854:, and it has since been a frequent topic of discussion among philosophers and game theorists), then they will easily solve the problem. That they have solved the problem successfully will be seen by even more people, and thus the convention will spread in the society. A convention is thus a behavioral regularity that sustains itself because it serves the interests of everyone involved. Another important feature of a convention is that a convention could be entirely different: one could just as well drive on the left; it is more or less arbitrary that one drives on the right in the US, for example.
838:'s first Franklin Matchette Prize for the best book published in philosophy by a philosopher under 40. Lewis claimed that social conventions, such as the convention in most states that one drives on the right (not on the left), the convention that the original caller will re-call if a phone conversation is interrupted, etc., are solutions to so-called "'co-ordination problems'". Co-ordination problems were at the time of Lewis's book an under-discussed kind of game-theoretical problem; most game-theoretical discussion had centered on problems where the participants are in conflict, such as the
850:(by whom Lewis was much inspired). For example, a co-ordination problem that has the form of a meeting may have a salient solution if there is only one possible spot to meet in town. But in most cases, we must rely on what Lewis calls "precedent" for a salient solution. If both participants know that a particular co-ordination problem, say "which side should we drive on?", has been solved in the same way numerous times before, both know that both know this, both know that both know that both know this, etc. (this particular state Lewis calls
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kangaroos lack tails but do not topple over, the counterfactual is false. The notion of similarity plays a crucial role in the analysis of the conditional. Intuitively, given the importance in our world of tails to kangaroos remaining upright, in the most similar worlds to ours where they have no tails they presumably topple over more frequently and so the counterfactual comes out true. This treatment of counterfactuals is closely related to an independently discovered account of conditionals by
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869:; cf. also "Languages and Language", 1975) make the case that a population's use of a language consists of conventions of truthfulness and trust among its members. Lewis recasts in this framework notions such as truth and analyticity, claiming that they are better understood as relations between sentences and a language rather than as properties of sentences.
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Most often the idea that there exist infinitely many causally isolated universes, each as real as our own but different from it in some way, and that alluding to objects in this universe as necessary to explain what makes certain counterfactual statements true but not others, meets with what Lewis calls the "incredulous stare" (Lewis,
944:
Lewis had already proposed this view in some of his earlier papers: "Counterpart Theory and
Quantified Modal Logic" (1968), "Anselm and Actuality" (1970), and "Counterparts of Persons and their Bodies" (1971). The theory was widely considered implausible, but Lewis urged that it be taken seriously.
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This theory has faced a number of criticisms. In particular, it is not clear how we could know what goes on in other worlds. After all, they are causally disconnected from ours; we can't look into them to see what is going on there. A related objection is that, while people are concerned with what
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that kangaroos in fact topple over is also true. Lewis introduced the now standard "would" conditional operator â»â to capture these conditionals' logic. A sentence of the form A â»â C is true on Lewis's account for the same reasons given above. If there is a world maximally similar to ours where
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At
Princeton, Lewis was a mentor of young philosophers and trained dozens of successful figures in the field, including several current Princeton faculty members, as well as people now teaching at a number of the leading philosophy departments in the U.S. Among his prominent students were
905:. The crucial areas of dispute between Stalnaker's account and Lewis's are whether these conditionals quantify over constant or variable domains (strict analysis vs. variable-domain analysis) and whether the Limit assumption should be included in the accompanying logic. Linguist
930:
What made Lewis's views about counterfactuals controversial is that whereas
Stalnaker treated possible worlds as imaginary entities, "made up" for the sake of theoretical convenience, Lewis adopted a position his formal account of counterfactuals did not commit him to, namely
1001:
Possible worlds are employed in the work of Kripke and many others, but not in the concrete sense Lewis propounded. While none of these alternative approaches has found anything near universal acceptance, very few philosophers accept Lewis's brand of modal realism.
935:. On Lewis's formulation, when we speak of a world where I made the shot that in this world I missed, we are speaking of a world just as real as this one, and although we say that in that world I made the shot, more precisely it is not I but a
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meanings. Kratzer's premise semantics does not diverge from Lewis's for counterfactuals but aims to spread the analysis between context and similarity to give more accurate and concrete predictions for counterfactual truth conditions.
998:. But the opposite position could be taken on the view that the modal realist reduces the categories of possible worlds by eliminating the special case of the actual world as the exception to possible worlds as simple abstractions.
