487:
7170:
2874:
1494:
or 559–522 BC. The latest possible date is the mid 6th century BC, at the time of Achaemenid Empire's
7934:
7534:
6300:
5429:
3666:
3511:
2494:
2415:
2045:
soldier (possibly in the employ of his son) on the night when it arrived on the banks of the Tigris.
1824:
1516:
1445:
1374:
967:
589:
532:
69:
7944:
7748:
7497:
7490:
6988:
6957:
3691:
3547:
3501:
3367:
These pseudepigraphic texts aside, some authors did draw on a few genuinely Zoroastrian ideas. The
3331:
3274:, attributes the creation of the seven-day week to "the Babylonians in the circle of Zoroaster and
3182:
2380:
2267:
2206:
2094:
2018:
1449:
1358:
849:
843:
738:
559:
75:
2678:
2611:, used a similar term, philosophy, or "love of wisdom" to describe the search for ultimate truth.
960:, which is the form that the name took in the 9th- to 12th-century Zoroastrian texts—suggest that
392:
7832:
7766:
7398:
7204:
7077:
7036:
6936:
6890:
6882:
6773:
6708:
6592:
6454:
5977:
3711:
3559:
3321:
3198:
3190:
2156:
2072:
2004:
1853:
1745:
1225:
798:
472:
402:
7503:
7486:
7242:
6524:
Mute Dreams, Blind Owls, and Dispersed Knowledges: Persian Poesis in the Transnational Circuitry
4007:
1275:
7538:
7465:
7354:
7333:
7315:
7292:
7248:
7225:
7215:
7182:
7166:
7150:
7134:
7006:
6967:
6874:
6841:
6823:
6806:
In Search of Zarathustra – Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the World's First Prophet
6667:
6646:
6549:
6528:
6505:
6423:
6400:
6377:
6247:
5795:
5753:
5404:
5046:
4874:
4678:
4674:
4553:
3482:
3335:
content, style, ethos and intention, its affinities are entirely with the congeners among the
3085:
2489:
2320:
1785:
1678:
1453:
1362:
1249:
1182:
1025:
714:
7102:
6277:
2562:
The purpose of humankind, like that of all other creation, is to sustain and align itself to
8002:
7949:
7753:
7743:
7413:
7196:
7123:
7069:
7028:
6866:
6793:
6765:
6700:
6584:
6483:
6328:
6312:
6273:
5654:
5487:
4864:
3988:
3943:
3869:
3794:
3750:
3738:
3129:
2110:
1933:
1733:
1536:
1206:
1197:
1121:
1004:
860:
564:
387:
382:
7484:
768:. Based on this, it is tentative to place his homeland somewhere in the eastern regions of
7238:
7187:
4563:
3601:
3524:
3208:
3137:
3133:
2167:
1764:
1749:
1636:
1621:
1601:
1580:
1499:
1457:
1390:
1353:
Classical scholarship in the 6th to 4th century BC believed he existed 6,000 years before
1080:
788:
784:
702:
653:
7491:
7387:
7261:
Watkins, Alison (2006), "Where Got I That Truth? Psychic Junk in a Modernist Landscape",
7114:
Sieber, John (July 1973), "An Introduction to the Tractate Zostrianos from Nag Hammadi",
6613:
2013:
in northeastern Iran and to have been planted by Zoroaster in honor of the conversion of
7277:, Vienna: n.p. (Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Wien)
7049:
International Association for the Study of Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin
6661:
2689:, an alchemy manuscript published in Germany in the late 17th or early 18th century and
7847:
7842:
7791:
7733:
7603:
6854:
6316:
3733:
Zoroastrian tradition usually places Zoroaster's death at 77 years and 40 days of age.
3699:
3615:
3460:
3306:
3301:
3263:
3197:
only two facts are known: that it was crammed with astrological speculations, and that
3125:
3102:
2899:
2820:
2749:
2690:
2474:
2426:
2403:
2348:
2086:
2042:
2029:('The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation'), he further describes how the
1988:
1760:
1654:
1591:
1587:
1544:
1062:
951:
827:
710:
487:
482:
432:
372:
228:
195:
6735:
4112:
quotations are per the Ludovici translation. Paraphrases follow the original passage (
2323:
instead stated that some older narration said that Zoroaster was a former disciple of
8064:
7985:
7761:
7672:
7208:
7081:
6894:
6813:
6777:
6756:
Kingsley, Peter (1990), "The Greek Origin of the Sixth-Century Dating of Zoroaster",
6596:
6541:
4860:
3587:
3487:
3455:
3118:
3077:
2744:
in South-Western Iran. The original is now believed to be either a representation of
2194:
2175:
to resemble the religion of Muslims to retain followers in the Zoroastrian religion.
2030:
2021:, King Vishtaspa had been a patron of Zoroaster who planted the tree himself. In his
1909:
1241:
1142:
has not yet been determined. Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan
604:
397:
302:
7433:
5794:. Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava . Leiden, NDL: Brill Archive. p. 129.
4670:
Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire
2756:
Many modern depictions of Zoroaster derive from a Sassanid-era rock-face carving at
1052:'who is driving camels' or 'who is fostering/cherishing camels': related to Avestan
791:, until the 7th century AD, when the religion itself began to decline following the
7852:
7837:
7806:
7796:
7728:
7723:
7692:
6992:
6731:
5791:
In Mist Apparelled: Religious Themes in Plutarch's Moralia and Lives, Volumes 48–50
5659:
5438:
4976:
3550:, representing ancient Persian judicial wisdom and dating to 1896, towers over the
3385:
2757:
2741:
2641:
2225:
2140:
1879:
1804:
1768:
1597:
1331:
1323:
769:
746:
718:
492:
477:
437:
367:
362:
327:
101:
7288:
The Hymns of Zoroaster: A New Translation of the Most Ancient Sacred Texts of Iran
7047:
Sarianidi, V. (1987), "South-West Asia: Migrations, the Aryans and Zoroastrians",
3491:(1819), the mage Prosper Alpanus states that Professor Zoroaster was his teacher.
2201:, praying five times a day, covering one's head during prayer, and the mention of
7348:
7309:
7286:
7219:
7000:
6961:
6817:
6522:
6417:
6394:
6371:
5789:
5462:
4868:
4668:
4068:
xxxiv.9). That '258 years' was the generally accepted figure is however noted by
3542:
Zoroaster statue (left) atop the Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State.
3229:
origin, and Zoroaster's Greek name was identified at first with star-worshiping (
2683:
1240:). The most important of these testimonies were provided by the Armenian authors
17:
7924:
7738:
7617:
6118:
5699:
3925:
3734:
3401:
3381:
3262:
The alternate Greek name for Zoroaster was Zaratras or Zaratas/Zaradas/Zaratos.
3005:
2841:
2765:
2536:
2422:
2345:
2171:
2076:
1871:
1816:
1571:
1401:
1278:
rejects Andreas's assumption, and states that the older form which started with
804:
773:
522:
377:
252:
6784:
Khlopin, I.N. (1992), "Zoroastrianism – Location and Time of its Origin",
5467:. Translated by Dar Al Kalam Staff. دار القلم للطباعة و النشر و التوزيع - بيروت
3595:
2760:. In this depiction, a figure is seen to preside over the coronation of either
2571:
Elements of Zoroastrian philosophy entered the West through their influence on
1696:, or supreme head of the Zoroastrian priesthood, is said to reside in 'Ragha' (
1590:
or before was suggested by Silk Road Seattle, using its own interpretations of
648:
7862:
7827:
7718:
7632:
7073:
6870:
6769:
6413:
6390:
5383:
5330:"ZOROASTRIANISM II. HISTORICAL REVIEW: FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO MODERN TIMES"
4589:
4055:
3577:
3166:
3158:
3110:
2761:
2608:
2580:
2299:
2291:
1971:
1952:, an early adherent of Zoroastrianism (possibly from Bactria according to the
1863:
1772:
1707:
1697:
1563:
1532:
1462:
1439:
1409:
1382:
1378:
777:
734:
726:
467:
357:
267:
7337:
7200:
7060:
Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1977), "The 'Traditional Date of Zoroaster' Explained",
6878:
1720:). However, in Avestan, Ragha is simply a toponym meaning 'plain, hillside.'
7919:
7914:
7642:
7127:
6797:
6634:
5512:
4073:
4069:
3660:
3555:
3372:
3098:
2603:
and is translated as 'Worship of Wisdom/Mazda' in English. The encyclopedia
2576:
2481:; Effendi also stated that Zoroaster lived roughly 1000 years before Jesus.
2360:
2330:
2303:
2237:
2221:
2014:
1979:
1953:
1949:
1800:
1776:
1717:
1701:
1559:
1503:
1487:
Some scholars propose a period between 7th and 6th century BC, for example,
1467:
1421:
1370:
1366:
517:
512:
277:
236:
204:
6095:
3581:
3266:
considered the mathematicians to have studied with Zoroaster in Babylonia.
1608:
have dated Zoroaster to roughly 3,500 years ago, in the 2nd millennium BC.
