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became unsafe in airflows so low that a Davy lamp carried at normal walking pace against normal airflows in walkways was only safe if provided with a draught shield (not normally fitted), and the committee noted that accidents had happened when the lamp was "in general and careful use; no one survived to tell the tale of how these occurrences took place; conjecture supplied the want of positive knowledge most unsatisfactorily; but incidents are recorded which prove what must follow unreasonable testing of the lamp; and your
Committee are constrained to believe that ignorance and a false reliance upon its merits, in cases attended with unwarrantable risks, have led to disastrous consequences" The "South Shields Committee", a body set up by a public meeting there (in response to an explosion at the St Hilda pit in 1839) to consider the prevention of accidents in mines had shown that mine ventilation in the North-East was generally deficient, with an insufficient supply of fresh air giving every opportunity for explosive mixtures of gas to accumulate. A subsequent select committee in 1852 concurred with this view; firedamp explosions could best be prevented by improving mine ventilation (by the use of steam ejectors: the committee specifically advised against fan ventilation), which had been neglected because of over-reliance on the safety of the Davy lamp.
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490:. The Shields Committee also argued against the practice (which it thought Parliament should legislate against for all new winnings) of sinking a single shaft and sub-dividing it by partitions ('brattices') to separate in- and out-flowing ventilation air – any explosion destroying the bratticing would destroy the ventilation of the mine and ensure the death by asphyxiation of those underground. This scenario had led to some of the deaths in the Wallsend accident of 1835: multiple shafts became a legal requirement in 1863 after the deaths of 204 miners in the
244:. Davy's lamp differed from Stephenson's in that the flame was surrounded by a screen of gauze, whereas Stephenson's prototype lamp had a perforated plate contained in a glass cylinder (a design mentioned in Davy's Royal Society paper as an alternative to his preferred solution). For his invention Davy was given £2,000 worth of silver (the money being raised by public subscription), whilst Stephenson was accused of stealing the idea from Davy, because the fully developed '
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193:, working for the German Bureau of Mines, had concerns for the health and welfare of the miners and invented a kind of respirator and "four lamps of different construction suitable for employment in various circumstances. The respirator was to prevent the inhaling of injurious gases, and to supply the miner with good air; the lamps were constructed to burn in the most inflammable kind of
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expanded, so as to completely fill the wire gauze. For some time, the flame of the lamp was seen through that of the firedamp, which became ultimately extinguished without explosion. Results more satisfactory were not to be wished..." Another correspondent to the paper commented "The Lamp offers absolute security to the miner... With the excellent ventilation of the
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relates that opinion varied about the two lamps efficiency; that the Davy Lamp gave more light, but the
Geordie Lamp was thought to be safer in a more gaseous atmosphere. He follows Smiles(1857) in referring to an incident in 1857 at Oaks Colliery in Barnsley where both lamps were in use. Following a
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The
Shields Committee argued that the local mines had had far too few shafts for the size of the underground workings (a view supported by evidence from George Stephenson, amongst others) and that the Commons Select Committee of 1835 had been misled on this point by gross over-estimates of the cost
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in flammable mixtures of firedamp with air would not pass through tubes of diameter less than 1/8". Stephenson's first lamp had a 1/2" air inlet, throttled by a slider, the second three air inlets of internal diameter 3/22" (0.136") but distorted by bending at the tip to give an oval, long diameter
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of 1860 therefore required coal mines to have an adequate amount of ventilation, constantly produced, to dilute and render harmless noxious gases so that work areas were – under ordinary circumstances – in a fit state to be worked (areas where a normally safe atmosphere could not be ensured were to
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reported a demonstration of the Davy lamp at
William Pit, Whitehaven. Placed in a blower "... the effect was grand beyond description. At first a blue flame was seen to cap the flame of the lamp, – then succeeded a lambent flame, playing in the cylinder; and shortly after, the flame of the firedamp
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A local committee of enquiry gathered in support of
Stephenson exonerated him, showing that he had been working separately to create the Geordie lamp, and raised a subscription for him of £1,000. Davy and his supporters refused to accept their findings, and would not see how an uneducated man such
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The lamps had to be provided by the miners themselves, not the owners, as traditionally the miners had bought their own candles from the company store. Miners still preferred the better illumination from a naked light, and mine regulations insisting that only safety lamps be used were draconian in
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Colliery on 9 January 1816. A letter from Davy (which he intended to be kept private) describing his findings and various suggestions for a safety lamp was made public at a meeting in
Newcastle on 3 November 1815, and a paper describing the lamp was formally presented at a Royal Society meeting in
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The mean maximum quenching diameter (the maximum hole diameter through which a flame (not an explosion) will not pass) for drilled holes in 1/32" thick brass plate was reported in 1968 to be 0.139 inches for methane/air mixtures. Davy's letter read at the 3 November meeting in
Newcastle reported