887:
in possible world semantics and the governing logic for such statements. According to Lewis, the counterfactual "If kangaroos had no tails they would topple over" is true if in all worlds most similar to the actual world where the
994:âby extending the property of concreteness to more than the singular actual world it multiplies theoretical entities beyond what should be necessary to its explanatory aims, thereby violating the principle of parsimony,
845:
Co-ordination problems are problematic, for, though the participants have common interests, there are several solutions. Sometimes one of the solutions is "salient", a concept invented by the game-theorist and economist
974:'s early work is on the counterpart theory. Lewis's original suggestion was that all possible worlds are equally concrete, and the world in which we find ourselves is no realer than any other possible world.)
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955:(1986). Lewis acknowledges that his theory is contrary to common sense, but believes its advantages far outweigh this disadvantage, and that therefore we should not be hesitant to pay this price.
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from his wife
Stephanie. The transplant allowed him to work and travel for another year, before he died suddenly and unexpectedly from further complications of his diabetes, on October 14, 2001.
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once put it, a presidential candidate could not care less whether someone else, in another world, wins an election, but does care whether he himself could have won it (Kripke 1980, p. 45).
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687:; together the StalnakerâLewis theory of counterfactuals has become perhaps the most pervasive and influential account of its type in the philosophical and linguistic literature. His
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Lewis's main goal in the book, however, was not simply to provide an account of convention but rather to investigate the "platitude that language is ruled by convention" (
1258:. Very soon after its publication, Lewis became dissatisfied with some aspects of its argument; it is currently out of print (his paper "Mathematics is megethology", in
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Lewis published five volumes containing 99 papersâalmost all the papers he published in his lifetime. They discuss his counterfactual theory of
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conditionals, "premise semantics", which aims to give a better heuristic for determining the truth of such statements in light of their often
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Since his death a number of posthumous papers have been published, on topics ranging from truth and causation to philosophy of physics.
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655:. In most of these fields he is considered among the most important figures of recent decades. Lewis is most famous for his work in
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Thomas Kuhn's 'Linguistic Turn' and the Legacy of
Logical Empiricism: Incommensurability, Rationality and the Search for Truth
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they could have done, they are not concerned with what people in other worlds, no matter how similar to them, do. As
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793:. His year at Oxford played an important role in his decision to study philosophy. Lewis received his Ph.D. from
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when they are true in all possible worlds. (Lewis is not the first to speak of possible worlds in this context.
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ranked Lewis the fourth most important
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Kellogg and the great-grandson of the Presbyterian missionary and Hindi expert
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604:(September 28, 1941 â October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher. Lewis taught briefly at
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Logical Theory and
Semantic Analysis: Essays Dedicated to Stig Kanger on His Fiftieth Birthday
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2002:
Photos from the weekend of the memorial service for David Lewis in
Princeton, February 2002
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are broadly used by philosophers and linguists along with a competing account from
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Lewis, David (2023-09-28). Janssen-Lauret, Frederique; MacBride, Fraser (eds.).
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Service of
Remembrance Friday, February 8, 2002 â Princeton University Chapel
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1877:. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 263â293.
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830:(1969), which is based on his doctoral dissertation and uses concepts of
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1782:, edited by D. Davidson and G. Harman. Reidel, 1980 (1972), pp. 253â355.
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1419:, (1990 Ed.) pp. 499â519. Article omitted from subsequent editions.
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Lewis, David (1980). "A Subjectivist's Guide to Objective Chance". In
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1668:"Philosophy journal corrects 35-year-old article 'written' by a cat"
2001:
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Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association
1262:, is partly a summary and partly a revision of "Parts of Classes")
805:. Smart recalled, "I taught David Lewis, or rather, he taught me."
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1384:"A Subjectivist's Guide to Objective Chance", in R. Jeffrey, ed.,
1074:, was published in 2020. A 2015 poll of philosophers conducted by
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1117:, Harvard University Press 1973; revised printing Blackwell 1986.
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Wolterstorff, Nicholas (November 2007). "A Life in Philosophy".
883:(1973), which gives a modal analysis of the truth conditions of
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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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2010:
1844:"Most Important Anglophone philosophers, 1945-2000: the top 20"
1605:"On Quantitative and Qualitative Parsimony" by Maciej SendĆak,
1520:
Resemblance Nominalism: A Solution to the Problem of Universals
1196:, the name Lewis gave to his overarching philosophical project.
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3975:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
1817:"Review of Lewisian Themes: The Philosophy of David K. Lewis"
1145:, a contextualist analysis of knowledge, and a dispositional
1051:
for much of his life, which eventually grew worse and led to
1327:
70 (1973): pp. 556â67. Reprinted with postscripts in
612:
from 1970 until his death. He is closely associated with
1635:"An Argument for the Ontological Innocence of Mereology"
834:
to analyze the nature of social conventions; it won the
3915:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
909:
has developed a competing theory for counterfactual or
1582:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.