7311:
Hellenica: Volume III: Philosophy, Music and Metre, Literary Byways, Varia
6562:
Frye, Richard N. (1992), "Zoroastrians in Central Asia in Ancient Times",
6499:
826:. His translated name, "Zoroaster", derives from a later (5th century BC)
7857:
7781:
7776:
7422:
5951:
5757:
5745:
3962:
3506:
3376:
3089:
3081:
2478:
2462:
2279:
2257:
2080:
1940:
1672:
1664:
1507:
1495:
1354:
1319:
422:
417:
322:
6886:
6201:
6170:
4187:
4185:
1837:
7888:
7822:
7801:
7647:
3707:
3653:
3426: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3336:
3226:
3219:
3174:
3106:
3094:
3030: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2600:
2572:
2498:
2454:
2446:
2336:
2295:
2217:
2198:
2038:
2010:
1900:(deception). Thus he decided to spend his life teaching people to seek
1729:
1725:
1658:
1575:
1548:
1520:
1413:
1405:
1191:
817:
761:
742:
542:
462:
442:
282:
7040:
6712:
3225:
Association with astrology according to Roger Beck, were based on his
2607:
claims that Zoroastrians later educated the Greeks who, starting with
1566:
bipartite society of warrior-herdsmen and priests (compared to Bronze
1003:
is the original form, it may mean 'with old/aging camels', related to
7990:
7867:
7713:
7708:
7677:
7185:(2008), "On the State and Prospects of the Study of Zoroastrianism",
6857:(1990). "Old Sinitic *Myag, Old Persian Maguš and English Magician".
6005:
3359:
3349:
3343:
3279:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3152:
2779:
2745:
2733:
2701:
2501:, 1509, showing what may be Zoroaster (left, with star-studded globe)
2307:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2202:
1925:
1917:
1812:
1792:
1753:
1737:
1646:
1540:
1245:
1016:
847:
831:
795:. Zoroaster is credited with authorship of the Gathas as well as the
765:
722:
594:
552:
547:
407:
352:
307:
191:
3128:, though at one stage or another various parts of it passed through
2972:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2514:
2511:, Zoroaster sees the human condition as the mental struggle between
2466:
2017:
to Zoroastrianism. According to the Iranian physicist and historian
7418:
7032:
6704:
6588:
3690:), where "time of Alexander" is vague, and could either begin with
2425:
considered Zoroaster to be a figure in a line of prophets of which
7909:
7883:
7786:
7771:
7687:
7682:
4012:
3724:, give or take a few centuries, is the most conservative estimate.
3643:, a philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
3567:
3537:
3314:
3178:
3141:
3121:
world from the 3rd century BC to the end of antiquity and beyond.
2728:
2723:
2671:
2488:
2458:
2450:
2391:
2324:
2314:
2298:, and exiling him. Zoroaster later moved to a place of modern-day
2245:
2210:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2098:
1932:
1836:
1713:
1650:
1417:
1327:
1313:
855:
750:
730:
427:
412:
317:
312:
208:
7572:
6931:, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
4489:
Paul Horn, Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie, Strassburg 1893
1645:) as Zoroaster's home and the scene of his first appearance. The
705:
religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary
7893:
7637:
7627:
3971:
3717:
which would seemingly match with the tradition. Sometime around
2736:
depiction of Zoroaster from a 1906 travel guide. Derived from a
2128:
2090:
1906:. He received further revelations and saw a vision of the seven
1895:
1887:
1425:
1386:
922:
272:
262:
50:
7576:
7437:
5041:
William Enfield; Johann Jakob Brucker; Knud Haakonssen (2001).
4034:
For refutation of these and other proposals, see Humbach, 1991.
3342:
Another work circulating under the name of "Zoroaster" was the
3101:(or teacher of Babylonians), and with a biography typical of a
1681:, most of which are located in north-eastern and eastern Iran.
1393:
cited Eudoxus which placed his death 6,000 years before Plato,
190:
Spiritual founder, central figure, prophet and composer of the
7475:
6963:
Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology
6396:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians
6244:"Rockefeller Memorial Chapel | the University of Chicago"
3878:
3851:
3821:
3395:
3161:, with Zoroaster taking the place of the original hero. While
3147:
Among the named works attributed to "Zoroaster" is a treatise
3080:
of the term—had an understanding of Zoroaster as expressed by
2999:
2937:
2835:
2794:
2034:
1841:
19th century painting depicting the events of Zoroaster's life
1268:(1846–1930) used as evidence for a Middle Persian spoken form
766:
corpus of Zoroastrian religious texts written in that language
6819:
Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice
5464:
Stories of the Prophets (Peace be upon them): Qasas Al-Anbiya
5329:
4172:
4170:
3890:
3833:
3803:
1385:, which would mean he lived around 6200 BC. The 10th-century
1108:
was for a time itself subjected to heated debate because the
837:
6689:
Jackson, A. V. Williams (1896), "On the Date of Zoroaster",
4053:
3887:
2707:
1972:
1712:, or "Primordial Creation", (20.32 and 24.15) puts Ragha in
1640:
1437:
1269:
1176:
1155:
1070:, 'to like', and perhaps (though ambiguous) also to Avestan
1034:
955:
7171:"Zoroaster, as perceived in Western Europe after antiquity"
6699:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 17: 1–22,
6639:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3902:
3881:
3836:
3806:
2310:
to convert to Zoroastrianism and killed those who refused.
916:
895:
877:
6736:"AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book"
6682:
The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts
6575:
Gershevitch, Ilya (1964), "Zoroaster's Own Contribution",
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
2583:
is often referred to as inspired by Zoroaster's thinking.
1436:
Some later pseudo-historical and Zoroastrian sources (the
1301:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1235:
1229:
6838:
The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization
6204:ایرون دات کام: عکس ها: مجسّمهٔ تمام قّدِ زرتشت در نیویورک
4418:
4416:
3842:
3812:
2166:
mentioned that the sources dating back to the era of the
7244:
The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63
7218:; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015),
7088:
Schlerath, Bernfried (1977), "Noch einmal Zarathustra",
5783:
5781:
5651:
Herakleitos Und Zoroaster: Eine Historische Untersuchung
5405:"The Reconstruction of Jerusalem In the Era of Jeremiah"
4784:
4627:
4407:
4191:
6373:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume I: The Early Period
4497:
4495:
3687:
2961:
1574:), and that it is thus implausible that the Gathas and
27:
Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism
7177:, vol. OT9, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online
7062:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
6758:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
1381:'s belief that Zoroaster lived 5,000 years before the
1185:
1065:
1028:
904:
4591:
Dictionary Of Manichean Middle Persian & Parthian
4359:
4357:
4001:
3956:
3929:
3919:
3893:
3875:
3872:
3845:
3830:
3827:
3815:
3809:
3800:
3778:
3771:
3763:
2769:
2713:
2699:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2594:
2588:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2506:
1982:
1961:
1938:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1847:
1705:
1691:
1685:
1670:
1662:
1630:
1400:. Other pseudo-historical constructions are those of
1216:
1200:
1161:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1071:
1053:
1044:
1007:
998:
989:
983:
977:
971:
961:
941:
935:
929:
883:
864:(122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin
821:
808:
10th century AD that historicizes legends and myths.
796:
8111:
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
7002:
The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research
6991:, translated by Ludovici, Anthony Mario, Edinburgh:
3899:
3896:
3848:
3818:
3330:(after the first-person narrator) discovered in the
3325:
3278:," and who did so because there were seven planets.
2366:
2358:
2352:
2334:
2261:
2251:
2243:
2022:
1389:
provides a date of 500 years before the Trojan War.
1258:
was formed through an older form which started with
1170:
1019:
934:
is generally accepted to derive from an Old Iranian
8021:
7958:
7902:
7876:
7815:
7701:
7665:
7610:
6419:
Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
5902:
5900:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
3884:
3839:
3797:
3700:
3205:was mentioned by name and that she was in the air.
1970:) named Brādrēs, while performing at an altar. The
1803:; Khlopin suggests the Tedzen Delta in present-day
910:
889:
871:
186:
169:
140:
123:
108:
88:
83:
48:
4138:
4136:
4134:
3649:, author of a Persian epic biography on Zoroaster.
3124:The language of that literature was predominantly
2786:Western references to Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism
2646:. Thus, mankind are not the slaves or servants of
2089:thought that Zoroaster, the Chinese cultural hero
1767:writer originally from Shahristān, in present-day
1506:who appears in an account of Zoroaster's life was
1160:, which, in turn, all reflect Avestan's fricative
37:"Zarathustra" redirects here. For other uses, see
6546:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present
5237:
5235:
4348:"How Zoroastrianism influenced the Western world"
4016:), describing an enlightened poet of Vedic hymns.
3698:, or, more likely, with the establishment of the
3688:the section on Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship
1136:as a development from it. Why this is not so for
6603:Gnoli, Gherardo (2000), "Zoroaster in History",
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
2396:The four primary prophets of Manichaeism in the
2274:(I, 648) reports that Zaradusht bin Isfiman (an
1884:(Destructive Spirit), with opposing concepts of
7221:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism
6482:, Baháʼí Publications Australia, archived from
6365:(2nd ed.), London: Oxford University Press
5976:I.15, Diodorus of Eritrea and Aristoxenus apud
4873:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 310–311, 653,
4552:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 98.
4299:
4297:
3640:Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None
3552:Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State
3466:
2180:
6637:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
4831:
4829:
4391:
4389:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
994:, several interpretations have been proposed.