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Another reason for the increase in accidents was the unreliability of the lamps themselves. The bare gauze was easily damaged, and once just a single wire broke or rusted away, the lamp became unsafe. Work carried out by a scientific witness and reported by the committee showed that the Davy lamp
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commented both on the failure to learn from the first accident, and on the "further absurdity" of "carrying a Davy lamp in one hand for the sake of safety, and a naked lighted candle in the other, as if for the sake of danger. Beyond this there can be no conceivable thoughtlessness and folly; and
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The lamp also provided a test for the presence of gases. If flammable gas mixtures were present, the flame of the Davy lamp burned higher with a blue tinge. Lamps were equipped with a metal gauge to measure the height of the flame. Miners could place the safety lamp close to the ground to detect
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as "a dangerous seam, which required the utmost care in keeping in a working state", which could only be worked with the Davy lamp. The coroner noted that a previous firedamp explosion in 1821 had killed 52, but directed his jury that any finding on the wisdom of continuing to work the seam was
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The practice of using a Davy lamp and a candle together was not entirely absurd, however, if the Davy lamp is understood to be not only a safe light in an explosive atmosphere, but also a gauge of firedamp levels. In practice, however, the warning from the lamp was not always noticed in time,
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However, this prediction was not fulfilled: in the next thirty years, firedamp explosions in
Whitehaven pits killed 137 people. More generally, the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines reported in 1835 that the introduction of the Davy lamp had led to an increase in mine accidents; the lamp
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and presented to the museum visitors in a more accessible digital format via a virtual reality cabinet. At first sight it appears to be a traditional display cabinet but has a touch screen with various options for visitors to view and reference the virtual exhibits inside.
285:; air (and any firedamp present) can pass through the mesh freely enough to support combustion, but the holes are too fine to allow a flame to propagate through them and ignite any firedamp outside the mesh. The Davy lamp was fuelled by oil or naphtha (lighter fluid).
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encouraged the working of mines and parts of mines that had previously been closed for safety reasons. For example, in 1835, 102 men and boys were killed by a firedamp explosion in a
Wallsend colliery working the Bensham seam, described at the subsequent inquest by
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devised a lamp in which the air entered via tiny holes, through which the flames of the lamp could not pass. A month before Davy presented his design to the Royal
Society, Stephenson demonstrated his own lamp to two witnesses by taking it down
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and the application of Sir HUMPHRY's valuable instrument, the accidents from the explosion of' (carburetted) 'hydrogene which have occurred (although comparatively few for such extensive works) will by this happy invention be avoided".
307:). A methane-air flame is extinguished at about 17% oxygen content (which will still support life), so the lamp gave an early indication of an unhealthy atmosphere, allowing the miners to get out before they died of asphyxiation.
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when such management is allowed in the mine of two of the most opulent coal-proprietors in the kingdom, we cease to wonder at anything that may take place in mines worked by men equally without capital and science"
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An account of the dreadful explosion in Wallsend Colliery, on the 18th June, 1835, to which is added a list of explosions, inundations, &c. which have occurred in the Coal Mines of Northumberland and Durham
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committee found that Stephenson had equal claim to having invented the safety lamp. Davy went to his grave claiming that Stephenson had stolen his idea. The Stephenson lamp was used almost exclusively in
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principle, but in practice neither observed nor enforced. After two accidents in two years (1838–39) in Cumberland pits, both caused by safety checks being carried out by the light of a naked flame, the
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sudden strong influx of gas the tops of all the Davy Lamps became red hot (which had in the past caused an explosion, and in so doing risked another), whilst all the Geordie Lamps simply went out.
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Even when new and clean, illumination from the safety lamps was very poor, and the problem was not fully resolved until electric lamps became widely available in the late 19th century.
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Report upon the claims of Mr. George Stephenson, relative to the invention of his safety lamp, by the committee appointed at a meeting holden in Newcastle on the First of November 1817
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as Stephenson could come up with the solution he had: Stephenson himself freely admitted that he had arrived at a practical solution on the basis of an erroneous theory. In 1833, a
1216:"How Big is a Hole?: The Problems of the Practical Application of Science in the Invention of the Miners' Safety Lamp by Humphry Davy and George Stephenson in Late Regency England"
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248:' had not been demonstrated by Stephenson until after Davy had presented his paper at the Royal Society, and (it was held) previous versions had not actually been safe.
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We're not especially interested in valuing them, most are only worth about £50 or £60, but some of the rarest and oldest examples can sell for over £500.
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261:, whereas the Davy lamp was used everywhere else. The experience gave Stephenson a lifelong distrust of London-based, theoretical, scientific experts.