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Modals and Conditionals: New and Revised Perspectives
1386:
Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability: Volume II
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1309:"Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic",
735:, to John D. Lewis, a professor of government at
691:incorporated seminal contributions to quantified
675:(1973) are considered classics. His works on the
1334:"Semantic Analyses for Dyadic Deontic Logic" in
1738:. Oxford University press. pp. chapter 3.
1690:, Volume 42, Princeton University Press, 1941.
816:, where he spent the remainder of his career.
808:Lewis joined the philosophy department at the
5644:
4789:
4141:
3106:
2022:
1192:about rational belief. Its preface discusses
8:
861:, p. 1.) The book's last two chapters (
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5651:
5637:
5629:
5513:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
4796:
4782:
4774:
4148:
4134:
4126:
3113:
3099:
3091:
2620:
2405:
2302:
2048:
2029:
2015:
2007:
1974:. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1875:Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability
1596:, Ashgate Publishing, 2012, p. 122 n. 232.
256:
245:
6333:21st-century American non-fiction writers
6323:20th-century American non-fiction writers
1650:
901:, and so this kind of analysis is called
892:"if kangaroos had no tails" is true, the
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1483:Humeanism § Causality and necessity
1375:Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology
761:, where he attended college lectures in
623:Lewis made significant contributions in
1580:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1510:
1404:"New Work for a Theory of Universals",
1218:for the year they were first published.
1071:Philosophical Letters of David K. Lewis
1518:"Review of Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra,
1224:Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy
1211:Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology
566:Descriptive-causal theory of reference
6252:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
3945:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
810:University of California, Los Angeles
579:Qualitative vs quantitative parsimony
7:
4045:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
3965:The World as Will and Representation
1666:Guglielmi, Giorgia (1 August 2017).
1055:failure. In July 2000 he received a
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1947:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1932:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1913:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1478:Formal semantics (natural language)
1362:"Scorekeeping in a Language Game",
1355:"How to Define Theoretical Terms",
1280:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
773:(1959â60), where he was tutored by
6418:21st-century American male writers
6413:20th-century American male writers
6338:21st-century American philosophers
6328:20th-century American philosophers
1424:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
1406:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
1345:, April (1976): pp. 145â152.
1286:10.1093/oso/9780192847393.001.0001
1158:(1983) includes his early work on
836:American Philosophical Association
739:, and Ruth Ewart Kellogg Lewis, a
703:, and the position called "Humean
188:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
6383:American philosophers of language
6343:American male non-fiction writers
1848:Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog
1395:"Are We Free to Break the Laws?"
1106:Convention: A Philosophical Study
873:Counterfactuals and modal realism
827:Convention: A Philosophical Study
45:This article has multiple issues.
4108:
4098:
4097:
3074:
3065:
3064:
1821:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
1426:, 74/4 (1996): pp. 549â567.
1388:. Reprinted with postscripts in
1350:American Philosophical Quarterly
1343:American Philosophical Quarterly
1341:"The Paradoxes of Time Travel",
1109:, Harvard University Press 1969.
812:, in 1966. In 1970, he moved to
797:in 1967, where he studied under
198:guide to writing better articles
177:
75:
34:
27:American philosopher (1941â2001)
3895:Meditations on First Philosophy
1998: (archived October 3, 2003)
1390:Philosophical Papers: Volume II
1329:Philosophical Papers: Volume II
1320:, 22(1) (1970): pp. 18â67.
493:
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
6388:American philosophers of logic
5453:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
4572:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
2277:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1954:Nolan, Daniel Patrick (2005).
1411:"What Experience Teaches", in
1364:Journal of Philosophical Logic
352:Stephanie Lewis (m. 1965â2001)
110:"David Lewis" philosopher
1:
6393:American philosophers of mind
6358:Burials at Princeton Cemetery
6109:Hard problem of consciousness
5334:Principle of compositionality
1780:Semantics of Natural Language
1448:List of American philosophers
1260:Papers in Philosophical Logic
1202:Papers in Philosophical Logic
1176:Philosophical Papers, Vol. II
926:Realism about possible worlds
746:. He was the grandson of the
6403:Princeton University faculty
6373:Kidney transplant recipients
6348:American metaphysics writers
5483:Philosophical Investigations
4080:Philosophy of space and time
1701:O'Grady, Jane (2001-10-23).
1313:65 (1968): pp. 113â126.
1180:(1986) includes his work on
1155:Philosophical Papers, Vol. I
941:of mine who was successful.
824:Lewis's first monograph was
423:Other academic advisors
6398:Philosophers of probability
5324:Modality (natural language)
4617:Internalism and externalism
3955:The Phenomenology of Spirit
1923:"David Lewis's Metaphysics"
1622:"David Lewis's Metaphysics"
1408:61 (1983): pp. 343â77.