74:Modern depiction of Zoroaster featured at the
7588:
7449:
7268:, Worcester: University College, pp. 3–4
6138:
6136:
4662:
4660:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
2351:describes the Majusiya into three sects, the
1210:
671:
8:
6564:Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute
6349:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (1994), "Philosophy",
6293:The Book of Zoroaster, or The Zartusht-Nāmah
6035:
6033:
6020:
6018:
5929:
5927:
5820:
5818:
5768:
5766:
4286:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTavernier2007 (
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4113:
3658:
3528:
2768:. The figure is standing on a lotus, with a
2270:, the 9th- and 10th-century Sunni historian
2025:ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt
1771:, proposed that Zoroaster's father was from
721:; in the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, the
7139:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. I & II
6663:Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File
5891:
5879:
5028:
3519:Notable influence on modern Western culture
3193:. With respect to substance and content in
2829:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2740:that appears in a 4th-century sculpture at
2626:is one's own decision and not a dictate of
1759:On the other hand, in post-Islamic sources
1461:accomplished by (erroneously, according to
865:
7656:
7595:
7581:
7573:
7456:
7442:
7434:
6278:"Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Persia"
5612:
3554:at East 25th Street and Madison Avenue in
3211:names Zoroaster as the inventor of magic (
1914:, and his teachings were collected in the
1043:'with angry/furious camels': from Avestan
780:), but his exact birthplace is uncertain.
678:
664:
235:
215:
68:
45:
6605:Biennial Yarshater Lecture Series, Vol. 2
6480:The Compilation of Compilations, Volume I
5732:
5720:
5672:
5658:
5636:
5588:
5576:
5555:
5119:
4916:
4501:
4422:
4281:
3535:(1896) was inspired by Nietzsche's book.
3442:Learn how and when to remove this message
3064:Learn how and when to remove this message
3046:Learn how and when to remove this message
2988:Learn how and when to remove this message
2926:Learn how and when to remove this message
2228:, are also mentioned in the Quran 22:17.
1296:or the like), was merely metathesized to
816:Zoroaster's name in his native language,
7161:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
7145:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
6966:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
6692:Journal of the American Oriental Society
6305:Transactions of the Philological Society
6096:"DIVERS Definition & Usage Examples"
5972:12, Alexander Polyhistor apud Clement's
5315:
5303:
5299:
5143:
5004:
4808:
4733:
4721:
4525:
4254:
4239:
4218:
4142:
3624:List of founders of religious traditions
1775:(also in Medea) and his mother was from
1114:is an irregular development: as a rule,
870:, and, in later Greek orthographies, as
7263:Writing Junk: Culture, Landscape, Body
7109:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online
6910:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online
6620:, Venice: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina
6344:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online
6338:"Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks"
6286:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online
6202:"Tall Statue of Zoroaster in New York"
6142:
5696:"Pliny Natural History Vol 8; Book XXX"
5600:
5567:Amin Maalouf 1991, The Gardens of Light
5107:
4847:
4820:
4745:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4269:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4130:
3678:
2559:), and as the condition for free will.
2469:, and the founder of the Bahá'í Faith,
1809:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1416:, or lived at the time of mythological
227:
6721:Zoroaster, the prophet of ancient Iran
6666:, New Delhi: Baháʼí Publishing Trust,
6051:
5279:"The Cypress of Kashmar and Zoroaster"
5083:
4785:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015
4628:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015
4513:
4408:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015
4192:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015
4086:
2862:Please improve this section by adding
2188:IRANIAN COSMOGONY & DUALISM | CAIS
1570:; some conjecture that it depicts the
1264:, a fact which the German Iranologist
6917:Das erste Kapitel der Gatha Uštavati
6504:, Wilmette: Baháʼí Publishing Trust,
5265:
5241:
5214:
5178:
5166:
5154:
5131:
5068:
5016:
4892:
4870:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
4796:
4757:
4709:
4651:
4639:
4588:Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004).
4395:
4363:
4334:
4176:
2097:were actually the Biblical patriarch
1748:suggest east of greater Iran whereas
7:
7155:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. III
6999:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993),
6922:, Rome: Pontificio Instituto Biblico
6742:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation.
6614:"Agathias and the Date of Zoroaster"
6438:"Bahá'u'lláh as Zoroastrian saviour"
6039:
6024:
5933:
5918:
5906:
5867:
5855:
5836:
5824:
5772:
5624:
5436:[Was Zoroaster a prophet?].
5253:
5226:
5202:
5190:
5095:
4958:
4904:
4835:
4697:
4615:
4380:
4322:
4303:
3424:adding citations to reliable sources
3169:listening to Zoroaster's discourse,
3028:adding citations to reliable sources
1868:(Good Purpose) and taught him about
1510:'s father, also named Vishtaspa (or
1297:
1171:
709:, becoming the spiritual founder of
7332:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
6904:"Zoroastrianism: Historical Review"
6808:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
6749:Zarathustra: Myth, Message, History
6618:Eran ud Aneran, Festschrift Marshak
6363:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
6351:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
5513:"هل بوذا" أو "زرادشت" من الأنبياء؟"
5328:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
4972:"An introduction to Zoroastrianism"
4118:3), available in the public domain.
3992:
3947:
3756:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀
3754:
3235:, 'star sacrificer") and, with the
2290:in Jewish scripture). According to
1211:
600:Zoroastrianism in the United States
62:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀
6317:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1953.tb00268.x
5371:The Penguin Dictionary of Religion
4850:, chap. "The date of Zarathustra".
2399:Manichaean Diagram of the Universe
1788:as the birthplace of Zarathustra.
1432:Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship
1079:'with yellow camels': parallel to
25:
6943:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
6629:, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag
6548:, London: Oneworld publications,
6467:Commentaire sur le Yaçna, Vol. I
5392:The Story of the Prophet Jeremiah
5356:Book Iran During The Sassanid Era
4006:, cognate with the Sanskrit term
3735:Celebrations of Zoroaster's birth
2810:This section has multiple issues.
1635:9 and 17 cite the Ditya River in
1357:'s invasion of Greece in 480 BC (
8045:
8044:
7557:
7556:
7426:
7367:Zaehner, Robert Charles (1958),
6747:Khamneipur, Abolghassem (2015),
6719:Jackson, A. V. Williams (1899),
6303:(1953), "Indo-Iranian Studies",
6108:Religio Medici Part 1 Section 23
5980:VI32.2, for the primary sources.
3868:
3793:
3608:
3594:
3580:
3400:
3004:
2942:
2840:
2799:
2060:Christianity and other religions
1322:depiction of Zoroaster found in
1284:was just influenced by Armenian
1120:(a first element that ends in a
940:; The element half of the name (
900:(literally 'undiluted') and the
803:, a series of hymns composed in
647:
7021:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
6822:, University of Chicago Press,
6607:, New York: Bibliotheca Persica
6577:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
6119:"Klein Zaches Genannt Zinnober"
4060:computes "200 and some years" (
3411:needs additional citations for
3181:of plagiarizing Zoroaster, and
3015:needs additional citations for
2818:or discuss these issues on the
1586:Another possible date from the
1190:, in Manichaean Middle Persian
1169:In Middle Persian, the name is
7353:, New York: Biblo and Tannen,
6952:, London: Williams and Norgate
6836:Livingstone, David N. (2002),
6361:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (2005),
6190:. The New York Public Library.
4025:Originally proposed by Burnouf
3488:Klein Zaches, genannt Zinnober
2260:(Zahiri school) contends that
2161:Iran During The Sassanid Era''
1736:placed him among Ariaspai (in
1:
7373:. Cf. especially Chapter IV:
7350:Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma
6902:Malandra, William W. (2005),
6154:
5045:. Thoemmes. pp. 18, 22.
3718:
2864:secondary or tertiary sources
2256:). The 11th-century Cordoban
1552:
1488:
1394:
113:
93:
8071:Ancient Iranian philosophers
6981:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm
6948:Moulton, James Hope (1913),
6751:, Voctoria, BC: FriesenPress
6476:"Buddha, Krishna, Zoroaster"
5788:Brenk, Frederick E. (1977).
5354:Christensen, Arthur (1936).
4667:Tuplin, Christopher (2007).
4546:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary
4054:
3546:A sculpture of Zoroaster by
3360:
3350:
3344:
3326:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3153:
2708:
2119:Cyrus the Great in the Quran
2068:Cyrus the Great in the Bible
1973:
1641:
1438:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1254:
1236:
1230:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1156:
1035:
956:
917:
896:
878:
848:
832:
793:Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran
39:Zarathustra (disambiguation)
7425:(public domain audiobooks)
7410:Works by or about Zoroaster
6983:(1911), Levy, Oscar (ed.),
6927:Mayrhofer, Manfred (1977),
6660:Hornby, Helen, ed. (1983),
6465:Burnouf, M. Eugène (1833),
6325:A History of Zoroastrianism
6171:the Project Gutenberg EBook
5698:. Heinemann. Archived from
5519:(in Arabic). Islamweb. 2020
4115:Warum ich ein Schicksal bin
4002:
3957:
3930:
3920:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3701:
3629:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
3560:Rockefeller Memorial Chapel
3309:corpus once existed at the
2968:the claims made and adding
2770:
2714:
2700:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2595:
2589:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2335:
2302:which ruled by Bashtaasib (
2262:
2252:
2244:
2023:
1983:
1962:
1939:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1848:
1807:. Sarianidi considered the
1706:
1692:
1686:
1671:
1663:
1631:
1343:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
1339:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
1217:
1201:
1162:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1072:
1066:
1054:
1045:
1029:
1020:
1008:
999:
990:
984:
978:
972:
962:
942:
936:
930:
905:
884:
822:
797:
713:. Variously described as a
630:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
610:Persecution of Zoroastrians
8137:
6643:Cambridge University Press
6627:Freiburger Islamstudien 15
6469:, Paris: Imprimatur Royale
6436:Buck, Christopher (1998),
3934:, meaning "good religion".