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1/5", short diameter 1/14", in his third lamp, air ingress was through brass plates with holes of various sizes, the largest about 1/12" diameter
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be fenced off "as far as possible"): it also required safety lamps to be examined and securely locked by a duly authorised person before use.
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Report from the Select Committee on Coal Mines, together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index
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The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, Late President of the Royal Society, Foreign Associate of the Royal Institute of France ...: In 2 volumes
536:(1872) Karl Bruhns (ed), Chapter III by Julius Lowenberg, p.152 in German. Translated to English in 1873 by Jane and Caroline Lassell.
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without igniting the gas. They were the forerunners of Davy's later invention, and were frequently made use of by the miners."
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423:, Wales, now a mining museum, hosted an event for members of the public to bring in their Davy lamps for identification. The
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in May 1813. The more cumbersome Clanny safety lamp was successfully tested at Herrington Mill, and he won medals, from the
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Knight, David (1992) Humphry Davy: Science and Power. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (Chapter 8: The Safety Lamp),
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of 1862 where the catastrophic failure of a pump beam both destroyed the ventilation and blocked the only means of escape.
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torch relays. It was used in the relays for the Sydney, Athens, Turin, Beijing, Vancouver and Singapore Youth
293:, that are denser than air and so could collect in depressions in the mine; if the mine air was oxygen-poor (
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Third Symposium on Chemical Process Hazards with Special Reference to Plant Design LChem.E. Symposium Series
711:"The Measurement of Quenching Diameters and their Relation to the Flameproof Grouping of Gases and Vapours"
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The Report of the South Shields Committee, appointed to investigate the causes of Accidents in Coal Mines
378:. It was also used for the Special Olympics Shanghai, Pan American and Central African games and for the
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A description of the safety lamp, invented by George Stephenson, and now in use in Killingworth Colliery
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661:"On the Fire-Damp of Coal Mines, and on Methods of Lighting the Mines So as to Prevent Its Explosion"
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Report upon the claims of Mr. George Stephenson, relative to the invention of his safety lamp
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See note in "Successors" section of this WP article about the modern day use of the lamps.
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Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society: Extra Series XXIV:
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lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was created for use in
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A replica of a Davy lamp is located in front of the ticket office at the
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lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. The screen acts as a
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showing an experiment that demonstrates the principle of the Davy lamp
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George Stephenson: The Remarkable Life of the Founder of the Railways
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724:. London: Institution of Chemical Engineers: 53. Archived from
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Thunder underground: Northumberland mining disasters, 1815–1865
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A modern-day equivalent of the Davy lamp has been used in the
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London on 9 November. For it, Davy was awarded the society's
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159:, to reduce the danger of explosions due to the presence of
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A type of Davy lamp with apertures for gauging flame height
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at Rhondda Cynon Taf Library Service. Accessed 7 July 2012
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Aberdare – Cambrian Lamp Works – E. Thomas & Williams
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Let the flames begin: Beckham gets the home fires burning
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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In 2015, the bicentenary of Davy's invention, the former
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The first trial of a Davy lamp with a wire sieve was at
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Despite his lack of scientific knowledge, engine-wright
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782:(1857). "Chap. X.: Invents the "Geordy" Safety Lamp.".
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In his book 'George and Robert Stephenson,' the author
412:(Sunderland AFC) which is built on a former coal mine.
953:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans. 1843.
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The power and the glory: Humphry Davy and Romanticism
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Cumberland Pacquet, and Ware's Whitehaven Advertiser
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that his work on samples of firedamp had shown that
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147:used in flammable atmospheres, invented in 1815 by
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1128:"Mining museum celebrates 200 years of Davy Lamps"
1000:. London: by order of the House of Commons. 1852.
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351:especially in the working conditions of the era.
1163:"Celebrating 200 Years of the Flame Safety Lamp"
228:and holding it in front of a fissure from which
1092:at Heritage Photo Archive. Accessed 7 July 2012
785:The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer
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515:Brief History of the Miner's Flame Safety Lamp
185:Timeline of the development of the safety lamp
965:"At A Public Meeting of the Inhabitants...".
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538:in the public Domain via Library of Congress
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127:Davy's first safety lantern, 1815 (at left)
912:Cambridge: University Press, 1990 page 224
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586:, Newcastle: Emerson Charnley, p. 17
524:at minerslamps.net. Accessed 7 July 20121
340:Royal Commission on Children's Employment
297:), the lamp flame would be extinguished (
200:Davy's invention was preceded by that of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Safety lamp used in flammable atmospheres
1254:from the original on 27 September 2019.
980:"Awful Loss of Life at South Shields".