1401:47 (1981): pp. 113â21.
1359:67 (1979): pp. 427â46.
1149:, among many other topics.
1047:Lewis suffered from severe
885:counterfactual conditionals
707:". Most comprehensively in
681:counterfactual conditionals
6434:
5463:Language, Truth, and Logic
5203:Theological noncognitivism
5088:Contrast theory of meaning
5083:Causal theory of reference
4814:Index of language articles
2176:Causal theory of reference
1972:A Companion to David Lewis
1734:Kratzer, Angelika (2012).
1535:On the Plurality of Worlds
1366:8 (1979): pp. 339â59.
1352:15 (1978): pp. 37â46.
1242:, sketched a reduction of
1240:foundations of mathematics
1122:On the Plurality of Worlds
952:On the Plurality of Worlds
947:On the Plurality of Worlds
709:On the Plurality of Worlds
669:On the Plurality of Worlds
297:October 14, 2001 (aged 60)
6408:Swarthmore College alumni
6368:Harvard University alumni
6272:
5831:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
5821:David Lewis (philosopher)
5603:
5548:Philosophy of information
5148:Mediated reference theory
4811:
4743:
4448:Evolutionary epistemology
4093:
3060:
1652:10.1007/s10670-015-9762-x
1488:Lewis's triviality result
1463:Conversational scoreboard
1381:(1980): pp. 216â222.
1371:Mad pain and Martian pain
1278:Philosophical Manuscripts
964:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
877:Lewis went on to publish
777:and attended lectures by
645:philosophy of mathematics
629:philosophy of probability
595:
356:
255:
6363:American epistemologists
5473:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
4720:Philosophy of perception
4523:Representational realism
4493:Naturalized epistemology
4070:Philosophy of psychology
4005:Simulacra and Simulation
2236:Scientific structuralism
1379:Harvard University Press
1188:, where he promotes his
820:Early work on convention
727:Early life and education
262:Lewis in 1962, while at
6378:American metaphysicians
5959:Eliminative materialism
5274:Useâmention distinction
5118:Direct reference theory
4700:Outline of epistemology
4533:Transcendental idealism
3935:Critique of Pure Reason
1688:Princeton Alumni Weekly
867:Conventions of Language
618:philosophical community
417:Willard Van Orman Quine
365:20th-century philosophy
6211:Propositional attitude
6206:Problem of other minds
6114:Hypostatic abstraction
5208:Theory of descriptions
5143:Linguistic determinism
4805:Philosophy of language
4647:Problem of other minds
3526:Typeâtoken distinction
3354:Hypostatic abstraction
3136:Abstract object theory
2292:Reflective equilibrium
1633:French, Rohan (2016).
1473:Extended modal realism
1377:Vol. I. N. Block, ed.
1316:"General semantics",
1164:philosophy of language
903:Stalnaker-Lewis theory
661:philosophy of language
6353:Analytic philosophers
6282:Philosophers category
6186:Mental representation
5949:Biological naturalism
5836:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
5811:Frank Cameron Jackson
5319:Mental representation
5254:Linguistic relativity
5138:Inquisitive semantics
4725:Philosophy of science
4705:Faith and rationality
4587:Descriptive knowledge
4458:Feminist epistemology
4398:Nicholas Wolterstorff
4115:Philosophy portal
3995:Being and Nothingness
3411:Mental representation
2963:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2418:David Malet Armstrong
1980:10.1002/9781118398593
1793:"David Kellogg Lewis"
1612:(1â2):153â166 (2018).
1443:Bayesian epistemology
1422:"Elusive Knowledge",
1357:Journal of Philosophy
1325:Journal of Philosophy
1311:Journal of Philosophy
1256:plural quantification
695:, the development of
667:, in which his books
653:philosophy of science
587:Ontological innocence
5964:Emergent materialism
5503:Naming and Necessity
5413:De Arte Combinatoria
5212:Definite description
5173:Semantic externalism
4657:Procedural knowledge
4642:Problem of induction
4040:Feminist metaphysics
1776:Naming and Necessity
1348:"Truth in Fiction",
1216:Philosopher's Annual
1194:Humean supervenience
1043:Later life and death
814:Princeton University
769:and spent a year at
610:Princeton University
549:Lewis signaling game
541:Humean supervenience
427:Donald Cary Williams
405:Princeton University
95:improve this article
6161:Language of thought
5911:Ludwig Wittgenstein
5741:Patricia Churchland
5553:Philosophical logic
5543:Analytic philosophy
5349:Sense and reference
5228:Verification theory
5183:Situation semantics
4735:Virtue epistemology
4730:Social epistemology
4710:Formal epistemology
4597:Epistemic injustice
4592:Exploratory thought
4393:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3885:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
3396:Linguistic modality
2785:Patricia Churchland
2716:Christine Korsgaard
2602:Logical positivists
2494:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2271:paradox of analysis
2038:Analytic philosophy
1960:. Chesham : Acumen.