3918:Known by its adherents as
3706:following the conquest of
2676:Depiction of Zoroaster in
2527:. The cardinal concept of
2341:) to the Magian religion.
2235:
2122:
2108:
2084:Jesuit missionary to China
2075:identified Zoroaster with
2057:
2002:
1619:
1092:The interpretation of the
976:. Subject then to whether
911:
890:
872:
838:
36:
32:Zoroaster (disambiguation)
29:
8086:Iranian religious leaders
8042:
7654:
7552:
7472:
7371:, London: Faber and Faber
7369:A Comparison of Religions
7247:, Oxford: George Ronald,
7224:, John Wiley & Sons,
7101:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2002),
7074:10.1017/S0041977X00040386
6915:Markwart, Joseph (1930),
6871:10.1017/S0362502800004995
6770:10.1017/S0041977X00026069
6725:Columbia University Press
6527:, Duke University Press,
6291:Bahram, Zartusht (2010),
5649:Gladisch, August (1859),
5488:"Stories Of The Prophets"
5442:(in Arabic). islamqa.info
4064:xxxvi.9) or "284 years" (
3527:'s large-scale tone-poem
3253:) of fire from the star (
2706:(Avestan; Middle Persian
2437:Zoroaster appears in the
1987:, ascribe his death to a
1606:European Research Council
1404:who recorded Zaratas the
693:, more commonly known as
67:
60:
7744:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
7273:Werba, Chlodwig (1982),
7265:(Conference Proceedings)
7201:10.1163/156852708X310536
7005:, McGill-Queen's Press,
6987:, The Complete Works of
6941:The Treasure of the Magi
6804:Kriwaczek, Paul (2002),
6680:Humbach, Helmut (1991),
6612:Gnoli, Gherardo (2003),
6498:Effendi, Shoghi (1944),
6474:Effendi, Shoghi (1991),
6203:
5945:Cf. Agathias 2.23–5 and
5281:. www.zoroastrian.org.uk
4938:University of Washington
4543:MacKenvie, D.N. (1971).
3647:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
3500:(1885), the philosopher
1234:(often with the variant
1224:The name is attested in
1033:, 'old'; Middle Persian
758:Eastern Iranian language
707:Ancient Iranian religion
383:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
8106:Simple living advocates
7930:Three Persian religions
7404:Encyclopædia Britannica
7375:Prophets Outside Israel
7345:Zaehner, Robert Charles
7328:Widengren, Geo (1961),
7306:West, Martin Litchfield
7283:West, Martin Litchfield
7128:10.1163/156853673X00079
6929:Zum Namengut des Avesta
6798:10.2143/IA.27.0.2002124
6355:Oxford University Press
6327:, vol. 3, Leiden:
6207:(in Persian). Iroon.com
6188:New York Public Library
6155:Nietzsche/Ludovici 1911
5660:2027/hvd.32044085119394
5388:Stories of the Prophets
3634:List of unsolved deaths
3531:Also sprach Zarathustra
3300:Almost all Zoroastrian
2693:attributed to Zoroaster
2605:Natural History (Pliny)
2232:Muslim scholastic views
946:) is thought to be the
772:(perhaps in modern-day
112:Unknown, traditionally
92:Unknown, traditionally
6840:, Writers Club Press,
6519:Fischer, Michael M. J.
5694:Jones, W.H.S. (1963).
5434:"هل زاردشت كان نبيا ؟"
4179:, pp. 3, 189–191.
4114:
3659:
3543:
3529:
3497:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
3479:
2851:relies excessively on
2791:In classical antiquity
2753:
2694:
2553:), existence (that is
2502:
2419:
2402:, from left to right:
2191:
1945:
1842:
1334:
1266:Friedrich Carl Andreas
1124:) should have Avestan
866:
764:by scholars after the
348:Zoroastrian literature
8101:Prophets in Ahmadiyya
8076:Founders of religions
8034:Fire temples in India
7702:Scripture and worship
7175:Encyclopaedia Iranica
7107:Encyclopaedia Iranica
7103:"Zoroaster, the name"
6908:Encyclopaedia Iranica
6446:Baháʼí Studies Review
6370:Boyce, Mary (1996) ,
6342:Encyclopaedia Iranica
6301:Bailey, Harold Walter
6283:Encyclopaedia Iranica
6184:"Edward Clark Potter"
3564:University of Chicago
3541:
3311:Library of Alexandria
2732:
2675:
2547:), creation (that is
2492:
2432:
2395:
2123:Further information:
2115:Names of God in Islam
2064:Second Temple Judaism
1936:
1840:
1815:to the west from the
1498:, or his predecessor
1349:Classical scholarship
1317:
1205:, and in modern (New
854:(Fragment 32) and in
635:Zoroastrian cosmology
585:Zoroastrians in India
341:Scripture and worship
8029:Fire temples in Iran
7816:Accounts and legends
7393:Encyclopædia Iranica
7330:Mani and Manichaeism
7159:Zoroaster's religion
7143:Zoroaster's religion
6958:Mungello, David Emil
6950:Early Zoroastrianism
6740:Encyclopædia Iranica
6684:, Heidelberg: Winter
6486:on 20 September 2020
6422:, Psychology Press,
6336:Beck, Roger (2003),
6121:. Michaelhaldane.com
5735:, vol. I, pp. 58–59.
5430:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
3696:his conquest of Iran
3667:Jean-Philippe Rameau
3570:, Plato and others.
3523:The German composer
3512:Beyond Good and Evil
3494:In his seminal work
3476:, Part 1, Section 23
3458:who asserted in his
3420:improve this article
3369:Oracles of Hystaspes
3185:wrote a text titled
3024:improve this article
2691:pseudoepigraphically
2495:The School of Athens
2443:Manifestation of God
2148:Encyclopædia Iranica
1825:Encyclopedia Iranica
1537:Old Avestan language
1517:Behistun Inscription
1446:Ammianus Marcellinus
691:Zarathushtra Spitama
590:Zoroastrians in Iran
456:Accounts and legends
55:Zarathushtra Spitama
30:For other uses, see
7903:History and culture
7749:Udvada Atash Behram
6989:Friedrich Nietzsche
6937:Moulton, James Hope
5882:, pp. 144–145.
5461:Ibn Kathir (2018).
5110:, pp. 107–110.
4724:, pp. 245–265.
4673:. ISD LLC. p.
3961:, cognate with the
3548:Edward Clark Potter
3502:Friedrich Nietzsche
3356:On Virtue of Stones
3332:Nag Hammadi library
3183:Heraclides Ponticus
2774:in hand and with a
2433:In the Bahá'í Faith
2381:Ahmadiyya Community
2207:Iram of the Pillars
2095:Hermes Trismegistus
2019:Zakariya al-Qazwini
1539:of the Zoroastrian
1452:'s conquest of the
1450:Alexander the Great
1049:, 'angry, furious'.
739:Abrahamic religions
654:Religion portal
506:History and culture
76:Fire Temple of Yazd
7833:Book of Arda Viraf
7767:Cypress of Kashmar
7419:Works by Zoroaster
7216:Stausberg, Michael
7183:Stausberg, Michael
7167:Stausberg, Michael
7151:Stausberg, Michael
7135:Stausberg, Michael
6331:, pp. 491–565
6250:on 11 January 2014
6006:Lucian of Samosata
5970:Life of Pythagoras
5373:, Penguin Books UK
5369:Hinnel, J (1997),
5157:, pp. 182–183
5019:, pp. 190–191
4654:, pp. 285–292
4569:on 3 December 2012
4425:, pp. 133–135
3773:Spitāma Zaraθuštra
3765:Zaraθuštra Spitāma
3712:Seleucus I Nicator
3652:Zoroaster and the
3544:
3361:Peri lithon timion
3280:Lucian of Samosata
3191:natural philosophy
3076:The Greeks—in the
2953:possibly contains
2754:
2734:Indian Zoroastrian
2695:
2503:
2420:
2220:, who believed in
2197:and the archangel
2157:Arthur Christensen
2073:Athanasius Kircher
2005:Cypress of Kashmar
1999:Cypress of Kashmar
1946:
1843:
1568:tripartite society
1474:Modern scholarship
1335:
1226:Classical Armenian
812:Name and etymology
799:Yasna Haptanghaiti
473:Book of Arda Viraf
403:Cypress of Kashmar
8096:People from Balkh
8058:
8057:
7570:
7569:
7466:Ancient Near East
7360:978-0-8196-0280-0
7321:978-0-19-960503-3
7298:978-0-85773-156-2
7231:978-1-4443-3135-6
7116:Novum Testamentum
7012:978-0-7735-1144-6
6829:978-0-226-48200-2
6555:978-1-78074-308-0
6429:978-0-415-23902-8
6274:Ashouri, Daryoush
6098:. Dictionary.com.
5754:Diogenes Laertius
5702:on 1 January 2017
5591:, pp. 44–45.
5579:, pp. 43–45.
5334:iranicaonline.org
5086:, pp. 59–60.
5031:, pp. 36–37.
4934:Silk Road Seattle
4880:978-1-884964-98-5
4865:Adams, Douglas Q.
4736:, pp. 32–33.