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449:
1116:Official website. Accessed 7 July 2012
645:. Vol. II. Colburn & Bentley.
534:Life of Alexander Von Humboldt, Vol. I
356:Regulation and Inspection of Mines Act
1090:Protector Safety Lamp Company, Eccles
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1224:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1185:"3D scanning the original Davy Lamp"
1080:, 19 May 2012. Accessed 12 July 2012
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1140:from the original on 8 January 2019
486:of additional shafts given them by
1293:Martyn Poliakoff, Martyn Poliakoff
1288:Brief bio at Spartacus Educational
550:from websites or documents of the
433:Royal Institution of Great Britain
163:and other flammable gases, called
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1126:Prior, Neil (26 September 2015).
882:West Cumberland Coal: 1600–1982/3
1191:from the original on 5 June 2016
1187:. Physical Digital. 2 May 2016.
931:(Sykes was the publisher of the
788:. London: John Murray. pp.
546: This article incorporates
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580:Brandling, C J (chair) (1817),
425:National Mining Museum Scotland
34:needs additional citations for
836:History of Lindal & Marton
208:, who had read a paper to the
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1302:The Periodic Table of Videos
1214:James, Frank A.J.L. (2005).
1046:Smithsonian (October 2022).
1020:Smithsonian (October 2022).
910:Romanticism and the Sciences
810:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
692:Stephenson, George (1817).
380:London 2012 Summer Olympics
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863:. 9 April 1816. p. 3.
698:(Second ed.). London.
387:Eccles, Greater Manchester
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984:. 5 July 1839. p. 2.
969:. 5 July 1839. p. 3.
603:. Landmark. p. 121.
492:Hartley Colliery disaster
1307:University of Nottingham
1165:. National Mining Museum
967:Durham County Advertiser
963:advertisement beginning
884:. Kendal: Titus Wilson.
759:. Newcastle: S. Hodgson.
385:Lamps are still made in
334:outside their province.
1359:19th-century inventions
1273:The Miners' Safety Lamp
1052:Smithsonian Institution
1026:Smithsonian Institution
859:"untitled paragraphs".
277:The lamp consists of a
929:Newcastle: John Sykes.
904:Christopher Lawrence,
678:10.1098/rstl.1816.0001
659:Davy, Humphry (1816).
597:Thompson, Roy (2004).
548:public domain material
520:26 August 2003 at the
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191:Alexander von Humboldt
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135:Diagram of a Davy lamp
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1266:Popular Science video
880:Wood, Oliver (1988).
540:Accessed 21 Dec 2021
322:Whitehaven Collieries
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226:Killingworth Colliery
214:Royal Society of Arts
204:, an Irish doctor at
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1237:10.1179/tns.2005.010
922:Sykes, John (1835).
43:improve this article
709:Grove, J R (1968).
552:Library of Congress
202:William Reid Clanny
151:. It consists of a
1349:1815 introductions
1324:English inventions
1277:Pitt Rivers Museum
1114:J. K. Dey and Sons
731:on 11 October 2017
637:Paris, John Ayrton
437:reverse engineered
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1281:Oxford University
982:Newcastle Courant
933:Newcastle Courant
610:978-1-84306-169-4
265:Design and theory
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32:This article
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1286:Humphry Davy
1228:
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1193:. Retrieved
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1354:Davy family
1339:Mine safety
1169:17 February
1144:17 February
488:John Buddle
473:L.T.C. Rolt
395:South Wales
331:John Buddle
145:safety lamp
58:"Davy lamp"
1318:Categories
1071:Peck, Tom
1057:22 October
1031:22 October
891:095007795X
502:References
459:explosions
366:Successors
300:black damp
183:See also:
157:coal mines
69:newspapers
1245:111936569
616:8 January
397:; and in
305:chokedamp
195:fire-damp
141:Davy lamp
1334:Oil lamp
1249:Archived
1189:Archived
1138:Archived
1133:BBC News
806:(1975).
735:30 April
639:(1831).
518:Archived
391:Aberdare
230:firedamp
172:minedamp
166:firedamp
841:3 March
421:Wrexham
399:Kolkata
382:relay.
237:Hebburn
179:History
161:methane
83:scholar
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311:Impact
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1252:(PDF)
1241:S2CID
1219:(PDF)
1195:9 May
792:–132.
729:(PDF)
714:(PDF)
671:: 1.
444:Notes
419:, in
403:India
389:; in
143:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
1197:2016
1171:2016
1146:2016
1059:2022
1033:2022
886:ISBN
843:2024
812:ISBN
737:2017
618:2013
605:ISBN
565:ISBN
354:The
279:wick
153:wick
139:The
62:news
1275:at
1233:doi
926:...
673:doi
669:106
427:at
303:or
169:or
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