1902:Weatherson, Brian.
1801:. October 20, 2001.
1532:Lewis, D. K. 1986.
1438:American philosophy
1190:principal principle
759:Oberlin High School
637:philosophical logic
602:David Kellogg Lewis
582:RamseyâLewis method
533:Principal principle
275:David Kellogg Lewis
5989:Neurophenomenology
5660:Philosophy of mind
5403:Port-Royal Grammar
5299:Family resemblance
5218:Theory of language
5193:Supposition theory
4388:Timothy Williamson
4178:Augustine of Hippo
4075:Philosophy of self
4065:Philosophy of mind
3329:Embodied cognition
3241:Scientific realism
2958:William Lane Craig
2676:Friedrich Waismann
2633:Carl Gustav Hempel
2592:Timothy Williamson
2552:Alasdair MacIntyre
2410:Australian realism
2390:Russ Shafer-Landau
2251:Analytical Thomism
2206:Logical positivism
1968:Schaffer, Jonathan
1798:The New York Times
1538:Oxford: Blackwell.
1413:Mind and Cognition
1232:Lewis's monograph
1160:counterpart theory
863:Signalling Systems
840:prisoner's dilemma
795:Harvard University
767:Swarthmore College
731:Lewis was born in
697:counterpart theory
649:philosophy of time
625:philosophy of mind
525:Counterpart theory
375:Western philosophy
338:Harvard University
325:Swarthmore College
278:September 28, 1941
264:Swarthmore College
6300:
6299:
6196:Mindâbody problem
6094:Cognitive closure
6058:Substance dualism
5676:G. E. M. Anscombe
5626:
5625:
5128:Dynamic semantics
4771:
4770:
4637:Privileged access
4273:SĂžren Kierkegaard
4123:
4122:
3302:Category of being
3271:Truthmaker theory
3088:
3087:
3056:
3055:
2772:Pittsburgh School
2762:Peter van Inwagen
2696:Roderick Chisholm
2684:
2683:
2577:Richard Swinburne
2512:G. E. M. Anscombe
2348:
2347:
2246:Analytic theology
2221:Ordinary language
2159:
2158:
1813:Weatherson, Brian
1295:978-0-19-284739-3
1184:, causation, and
1141:, the concept of
1133:, Blackwell 1991.
1125:, Blackwell 1986.
1057:kidney transplant
1021:J. David Velleman
919:context-sensitive
771:Oxford University
752:Samuel H. Kellogg
711:, Lewis defended
699:, counterfactual
679:and semantics of
599:
598:
449:J. David Velleman
437:Doctoral students
334:Oxford University
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
192:used on Knowledge
190:encyclopedic tone
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
6425:
6048:Representational
6043:Property dualism
6036:Type physicalism
6001:New mysterianism
5969:Epiphenomenalism
5791:Martin Heidegger
5653:
5646:
5639:
5630:
5588:Formal semantics
5536:Related articles
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5408:
5398:
5168:Relevance theory
5163:Phallogocentrism
4798:
4791:
4784:
4775:
4715:Metaepistemology
4693:Related articles
4667:Regress argument
4602:Epistemic virtue
4353:Bertrand Russell
4328:Duncan Pritchard
4288:Hilary Kornblith
4203:Laurence BonJour
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3506:Substantial form
3318:Cogito, ergo sum
3261:Substance theory
3115:
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3092:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3007:Nancy Cartwright
2848:Nicholas Rescher
2825:Bas van Fraassen
2815:Nicholas Rescher
2638:Hans Reichenbach
2621:
2587:Bernard Williams
2484:Bertrand Russell
2406:
2340:Rigid designator
2303:
2049:
2045:Related articles
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2008:
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1927:Zalta, Edward N.
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1237:
1235:Parts of Classes
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1130:Parts of Classes
1073:
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960:necessarily true
907:Angelika Kratzer
899:Robert Stalnaker
882:
868:
864:
860:
852:common knowledge
848:Thomas Schelling
829:
765:. He went on to
715:: the view that
685:Robert Stalnaker
412:Doctoral advisor
313:Other names
260:
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200:for suggestions.