4618:, pp. 89–109
4516:, pp. 40–42.
4504:, pp. 43–53.
4410:, pp. 60–61.
4098:meaning "various"
4000:
3955:
3769:Also attested as
3762:
3483:E. T. A. Hoffmann
3452:
3451:
3444:
3392:In the modern era
3315:Galen of Pergamon
3086:Diogenes Laertius
3078:Hellenistic sense
3074:
3073:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3048:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2955:original research
2936:
2935:
2928:
2910:
2833:
2344:The 12th-century
2321:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
1937:The rings of the
1679:17 regional names
1531:Scholars such as
1492: 650–600 BC
1454:Achaemenid Empire
1375:Diogenes Laërtius
1250:Movses Khorenatsi
1198:Early New Persian
1102:) in the Avestan
688:
687:
214:
213:
130:Two unnamed wives
117: 547–522 BC
97: 624–599 BC
18:Date of Zoroaster
16:(Redirected from
8128:
8081:Iranian prophets
8048:
8047:
8013:in United States
7754:Adur Burzen-Mihr
7660:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7574:
7560:
7559:
7464:Timeline of the
7458:
7451:
7444:
7435:
7430:
7429:
7414:Internet Archive
7372:
7363:
7340:
7324:
7301:
7278:
7269:
7257:
7239:Taherzadeh, Adib
7234:
7211:
7178:
7162:
7146:
7130:
7110:
7097:
7084:
7056:
7043:
7015:
6995:
6976:
6953:
6944:
6932:
6923:
6911:
6898:
6850:
6832:
6809:
6800:
6780:
6752:
6743:
6727:
6715:
6685:
6676:
6656:
6630:
6621:
6608:
6599:
6571:
6558:
6537:
6514:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6470:
6461:
6459:
6453:, archived from
6442:
6432:
6409:
6386:
6366:
6357:
6345:
6332:
6329:Brill Publishers
6319:
6296:
6287:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6246:. Archived from
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6180:
6174:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6092:
6086:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6028:
6022:
6013:
6003:
5997:
5987:
5981:
5962:
5956:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5895:
5892:Livingstone 2002
5889:
5883:
5880:Livingstone 2002
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5785:
5776:
5770:
5761:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5723:, vol. I, p. 58.
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5539:"Zoroastrianism"
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5400:
5394:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5193:, pp. 19–20
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5078:
5072:
5071:, pp. 2–26.
5063:
5057:
5056:
5038:
5032:
5029:Gershevitch 1964
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5007:, pp. 17–18
5002:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4930:"Zoroastrianism"
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4811:, pp. 25–26
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4772:Western Response
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4664:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4562:. Archived from
4551:
4540:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4426:
4420:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4384:
4378:
4367:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4307:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4243:
4242:, pp. 25–35
4237:
4222:
4221:, pp. 15–16
4216:
4195:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4165:
4159:
4146:
4140:
4119:
4117:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4005:
3999:romanized:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3975:), referring to
3960:
3954:romanized:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3761:romanized:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3704:
3683:
3664:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3534:
3477:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3404:
3396:
3363:
3353:
3347:
3329:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3156:
3069:
3062:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:inline citations
2946:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2868:
2844:
2836:
2825:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2773:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2687:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2598:
2592:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2340:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2224:coincident with
2189:
2155:The orientalist
2111:101 Names of God
2028:
1986:
1976:
1965:
1944:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1851:
1763:(1086–1153), an
1734:Diodorus Siculus
1711:
1695:
1689:
1676:
1668:
1644:
1639:(Middle Persian
1634:
1557:
1554:
1493:
1490:
1443:
1399:
1396:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1239:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1122:dental consonant
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1075:
1069:
1057:
1048:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1011:
1002:
993:
987:
981:
975:
965:
959:
945:
939:
933:
920:
914:
913:
908:
899:
893:
892:
887:
881:
875:
874:
869:
861:First Alcibiades
853:
841:
840:
835:
825:
802:
680:
673:
666:
652:
651:
388:Adur Burzen-Mihr
239:
216:
118:
115:
98:
95:
72:
46:
21:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8116:Unsolved deaths
8091:Miracle workers
8061:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8038:
8017:
7954:
7898:
7872:
7843:Story of Sanjan
7811:
7697:
7666:Divine entities
7661:
7652:
7606:
7601:
7571:
7566:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7468:
7462:
7427:
7384:
7379:
7366:
7361:
7343:
7327:
7322:
7304:
7299:
7281:
7272:
7260:
7255:
7237:
7232:
7214:
7181:
7165:
7149:
7133:
7113:
7100:
7087:
7059:
7046:
7018:
7013:
6998:
6979:
6974:
6956:
6947:
6935:
6926:
6919:(Orientalia 50)
6914:
6901:
6855:Mair, Victor H.
6853:
6848:
6835:
6830:
6812:
6803:
6786:Iranica Antiqua
6783:
6755:
6746:
6730:
6718:
6688:
6679:
6674:
6659:
6653:
6633:
6624:
6611:
6602:
6574:
6561:
6556:
6540:
6535:
6517:
6512:
6497:
6489:
6487:
6473:
6464:
6457:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6412:
6407:
6389:
6384:
6369:
6360:
6348:
6335:
6322:
6299:
6290:
6272:
6268:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6229:
6227:"Pages 9–12 of"
6225:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6165:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6141:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6083:Isis and Osiris
6080:
6076:
6072:Pliny, VII, XV.
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6016:
6004:
6000:
5988:
5984:
5963:
5959:
5944:
5940:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5854:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5771:
5764:
5750:Isis and Osiris
5743:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5613:Taherzadeh 1976
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5543:www.alislam.org
5537:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5298:
5294:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5079:
5075:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4599:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4549:
4542:
4541:
4532:
4528:, pp. 7ff.
4524:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:, p. I.18.
4476:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4429:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4337:, pp. 3–4.
4333:
4329:
4321:
4310:
4302:
4295:
4285:
4284:, pp. 314.
4280:
4276:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4225:
4217:
4198:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4149:
4141:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4080:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3928:-worship", and
3917:
3913:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3826:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3768:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3602:Religion portal
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3525:Richard Strauss
3521:
3478:
3472:
3448:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3417:
3405:
3394:
3307:pseudepigraphic
3214:Natural History
3209:Pliny the Elder
3070:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3021:
3009:
2994:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2857:primary sources
2845:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2681:
2670:
2487:
2435:
2390:
2377:
2240:
2234:
2190:
2187:
2172:ancient Persian
2143:
2121:
2109:Main articles:
2107:
2070:
2058:Main articles:
2056:
2054:In Christianity
2051:
2007:
2001:
1966:(priest of the
1835:
1728:located him in
1665:Farvardin Yasht
1637:Airyanem Vaējah
1624:
1622:Airyanem Vaejah
1618:
1602:British Library
1581:Iranian Plateau
1555:
1529:
1500:Cyrus the Great
1491:
1485:
1476:
1456:in 330 BC. The
1434:
1408:to have taught
1397:
1391:Pliny the Elder
1351:
1312:
1276:Rüdiger Schmitt
1252:. The spelling
1209:), the name is
1081:Younger Avestan
888:with the Greek
830:transcription,
820:, was probably
814:
789:Sassanid Empire
785:Cyrus the Great
684:
646:
641:
640:
639:
624:
616:
615:
614:
579:
571:
570:
569:
528:
527:
507:
499:
498:
497:
483:Story of Sanjan
457:
449:
448:
447:
342:
334:
333:
332:
297:
296:Divine entities
289:
288:
287:
247:
199:Prophet in the
198:
182:
165:
136:
116:
104:
99:
96:
79:
63:
56:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8134:
8132:
8124:
8123:
8121:Zoroastrianism
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8063:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7848:Chinvat Bridge
7845:
7840:
7838:Book of Jamasp
7835:
7830:
7825:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7792:Khordeh Avesta
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7734:Airyaman ishya
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7673:Amesha Spentas
7669:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7611:Primary topics
7608:
7607:
7604:Zoroastrianism
7602:
7600:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7577:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7416:
7407:
7396:
7383:
7382:External links
7380:
7378:
7377:
7364:
7359:
7341:
7325:
7320:
7314:, OUP Oxford,
7302:
7297:
7291:, I.B.Tauris,
7279:
7270:
7258:
7253:
7235:
7230:
7212:
7195:(5): 561–600,
7179:
7163:
7147:
7131:
7122:(3): 233–240,
7111:
7098:
7085:
7057:
7044:
7033:10.2307/625011
7027:(1): 111–116,
7016:
7011:
6996:
6977:
6972:
6954:
6945:
6933:
6924:
6912:
6899:
6851:
6846:
6833:
6828:
6814:Lincoln, Bruce
6810:
6801:
6781:
6764:(2): 245–265,
6753:
6744:
6728:
6716:
6705:10.2307/592499
6686:
6677:
6672:
6657:
6651:
6631:
6622:
6609:
6600:
6589:10.1086/371754
6572:
6559:
6554:
6542:Foltz, Richard
6538:
6533:
6515:
6510:
6495:
6471:
6462:
6460:on 24 May 2013
6433:
6428:
6410:
6405:
6387:
6382:
6367:
6358:
6346:
6333:
6320:
6297:
6295:, London: Lulu
6288:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6235:
6218:
6193:
6175:
6159:
6147:
6132:
6110:
6101:
6087:
6074:
6065:
6063:Pliny, VII, I.
