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441:, subjects were asked to imagine different objects over the course of different rounds. Those who imagined more details and sleek objects often saw themselves as more useful and held the belief that they were more capable of growth. Through the daydream, which involved many fantastical elements, characteristics such as a fear of men or a desire to subdue a selfish personality trait were often revealed.
409:
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562:, which describes vivid and elaborate daydreams for prolonged periods of time. Individuals who are affected by maladaptive daydreaming often neglect their real-life relationships and obligations, leading to clinical distress and impaired functioning. According to research the most common comorbidities associated with maladaptive daydreaming include
154:
95:
555:. When daydreaming becomes too detached from reality or interferes with everyday functioning, it may be indicative of deeper psychological issues or neurotic conflicts. While Freud didn’t explicitly correlate daydreaming to mental illness, he suggests that certain types of daydreams reflect underlying psychological disturbances.
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The negative consequences of daydreaming on reading performance have been studied the most thoroughly. Research shows that there is a negative correlation between daydreaming frequency and reading comprehension performance, specifically worsened item-specific comprehension and model-building ability.
349:
Daydreaming can also be used to imagine social situations. Social daydreaming is imagining past social occurrences and future events and conversations. According to research, daydreaming and social cognition have strong overlapping similarities when activated portions of the brain are observed. These
322:
Attentional cycling is an adaptive function of daydreaming through which a person’s attention may cycle through multiple target problems at the same time, helping the individual remain positive. When people have a variety of goals, daydreaming can provide an opportunity for people to alternate across
533:
Despite the detrimental impact of daydreaming on aptitude tests which most educational institutions put heavy emphasis on, scholars argue that it is important for children to get internal reflection skills from daydreaming. Research shows that children equipped with these skills have higher academic
529:
Select research has argued that the mind is not idle during daydreaming, though it is at rest when not attentively engaging in external tasks. Rather, during this process, people indulge themselves in and reflect on fantasies, memories, future goals and psychological selves while still being able to
394:
The decoupling account suggests that attention becomes removed, or decoupled, from perceptual information involving an external task, and couples to an internal process. In this process, TUT is enhanced as internal thoughts are disengaged from surrounding distractions as the participant ‘tunes out’
586:
Research on daydreaming faces challenges due to the difficulty in observing and measuring it compared to other mental tasks. Instead of making broad conclusions about its benefits or drawbacks, researchers should focus on how the content and form of daydreams relate to specific adaptive outcomes.
340:
When people are performing mundane tasks, daydreaming allows their thoughts to detach from current external tasks to relieve boredom. At the same time, this temporary detachment will not stop external activities completely when they are necessary. As a result, daydreaming can cause the perception
506:
Negative mood is another association of daydreaming. Research finds people generally report lower happiness when they are daydreaming than when they are not. For those experiencing positive daydreaming, the same happiness rating is reported between current tasks and pleasant things they are more
386:
The distractibility account theorizes that distracting stimuli, whether internal or external, reflect a failure to disregard or control distractions in the mind. According to this theory, the brain activity increases in response to an increase in attention to mind-wandering and the mind tends to
313:
This function of daydreaming is associated with increased creativity in individuals. The frequency of daydreaming is the highest during simple tasks. It is hypothesized that daydreaming plays an important role in generating creative problem-solving processes. Studies have found that intentional
525:
While the cost of daydreaming is more thoroughly discussed, the associated benefit is understudied. One potential reason is the payoff of daydreaming is usually private and hidden compared to the measurable cost from external goal-directed tasks. It is hard to know and record people's private
331:
A change in the daydreaming state can lead to dishabituation, a function that can be beneficial during a learning process as it renews attention and interest in stimuli that have become repetitive. One research identified this effect in learning and showed that learning is more effective with
353:
The correlation between social daydreaming and positive social relationships suggests that daydreaming about close others can enhance social well-being, reduce loneliness, and increase relationship satisfaction. Recent studies indicate that social daydreaming serves immediate socio-emotional
382:
There has yet to be a consensus on how the process of mind wandering occurs. Three theories have been devised to explain the occurrences and reasons behind why people daydream. These theories are the distractibility account, executive-function account, and the decoupling account.