196:See Knowledge's
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6074:Abstract object
6062:
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5886:Wilfrid Sellars
5761:Donald Davidson
5746:Paul Churchland
5706:George Berkeley
5662:
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5627:
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5599:
5578:School of Names
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5516:
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5493:Of Grammatology
5486:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5406:
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5232:
5178:Semantic holism
5158:Non-cognitivism
5098:Conventionalism
5069:
4816:
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4772:
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4739:
4688:
4607:Gettier problem
4537:
4468:Foundationalism
4414:
4363:Wilfrid Sellars
4318:Alvin Plantinga
4198:George Berkeley
4165:Epistemologists
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3855:De rerum natura
3848:
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3456:Physical object
3292:Abstract object
3280:
3266:Theory of forms
3201:Meaning of life
3124:
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3084:
3075:
3052:
3043:Jan Ćukasiewicz
3031:
2999:Stanford School
2993:
2979:Paul Feyerabend
2967:
2953:Alvin Plantinga
2941:
2927:James F. Conant
2913:
2857:
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2820:Wilfrid Sellars
2810:Alexander Pruss
2790:Paul Churchland
2766:
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2701:Donald Davidson
2680:
2642:
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2522:Michael Dummett
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2489:Frank P. Ramsey
2442:
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2380:Jaakko Hintikka
2365:Keith Donnellan
2344:
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2216:Neurophilosophy
2201:Logical atomism
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1996:Wayback Machine
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1970:, eds. (2015).
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1433:
1306:
1304:Selected papers
1296:
1275:
1238:(1991), on the
1233:
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1199:
1186:decision theory
1182:counterfactuals
1173:
1153:
1114:Counterfactuals
1101:
1096:
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1065:Lewisian Themes
1063:
1045:
1029:Phillip Bricker
1008:
980:
928:
880:Counterfactuals
878:
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862:
858:
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757:Lewis attended
737:Oberlin College
729:
717:possible worlds
673:Counterfactuals
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501:Possible worlds
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5768:
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5656:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Presupposition
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:Deconstruction
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4778:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:Constructivism
4430:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:Baruch Spinoza
4380:
4378:P. F. Strawson
4375:
4370:
4368:Susanna Siegel
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4343:W. V. O. Quine
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Nelson Goodman
4240:
4235:
4233:Edmund Gettier
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:René Descartes
4215:
4210:
4208:Gilles Deleuze
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:William Alston
4180:
4175:
4173:Thomas Aquinas
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4105:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4018:Related topics
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3991:
3985:Being and Time
3981:
3971:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3891:
3881:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3831:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3558:Metaphysicians
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3312:Causal closure
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3186:Libertarianism
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Existentialism
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3027:Patrick Suppes
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2909:Michael Walzer
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Robert Brandom
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:W. V. O. Quine
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Nelson Goodman
2708:
2706:Daniel Dennett
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2671:Moritz Schlick
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Charles Taylor
2579:
2574:
2572:P. F. Strawson
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Norman Malcolm
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2438:J. J. C. Smart
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:David Chalmers
2420:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Giuseppe Peano
2382:
2377:
2375:Edmund Gettier
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Possible world
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Counterfactual
2279:
2274:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Paraconsistent
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2052:Areas of focus
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1987:
1986:External links
1984:
1983:
1982:
1961:
1952:
1940:Dixon, Scott.
1937:
1918:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1867:Originally in
1860:
1834:
1815:(2005-08-02).
1804:
1784:
1767:
1751:
1744:
1726:
1693:
1679:
1658:
1645:(4): 683â704.
1625:
1614:
1607:Metaphilosophy
1598:
1585:
1567:
1540:
1525:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Possible world
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1382:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1338:, Reidel 1974.
1332:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1207:
1197:
1171:
1143:semantic score
1135:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1044:
1041:
1013:Robert Brandom
1007:
1004:
979:
976:
927:
924:
874:
871:
821:
818:
803:J. J. C. Smart
799:W. V. O. Quine
787:P. F. Strawson
728:
725:
597:
596:
593:
592:
590:Centered world
498:
495:
492:
491:
458:
456:Main interests
455:
452:
451:
441:Robert Brandom
438:
434:
433:
424:
420:
419:
414:
408:
407:
402:
398:
397:
384:
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
322:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
299:
295:
291:
290:
280:
274:
272:
268:
267:
261:
253:
252:
249:
242:
241:
224:
223:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:David K. Lewis
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6430:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Understanding
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Introspection
6149:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:Consciousness
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:Phenomenology
6024:
6022:
6021:Phenomenalism
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6011:Occasionalism
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5984:NaĂŻve realism
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:Functionalism
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Stephen Yablo
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5871:Richard Rorty
5869:
5867:
5866:Hilary Putnam
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5841:Marvin Minsky
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:Immanuel Kant
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:William James
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Henri Bergson
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:Scholasticism
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Structuralism
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Descriptivism
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5093:Contrastivism
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Justification
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Phenomenalism
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:NaĂŻve realism
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:Contextualism
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:Vienna Circle
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Hilary Putnam
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Robert Nozick
4311:
4309:
4308:John McDowell
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Immanuel Kant
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Alvin Goldman
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Phenomenology
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:Notable works
3815:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Phenomenalism
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Action theory
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3081:
3073:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3049:
3048:Alfred Tarski
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Peter Galison
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Nathan Salmon
2902:
2900:
2899:Richard Rorty
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Alonzo Church
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Ruth Millikan
2803:
2801:
2800:John McDowell
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Hilary Putnam
2729:
2727:
2726:Robert Nozick
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Rudolf Carnap
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2648:Vienna Circle
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2625:Berlin Circle
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Philippa Foot
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Graham Priest
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Charlie Broad
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Gottlob Frege
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2297:Supervenience
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Functionalism
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Descriptivism
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Philosophical
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Non-classical
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:Loewer, Barry
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1942:"David Lewis"
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1904:"David Lewis"
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:0-520-03826-6
1880:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1745:9780199234691
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:"David Lewis"
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:"David Lewis"
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1556:(2): 93â106.