6056:
6054:, p. 234.
6044:
6042:, p. 526.
6029:
6027:, p. 495.
6014:
5998:
5982:
5957:
5938:
5936:, p. 523.
5923:
5921:, p. 522.
5911:
5896:
5894:, p. 147.
5884:
5872:
5870:, p. 111.
5860:
5858:, p. 493.
5841:
5829:
5827:, p. 491.
5814:
5800:
5777:
5775:, p. 525.
5762:
5737:
5733:Stausberg 2002
5725:
5721:Stausberg 2002
5713:
5686:
5677:
5675:, p. 409.
5673:Blackburn 2005
5665:
5653:, p. IV,
5641:
5639:, p. 405.
5637:Blackburn 1994
5629:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5589:Widengren 1961
5581:
5577:Widengren 1961
5569:
5560:
5556:Widengren 1961
5548:
5530:
5504:
5478:
5453:
5421:
5409:islamawareness
5395:
5376:
5361:
5358:. p. 421.
5346:
5320:
5308:
5292:
5270:
5268:, pp. 192
5258:
5246:
5244:, pp. 188
5231:
5219:
5217:, pp. 187
5207:
5195:
5183:
5181:, pp. 184
5171:
5169:, pp. 183
5159:
5147:
5136:
5124:
5120:Sarianidi 1987
5112:
5100:
5088:
5073:
5058:
5051:
5033:
5021:
5009:
4990:
4963:
4951:
4921:
4917:Stausberg 2008
4909:
4897:
4895:, pp. 1–7
4885:
4879:
4861:Mallory, J. P.
4852:
4840:
4825:
4823:, p. 162.
4813:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4683:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4620:
4597:
4580:
4558:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4502:Mayrhofer 1977
4491:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4427:
4423:Schlerath 1977
4412:
4400:
4398:, pp. 1–3
4385:
4383:, pp. 4–8
4368:
4353:
4339:
4327:
4308:
4293:
4282:Tavernier 2007
4274:
4259:
4244:
4223:
4196:
4181:
4166:
4147:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4100:
4091:
4089:, p. 501.
4078:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
3981:
3936:
3911:
3860:
3785:
3777:. The epiphet
3743:
3726:
3722: 1000 BC
3702:Anno Graecorum
3677:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3665:, an opera by
3656:
3650:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3616:History portal
3605:
3591:
3575:
3572:
3520:
3517:
3474:Religio Medici
3470:
3461:Religio Medici
3450:
3449:
3408:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:and the other
3351:Apotelesmatika
3302:pseudepigrapha
3296:
3292:
3103:Neopythagorean
3072:
3071:
3054:
3053:
3012:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2750:Hvare-khshaeta
2669:
2666:
2486:
2483:
2475:Shoghi Effendi
2434:
2431:
2389:
2388:In Manichaeism
2386:
2376:
2375:Ahmadiyya view
2373:
2349:al-Shahrastani
2346:heresiographer
2236:Main article:
2233:
2230:
2185:
2159:in his book ''
2106:
2103:
2087:Joachim Bouvet
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2015:King Vishtaspa
2003:Main article:
2000:
1997:
1834:
1831:
1782:
1693:zaraθuštrotema
1617:
1614:
1592:Victor H. Mair
1588:9th century BC
1528:
1525:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1433:
1430:
1398: 6300 BC
1350:
1347:
1311:
1308:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1063:Vedic Sanskrit
1059:
1050:
952:Middle Persian
902:BMAC substrate
842:), as used in
813:
810:
711:Zoroastrianism
686:
685:
683:
682:
675:
668:
660:
657:
656:
643:
642:
638:
637:
632:
626:
625:
623:Related topics
622:
621:
618:
617:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
581:
580:
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576:
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529:
526:
525:
520:
515:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
496:
495:
490:
488:Chinvat Bridge
485:
480:
478:Book of Jamasp
475:
470:
465:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
433:Khordeh Avesta
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Airyaman ishya
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
303:Amesha Spentas
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
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246:Primary topics
245:
244:
241:
240:
232:
231:
229:Zoroastrianism
225:
224:
212:
211:
196:Zoroastrianism
188:
187:Known for
184:
183:
181:
180:
177:
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73:
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61:
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54:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8133:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
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8027:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7976:in Azerbaijan
7974:
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7762:Adur Gushnasp
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7609:
7605:
7598:
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7563:
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7554:
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7471:
7467:
7459:
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7452:
7447:
7445:
7440:
7439:
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7415:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7365:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7323:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7259:
7256:
7254:0-85398-270-8
7250:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7014:
7008:
7004:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6973:0-8248-1219-0
6969:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6847:0-595-23199-3
6843:
6839:
6834:
6831:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:Kellens, Jean
6729:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6675:
6673:81-85091-46-3
6669:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6654:
6652:0-521-56256-2
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6557:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6534:0-8223-8551-1
6530:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6511:0-87743-020-9
6507:
6503:
6502:
6501:God Passes By
6496:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6439:
6434:
6431:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6406:90-04-06506-7
6402:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6383:90-04-10474-7
6379:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6206:
6197:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6157:, p. 133
6156:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6105:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5994:On the Months
5991:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5803:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5714:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5606:
5603:, p. 21.
5602:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5573:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5558:, p. 76.
5557:
5552:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5457:
5454:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5347:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5316:Mungello 1989
5312:
5309:
5305:
5304:Mungello 1989
5301:
5300:Mungello 1989
5296:
5293:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5144:Malandra 2005
5140:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5122:, p. 54.
5121:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5054:
5052:1-85506-828-1
5048:
5044:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5005:Nigosian 1993
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4961:, p. 34.
4960:
4955:
4952:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4919:, p. 572
4918:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4809:Shahbazi 1977
4805:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4734:Shahbazi 1977
4730:
4727:
4723:
4722:Kingsley 1990
4718:
4715:
4712:, p. 261
4711:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4691:
4686:
4684:9781910589465
4680:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4642:, p. 260
4641:
4636:
4633:
4630:, p. 441
4629:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4584:
4581:
4565:
4561:
4559:0-19-713559-5
4555:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4526:Markwart 1930
4522:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4468:, p. 13.
4467:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4255:Malandra 2005
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:Shahbazi 1977
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4219:Nigosian 1993
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:, p. 61.
4193:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:, p. 26.
4144:
4143:Shahbazi 1977
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4087:Hornby (1983)
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3714:(312/311 BC).
3713:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3692:his accession
3689:
3682:
3679:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3654:Mount Savalan
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3588:Poetry portal
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3456:Thomas Browne
3446:
3443:
3435:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:This section
3407:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3345:Asteroskopita
3340:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:On the Months
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3119:Mediterranean
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3068:
3065:
3050:
3047:
3039:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3013:This section
3011:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2989:
2981:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2951:This section
2949:
2940:
2939:
2930:
2927:
2919:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877: –
2876:
2872:
2871:Find sources:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2849:This section
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2369:
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2362:
2355:
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2339:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:, collective
2248:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:Amesha Spenta
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:. The French
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:Al-Mutawakkil
2027:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1910:Amesha Spenta
1904:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Eznik of Kolb
1238:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
985:*Zarantuštra-
982:derives from
980:
974:
973:*Zarantuštra-
969:
964:
958:
953:
949:
944:
938:
932:
926:
924:
919:
907:
903:
898:
886:
880:
868:
863:
862:
857:
852:
851:
845:
834:
829:
824:
819:
811:
809:
806:
801:
800:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
661:
659:
658:
655:
650:
645:
644:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
620:
619:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
575:
574:
566:
563:
561:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
503:
502:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
453:
452:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Adur Gushnasp
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
338:
337:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
293:
292:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
243:
242:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
178:
175:
174:
172:
168:
161:
158:
155:
153:Hvare Chithra
152:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
132:
129:
128:
126:
122:
111:
107:
103:
91:
87:
82:
77:
71:
66:
59:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8049:
7853:Frashokereti
7807:Atash Behram
7797:The Revayats
7758:Adur Farnbag
7739:Fire Temples
7729:Yenghe hatam
7724:Ahuna Vairya
7693:Angra Mainyu
7622:
7402:
7391:
7374:
7368:
7349:
7329:
7310:
7287:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7243:
7220:
7192:
7186:
7174:
7158:
7154:
7142:
7138:
7119:
7115:
7106:
7096:(2): 127–135
7093:
7089:
7068:(1): 25–35,
7065:
7061:
7052:
7048:
7024:
7020:
7001:
6993:T. N. Foulis
6984:
6962:
6949:
6940:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6907:
6862:
6858:
6837:
6818:
6805:
6789:
6785:
6761:
6757:
6748:
6739:
6723:, New York:
6720:
6696:
6690:
6681:
6662:
6638:
6626:
6617:
6604:
6583:(1): 12–38,
6580:
6576:
6567:
6563:
6545:
6523:
6500:
6488:, retrieved
6484:the original
6479:
6466:
6455:the original
6450:
6444:
6418:
6395:
6372:
6362:
6350:
6341:
6324:
6308:
6304:
6292:
6282:
6266:Bibliography
6252:. Retrieved
6248:the original
6238:
6221:
6209:. Retrieved
6196:
6187:
6178:
6162:
6150:
6143:Ashouri 2003
6123:. Retrieved
6113:
6104:
6090:
6082:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6047:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5985:
5973:
5969:
5960:
5950:
5941:
5914:
5887:
5875:
5863:
5832:
5805:. Retrieved
5790:
5749:
5740:
5728:
5716:
5704:. Retrieved
5700:the original
5689:
5680:
5668:
5650:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5615:, p. 3.
5608:
5601:Zaehner 1972
5596:
5584:
5572:
5563:
5551:
5542:
5533:
5521:. Retrieved
5516:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5491:
5486:Ibn Kathir.
5481:
5469:. Retrieved
5463:
5456:
5444:. Retrieved
5439:islamqa.info
5437:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5408:
5403:Ibn Kathir.
5398:
5391:
5387:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5337:. Retrieved
5333:
5323:
5311:
5295:
5283:. Retrieved
5273:
5261:
5256:, p. 31
5249:
5222:
5210:
5205:, p. 24
5198:
5186:
5174:
5162:
5150:
5139:
5134:, p. 1.
5127:
5115:
5108:Khlopin 1992
5103:
5098:, p. 8.
5091:
5080:
5076:
5065:
5061:
5042:
5036:
5024:
5012:
4981:. Retrieved
4977:Khan Academy
4975:
4966:
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4940:. 7 May 2002
4933:
4924:
4912:
4907:, p. 18
4900:
4888:
4869:
4855:
4848:Humbach 1991
4843:
4821:Jackson 1899
4816:
4804:
4799:, p. 68
4792:
4780:
4771:
4765:
4753:
4746:Jackson 1896
4741:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4669:
4647:
4635:
4623:
4590:
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4564:the original
4545:
4521:
4509:
4485:
4478:Humbach 1991
4473:
4466:Burnouf 1833
4461:
4454:Schmitt 2002
4403:
4342:
4330:
4306:, p. 17
4277:
4270:Kellens 2011
4162:Lincoln 1991
4107:
4103:
4094:
4081:
4065:
4061:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4011:
3994:𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬌𐬱
3984:
3970:
3949:𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬀𐬭
3939:
3914:
3863:
3788:
3770:
3746:
3729:
3681:
3638:
3545:
3522:
3510:
3495:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3438:
3429:
3418:Please help
3413:verification
3410:
3368:
3366:
3355:
3341:
3339:tractates."
3319:
3299:
3288:
3283:
3271:
3264:Pythagoreans
3261:
3224:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3170:
3154:Peri physeos
3148:
3146:
3123:
3115:
3075:
3060:
3042:
3033:
3022:Please help
3017:verification
3014:
2984:
2975:
2952:
2922:
2913:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2870:
2850:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2812:Please help
2809:
2758:Taq-e Bostan
2755:
2742:Taq-e Bostan
2720:
2696:
2679:Clavis Artis
2677:
2658:("master of
2642:Frashokereti
2613:
2585:
2570:
2561:
2504:
2439:Bahá'í Faith
2436:
2421:
2397:
2378:
2368:Zaradushtiya
2354:Kayumarthiya
2343:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2241:
2226:Zoroastrians
2215:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2141:Angra Mainyu
2071:
2008:
1968:old religion
1958:
1947:
1892:(order) and
1880:Angra Mainyu
1858:
1844:
1823:
1821:
1805:Turkmenistan
1790:
1769:Turkmenistan
1758:
1722:
1684:However, in
1683:
1629:
1625:
1610:
1598:Almut Hintze
1596:
1585:
1530:
1486:
1477:
1435:
1352:
1336:
1332:Franz Cumont
1324:Dura Europos
1318:3rd-century
1223:
1172:𐭦𐭫𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭲
1168:
1091:
1058:, 'to drag'.
1013:
996:
991:*Zaratuštra-
963:*Zaratuštra-
948:Indo-Iranian
937:*Zaratuštra-
928:In Avestan,
927:
859:
815:
782:
770:Greater Iran
756:He spoke an
755:
747:Christianity
741:, including
719:wonderworker
698:
694:
690:
689:
493:Frashokereti
438:The Rivayats
393:Adur Farnbag
378:Fire Temples
368:Yenghe hatam
363:Ahuna Vairya
328:Angra Mainyu
257:
201:Baháʼí Faith
150:Urvatat Nara
102:Greater Iran
43:
8008:in Pakistan
7966:Persecution
7925:Khurramites
7638:Persia/Iran
7623:Zarathustra
7618:Ahura Mazda
7090:Die Sprache
6859:Early China
6414:Boyce, Mary
6391:Boyce, Mary
6254:17 December
6211:19 November
6125:19 November
6081:Plutarch's
6052:Sieber 1973
5756:1.6–9, and
5706:28 December
5492:islambasics
5229:, p. 9
5084:Gronke 1993
4838:, p. 6
4787:, p. 9
4760:, p. .
4700:, p. 8
4573:1 September
4514:Bailey 1953
4366:, p. 3
4325:, p. 4
3924:, meaning "
3232:astrothytes
3199:Necessity (
2875:"Zoroaster"
2682: [
2668:Iconography
2649:Ahura Mazda
2629:Ahura Mazda
2593:. The word
2537:Ahura Mazda
2471:Bahá'u'lláh
2423:Manichaeism
2286:'s servant
2033:in 247 AH (
1872:Ahura Mazda
1797:Baluchistan
1761:Shahrastani
1690:59.18, the
1572:Yaz culture
1556: 1700
1402:Aristoxenus
1271:*Zur(a)dušt
1228:sources as
1000:Zarantuštra
966:might be a
805:Old Avestan
774:Afghanistan
699:Zarathustra
523:Khurramites
273:Persia/Iran
258:Zarathustra
253:Ahura Mazda
203:and in the
176:Pourushaspa
162:Pouruchista
147:Isat Vâstra
8065:Categories
7971:in Armenia
7863:Hamistagan
7719:Ashem Vohu
7633:Vohu Manah
6792:: 96–116,
6635:Hale, Mark
6353:, Oxford:
5978:Hippolytus
5909:, para. 7.
5839:, para. 4.
5801:9004052410
5384:Ibn Kathir
5285:6 February
5266:Boyce 1996
5242:Boyce 1996
5215:Boyce 1996
5179:Boyce 1996
5167:Boyce 1996
5155:Boyce 1996
5132:Boyce 1996
5069:Boyce 1996
5017:Boyce 1996
4893:Boyce 1982
4797:Boyce 1982
4758:Boyce 1996
4710:Boyce 1982
4652:Boyce 1996
4640:Boyce 1982
4396:Boyce 2001
4364:Boyce 1996
4335:Boyce 1996
4177:Boyce 1996
4126:References
4056:Bundahishn
3921:Mazdayasna
3694:(336 BC),
3432:March 2017
3386:Areimanius
3327:Zostrianos
3227:Babylonian
3167:Pythagoras
3159:Myth of Er
3111:Pythagoras
3099:Babylonian
3036:March 2017
2978:March 2017
2962:improve it
2916:March 2017
2886:newspapers
2853:references
2815:improve it
2762:Ardashir I
2609:Pythagoras
2596:Mazdayasna
2590:Mazdayasna
2581:Heraclitus
2493:Detail of
2485:Philosophy
2300:Azerbaijan
2292:Ibn Kathir
2049:Influences
1978:, and the
1864:Vohu Manah
1786:Azerbaijan
1773:Atropatene
1716:(medieval
1698:Badakhshan
1657:, or even
1620:See also:
1604:, and the
1564:Bronze Age
1533:Mary Boyce
1527:Early date
1463:Mary Boyce
1440:Bundahishn
1410:Pythagoras
1406:Chaldeaean
1383:Trojan War
1379:Hermodorus
1178:Zardu(x)št
1145:zaraθuštra
1139:zaraθuštra
1105:zaraθuštra
1039:, 'old'):
979:Zaraθuštra
968:zero-grade
931:Zaraθuštra
879:Zōroastris
873:Ζωροάστρις
867:Zōroastrēs
839:Ζωροάστρης
833:Zōroastrēs
823:Zaraθuštra
778:Tajikistan
737:, and the
735:Pythagoras
727:Heraclitus
543:Initiation
358:Ashem Vohu
268:Vohu Manah
207:branch of
7959:Adherents
7940:Festivals
7920:Mazdakism
7915:Zurvanism
7828:Bundahišn
7643:Faravahar
7399:Zoroaster
7388:Zoroaster
7338:640889566
7209:143903349
7082:161582719
6985:Ecco Homo
6895:192107986
6879:0362-5028
6865:: 27–47.