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Modal realism
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Canberra Plan
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:"Causation",
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1037:Joshua Greene
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Peter Railton
1022:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
996:Occam's razor
993:
988:
986:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
953:
948:
942:
940:
939:
934:
933:modal realism
925:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
891:
886:
881:
872:
870:
855:
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
819:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
733:Oberlin, Ohio
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
713:modal realism
710:
706:
705:supervenience
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
594:
591:
583:
577:
576:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Modal realism
506:
502:
499:
496:Notable ideas
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
453:
450:
446:
445:Peter Railton
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
415:
413:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
385:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
323:
319:
316:Bruce Le Catt
315:
311:
306:
302:
296:
292:
287:
283:
273:
269:
265:
259:
254:
247:
238:
235:
220:
217:
209:
199:
193:
191:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
151:December 2010
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: â
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6262: /
6258: /
6254: /
6171:Mental image
6166:Mental event
6129:Intelligence
6079:Chinese room
5925:
5876:Gilbert Ryle
5856:Derek Parfit
5846:Thomas Nagel
5820:
5776:Fred Dretske
5696:J. L. Austin
5668:Philosophers
5521:
5511:
5501:
5491:
5481:
5471:
5461:
5451:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5401:
5391:
5373:
5314:Metalanguage
5309:Logical form
5264:Truth-bearer
5223:Unilalianism
5133:Expressivism
5054:
4960:Wittgenstein
4905:von Humboldt
4822:Philosophers
4681:
4582:Common sense
4560:A posteriori
4559:
4551:
4513:Reductionism
4407:
4358:Gilbert Ryle
4292:
4228:Fred Dretske
4213:Keith DeRose
4157:Epistemology
4035:Epistemology
4003:
3993:
3983:
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3721:Wittgenstein
3666:Schopenhauer
3545:
3536:Unobservable
3386:Intelligence
3316:
3256:Subjectivism
3251:Spiritualism
3166:Essentialism
3146:Anti-realism
2937:Cora Diamond
2883:
2853:Morton White
2721:Thomas Nagel
2666:Otto Neurath
2615:Ernest Nagel
2562:Gilbert Ryle
2557:Derek Parfit
2517:J. L. Austin
2464:Casimir Lewy
2433:Peter Singer
2428:J. L. Mackie
2400:Barry Stroud
2360:Noam Chomsky
2353:Philosophers
2287:Natural kind
2171:Anti-realism
2131:Mathematical
2105:Performative
2064:Epistemology
1971:
1955:
1945:
1930:
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1847:
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1458:Causal model
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1147:value theory
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1104:
1076:Brian Leiter
1070:
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1046:
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1000:
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730:
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601:
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431:Iris Murdoch
401:Institutions
395:Perdurantism
230:
212:
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6318:2001 deaths
6313:1941 births
6256:information
6247:Metaphysics
6221:Tabula rasa
6031:Physicalism
6016:Parallelism
5944:Behaviorism
5901:Michael Tye
5896:Alan Turing
5881:John Searle
5756:Dharmakirti
5731:Tyler Burge
5726:C. D. Broad
5558:Linguistics
5523:Limited Inc
5443:On Denoting
5269:Proposition
4920:de Saussure
4885:Ibn Khaldun
4662:Proposition
4632:Objectivity
4518:Reliabilism
4508:Rationalism
4453:Fallibilism
4428:Coherentism
4373:Ernest Sosa
4348:Thomas Reid
4333:James Pryor
4303:G. E. Moore
4293:David Lewis
4283:Saul Kripke
4278:Peter Klein
4258:Susan Haack
4188:Robert Audi
3865:Metaphysics
3849:(c. 200 BC)
3839:(c. 350 BC)
3829:(c. 350 BC)
3716:Collingwood
3621:Malebranche
3369:Information
3297:Anima mundi
3276:Type theory
3231:Physicalism
3196:Materialism
3151:Determinism
3122:Metaphysics
3036:Lwow-Warsaw
3022:Ian Hacking
2989:Karl Popper
2984:Thomas Kuhn
2932:Alice Crary
2894:Saul Kripke
2889:Jaegwon Kim
2884:David Lewis
2874:Jerry Fodor
2843:Susan Haack
2757:Robert Audi
2567:John Searle
2537:Peter Geach
2527:Antony Flew
2474:G. E. Moore
2395:Ernest Sosa
2325:Possibility
2074:Mathematics
2059:Metaphysics
1957:David Lewis
1921:Hall, Ned.