6778:162273109
6597:161954467
6399:, BRILL,
6376:, BRILL,
6311:: 21–42,
6040:Beck 1991
6025:Beck 1991
5934:Beck 1991
5919:Beck 1991
5907:Beck 2003
5868:Nock 1929
5856:Beck 1991
5837:Beck 2003
5825:Beck 1991
5773:Beck 1991
5625:Buck 1998
5517:إسلام ويب
5302::144 and
5254:West 2010
5227:West 2010
5203:West 2010
5191:West 2010
5096:Frye 1992
4959:Mair 1990
4905:West 2010
4836:West 2010
4770:Henning,
4698:West 2010
4616:West 2013
4381:West 2010
4323:West 2010
4304:West 2010
4109:Ecce Homo
4074:al-Masudi
4070:al-Biruni
3661:Zoroastre
3556:Manhattan
3485:'s novel
3382:Horomazes
3373:Hystaspes
3276:Hystaspes
3195:On Nature
3187:Zoroaster
3171:On Nature
3165:imagined
3149:On Nature
2966:verifying
2821:talk page
2620:and shun
2577:Platonism
2408:Zoroaster
2361:Zurwaniya
2331:Al-Tabari
2304:Vishtaspa
2272:al-Tabari
2238:Shahnameh
2222:free will
2170:state in
1984:Shahnameh
1954:Shahnameh
1950:Vishtaspa
1822:The 2005
1801:Chorasmia
1742:Cephalion
1708:Būndahišn
1702:Arachosia
1659:Parthians
1512:Hystaspes
1504:Vishtaspa
1483:Late date
1468:Al-Masudi
1422:Semiramis
1371:Hermippus
1367:Aristotle
1303:*Zuradašt
1148:with its
954:(300 BC)
701:, was an
695:Zoroaster
578:Adherents
538:Festivals
518:Mazdakism
513:Zurvanism
468:Bundahišn
278:Faravahar
205:Ahmadiyya
8051:Category
7981:in India
7945:Marriage
7935:Calendar
7858:Xrafstar
7782:Visperad
7777:Vendidad
7562:Category
7423:LibriVox
7347:(1972),
7308:(2013),
7285:(2010),
7241:(1976),
7169:(2005),
7153:(2004),
7137:(2002),
6960:(1989),
6939:(1917),
6887:23351579
6816:(1991),
6734:(2011).
6544:(2013),
6521:(2004),
6416:(2001),
6393:(1982),
6276:(2003),
6010:Mennipus
5974:Stromata
5966:Porphyry
5952:Stromata
5807:19 March
5758:Agathias
5746:Plutarch
5446:3 August
5432:(2017).
4983:12 March
4867:(1997),
3979:priests.
3963:Sanskrit
3574:See also
3507:morality
3471:—
3464:(1643):
3377:Hercules
3322:tractate
3295:imagined
3284:Mennipus
3247:) flux (
3177:accused
3163:Porphyry
3090:Agathias
3082:Plutarch
2776:gloriole
2771:baresman
2702:baresman
2541:(who is
2463:Muhammad
2365:and the
2280:Jeremiah
2268:al-Kalbi
2258:Ibn Hazm
2186:—
2168:Sasanian
2105:In Islam
2081:figurist
1989:Turanian
1941:Fravashi
1922:and the
1677:contain
1673:Vendidad
1655:Persians
1642:Ērān Wēj
1545:Sanskrit
1543:and the
1508:Darius I
1496:Darius I
1466:century
1458:Seleucid
1355:Xerxes I
1320:Mithraic
1293:Zaradušt
1218:Zartosht
1183:Parthian
1046:*zarant-
1026:Ossetian
988:or from
970:form of
957:Zardusht
760:, named
560:Marriage
533:Calendar
423:Visperad
418:Vendidad
323:Fravashi
221:a series
219:Part of
141:Children
119:(age 77)
84:Personal
8003:in Iraq
7998:in Iran
7889:Kashmar
7823:Dēnkard
7802:Ab-Zohr
7678:Yazatas
7648:Avestan
7412:at the
7055:: 44–56
6490:17 June
6085:, 46–7.
5996:, II.4.
5947:Clement
5760:2.23-5.
5523:22 July
5497:22 July
5471:22 July
5414:22 July
4944:1 March
4350:. 2017.
3989:Avestan
3944:Avestan
3780:Spitāma
3751:Avestan
3708:Babylon
3562:at the
3337:Gnostic
3324:titled
3220:Ostanes
3175:Colotes
3130:Aramaic
3107:Moralia
3095:Bactria
2960:Please
2900:scholar
2655:Ashavan
2601:Avestan
2573:Judaism
2505:In the
2499:Raphael
2455:Krishna
2447:Abraham
2296:Leprosy
2253:Majusya
2218:Sabians
2209:in the
2199:Gabriel
2039:Samarra
2011:Kashmar
1993:old age
1974:Dēnkart
1963:karapan
1854:Pahlavi
1813:steppes
1765:Iranian
1730:Bactria
1726:Ctesias
1704:), the
1576:Rigveda
1549:Rigveda
1547:of the
1521:Arsames
1414:Babylon
1363:Eudoxus
1359:Xanthus
1298:pre-Arm
1255:Zradašt
1237:Zradešt
1231:Zradašt
1207:Persian
1202:Zardušt
1193:Zrdrwšt
1187:Zarhušt
1157:Zarθošt
1133:zarat̰-
1117:*zarat-
1009:zarant-
1005:Avestic
943:-uštra-
925:'.
921:, '
850:Lydiaca
844:Xanthus
818:Avestan
762:Avestan
743:Judaism
703:Iranian
463:Dēnkard
443:Ab-Zohr
308:Yazatas
283:Avestan
170:Parents
7991:Parsis
7950:Burial
7910:Parsis
7877:Cities
7868:Duzakh
7787:Yashts
7714:Gathas
7709:Avesta
7688:Daevas
7683:Ahuras
7357:
7336:
7318:
7295:
7251:
7228:
7207:
7080:
7041:625011
7039:
7009:
6970:
6893:
6885:
6877:
6844:
6826:
6776:
6713:592499
6711:
6670:
6649:
6595:
6570:: 6–10
6552:
6531:
6508:
6426:
6403:
6380:
5798:
5752:46-7,
5339:18 May
5049:
4877:
4681:
4556:
4003:ərəšiš
3958:zaotar
3931:Behdin
3371:, by "
3201:Ananké
3138:Coptic
3134:Syriac
3088:, and
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2780:Mithra
2746:Mithra
2738:figure
2709:barsom
2508:Gathas
2479:Bahram
2465:, the
2441:as a "
2412:Buddha
2308:Persia
2288:Gehazi
2284:Elisha
2276:Arabic
2263:Kitabi
2203:Thamud
2139:, and
2117:, and
2066:, and
2043:Turkic
2035:861 AD
1926:Avesta
1918:Gathas
1856:work.
1793:Sistan
1754:Origen
1746:Justin
1738:Sistan
1661:. The
1647:Avesta
1600:, the
1541:Gathas
1248:, and
1246:Elishe
1127:zarat-
1085:zairi-
1030:zœrond
1017:Pashto
918:astron
912:ἄστρον
906:-uštra
885:zaraθ-
749:, and
723:Gathas
605:Iranis
595:Parsis
565:Burial
553:Sedreh
548:Kushti
428:Yashts
408:Gathas
353:Avesta
318:Daevas
313:Ahuras
192:Gathas
179:Dugdōw
159:Thriti
124:Spouse
8022:Lists
7986:Irani
7884:Balkh
7772:Yasna
7205:S2CID
7188:Numen
7157:[
7141:[
7078:S2CID
7037:JSTOR
6891:S2CID
6883:JSTOR
6774:S2CID
6709:JSTOR
6593:S2CID
6458:(PDF)
6441:(PDF)
6230:(PDF)
6167:p. 45
5990:Lydus
5955:I.15.
4567:(PDF)
4550:(PDF)
3977:Vedic
3965:term
3926:Mazda
3739:death
3673:Notes
3568:Moses
3282:, in
3270:, in
3268:Lydus
3256:astr-
3179:Plato
3142:Latin
3140:, or
3126:Greek
3097:or a
2907:JSTOR
2893:books
2724:Jesus
2715:varza
2686:]
2459:Jesus
2451:Moses
2416:Jesus
2337:Sabis
2325:Uzair
2315:Majus
2246:Majus
2211:Quran
2137:Iblis
2133:Ifrit
2125:Daeva
2099:Enoch
1817:Volga
1781:their
1750:Pliny
1714:Media
1687:Yasna
1651:Medes
1632:Yasna
1616:Place
1560:Stone
1418:Ninus
1328:Syria
1281:*zur-
1261:*zur-
1212:زرتشت
1196:, in
1181:, in
1073:zara-
1055:zarš-
909:with
897:zōros
891:ζωρός
856:Plato
828:Greek
751:Islam
731:Plato
717:or a
413:Yasna
209:Islam
156:Freni
133:Hvōvi
7894:Yazd
7628:Asha
7355:ISBN
7334:OCLC
7316:ISBN
7293:ISBN
7249:ISBN
7226:ISBN
7007:ISBN
6968:ISBN
6875:ISSN
6842:ISBN
6824:ISBN
6668:ISBN
6647:ISBN
6550:ISBN
6529:ISBN
6506:ISBN
6492:2007
6424:ISBN
6401:ISBN
6378:ISBN
6256:2013
6213:2013
6127:2013
5964:See
5809:2017
5796:ISBN
5744:See
5708:2016
5525:2024
5499:2024
5473:2024
5448:2024
5416:2024
5341:2024
5318::321
5306::182
5287:2020
5047:ISBN
4985:2023
4946:2023
4875:ISBN
4679:ISBN
4575:2017
4554:ISBN
4288:help
4072:and
4052:The
4013:ṛ́ṣi
3972:hótr
3967:होतृ
3737:and
3348:(or
2879:news
2664:").
2661:Asha
2623:druj
2575:and
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2519:and
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2414:and
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2379:The
2216:The
2205:and
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2093:and
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1980:epic
1903:Asha
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1888:Asha
1849:aspa
1833:Life
1752:and
1744:and
1426:magi
1420:and
1387:Suda
1341:and
1310:Date
1067:har-
1024:and
923:star
715:sage
263:Asha
109:Died
89:Born
51:Artu
7421:at
7401:at
7390:at
7197:doi
7124:doi
7070:doi
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6867:doi
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