1871:Jeffrey, R.
1853:6 September
985:Saul Kripke
938:counterpart
911:subjunctive
832:game theory
783:H. P. Grice
693:modal logic
689:metaphysics
671:(1986) and
657:metaphysics
563:distinction
557:endurantism
477:Metaphysics
250:David Lewis
6307:Categories
6292:Task Force
6260:perception
6134:Artificial
6084:Creativity
6006:Nondualism
5906:Vasubandhu
5826:John Locke
5796:David Hume
5751:Andy Clark
5618:Discussion
5613:Task Force
5563:Pragmatics
5354:Speech act
5284:Categories
5198:Symbiosism
5153:Nominalism
5065:Watzlawick
4945:Bloomfield
4865:Chrysippus
4763:Discussion
4753:Task Force
4672:Simplicity
4652:Perception
4528:Skepticism
4503:Positivism
4478:Infinitism
4443:Empiricism
4298:John Locke
4263:David Hume
4253:Anil Gupta
4248:Paul Grice
4223:John Dewey
4193:A. J. Ayer
3925:Monadology
3859:(c. 80 BC)
3566:Parmenides
3451:Perception
3349:Experience
3236:Relativism
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3161:Enactivism
3012:John Dupré
2879:Kurt Gödel
2835:Pragmatism
2750:Notre Dame
2741:John Rawls
2610:A. J. Ayer
2547:R. M. Hare
2542:Paul Grice
2454:Arif Ahmed
2241:Sense data
2226:Pragmatism
2100:Linguistic
1720:2023-03-22
1639:Erkenntnis
1505:References
1244:set theory
1017:L. A. Paul
978:Criticisms
968:C.I. Lewis
894:consequent
890:antecedent
859:Convention
641:aesthetics
391:Nominalism
305:New Jersey
121:newspapers
50:improve it
6156:Intuition
6089:Cognition
6053:Solipsism
5716:Ned Block
5686:Armstrong
5681:Aristotle
5595:Semiotics
5583:Semantics
5433:Alciphron
5369:Statement
5304:Intension
5244:Ambiguity
5123:Dramatism
5103:Cratylism
4855:Eubulides
4850:Aristotle
4830:Confucius
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4612:Induction
4562:knowledge
4554:knowledge
4085:Teleology
4050:Mereology
4030:Cosmology
3889:(c. 1000)
3786:Plantinga
3776:Armstrong
3726:Heidegger
3701:Whitehead
3686:Nietzsche
3606:Descartes
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3531:Universal
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3431:Necessity
3391:Intention
3344:Existence
3307:Causality
3246:Solipsism
3176:Free will
2862:Princeton
2661:Hans Hahn
2447:Cambridge
2320:Necessity
2315:Actualism
2186:Emotivism
2151:Predicate
2121:Classical
1829:1538-1617
1715:0261-3077
1252:mereology
1139:causation
1033:Cian Dorr
1006:Influence
763:chemistry
744:historian
719:exist as
701:causation
665:semantics
614:Australia
555: The
321:Education
301:Princeton
56:talk page
6277:Category
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6287:Project
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4995:Gadamer
4990:Chomsky
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4935:Tillich
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4835:Gorgias
4683:more...
4463:Fideism
4409:more...
3875:Enneads
3869:(c. 50)
3835:Timaeus
3825:Sophist
3771:Dummett
3766:Deleuze
3706:Russell
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3671:Bolzano
3631:Leibniz
3611:Spinoza
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3339:Essence
3324:Concept
3226:Realism
3191:Liberty
3156:Dualism
2972:Science
2689:Harvard
2335:Realism
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2079:Science
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1673:Science
1398:Theoria
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5000:Kripke
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4900:Herder
4890:Hobbes
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