332:
distributed practices over time rather than massed practices all at once. Daydreaming can provide a break to allow thoughts to drift away from intensive learning . When you return, you will be able to focus again with the ability to continue focusing on attention-demanding tasks.
429:. In contrast to nighttime dreams, there seems to be a process of "secondary revision" in fantasies that makes them more lucid, like daydreaming. The state of daydreaming is a kind of liminal state between waking (with the ability to think rationally and logically) and sleeping.
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control enough attention to keep easy tasks going and monitor the external environment. Thus, the potential benefits are the skills of internal reflection developed in daydreaming to connect emotional implication of daily life experience with personal meaning building process.
587:
This involves using intensive longitudinal methods to track daydreams in real-world settings and linking them to measurable goals. Integration with social psychological theory can help understand how social daydreams impact social interactions and goal achievement. Combining
257:, whose research created the foundation for nearly all subsequent modern research. The terminologies assigned by modern researchers brings about challenges centering on identifying the common features of daydreaming and building collective work among researchers.
390:
The executive-function account theorizes that the mind fails to correctly process task relevant events. This theory is based on the observation of TUT causes an increase in errors regarding task focused thinking, especially tasks requiring executive control.
350:
findings indicate that daydreaming is an extension of the brain's experience of social cognition. This is likely because daydreams are often focused on the mental representations of social events, experiences, and people.
468:
Eric
Klinger's research in the 1980s showed that most daydreams are about ordinary, everyday events and help to remind us of mundane tasks. Klinger's research also showed that over 75% of workers in "boring jobs", such as
542:
Besides believing that daydreaming is motivated by unconscious drives and desires, Sigmund Freud also acknowledges that daydreaming can become excessive or pathological in some cases. Such instances can manifest as
833:
Baird, Benjamin; Smallwood, Jonathan; Mrazek, Michael D.; Kam, Julia W. Y.; Franklin, Michael S.; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2012-10-01). "Inspired by distraction: mind wandering facilitates creative incubation".
265:
Daydreaming consists of self-generated thoughts comprising three distinct categories: thoughts concerning the future and oneself, reflections on the past and others, and the emotional tone of experiences.
456:
thinking, rational planning, creativity, and positivism, or conversely, over-thinking negative experiences from the past, pessimistic views of the future, negative mood-episodes, guilt, fear, and poor
305:
Daydreaming can be a useful tool to help keep people mindful of their relevant goals, such as imagining future success of a goal to motivate accomplishing a difficult or uninteresting task.
1440:
Barron, Evelyn; Riby, Leigh M.; Greer, Joanna; Smallwood, Jonathan (2011-05-01). "Absorbed in
Thought: The Effect of Mind Wandering on the Processing of Relevant and Irrelevant Events".
1703:
Immordino-Yang, Mary Helen; Christodoulou, Joanna A.; Singh, Vanessa (July 2012). "Rest Is Not
Idleness: Implications of the Brain's Default Mode for Human Development and Education".
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According to several studies, daydreaming appears to be the brain's default setting when no other external task is occupying its attention. A group of regions in the brain called the
510:
In the late 19th century, Toni Nelson argued that some daydreams with grandiose fantasies are self-gratifying attempts at "wish fulfillment". In the 1950s, some educational
242:, fantasies, and spontaneous thoughts. There are many types of daydreams – however, the most common characteristic to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild
246:. In addition, the impacts of the various types of daydreams are not identical. While some are disruptive and deleterious, others may be beneficial to some degree.
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established three different types of daydreaming and their characteristics, varying in their cognitive states and emotional experiences. These included positive
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The
Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume V (1900–1901): The Interpretation of Dreams (Second Part) and On Dreams
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is a stream of consciousness that detaches from current external tasks when one's attention becomes focused on a more personal and internal direction.
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studies with experience-sampling studies can offer insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of daydreaming on social navigation.
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1177:"Using Imagined Interaction Features to Predict Measures of Self-Awareness: Loneliness, Locus of Control, Self-Dominance, and Emotional Intensity"
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2009:
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1255:"Love is the triumph of the imagination: Daydreams about significant others are associated with increased happiness, love and connection"
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is lit up only when the brain is left in a sort of ‘idle’ state. These areas of the brain light up in sequence only when daydreaming.
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Smallwood, Jonathan; Davies, John B.; Heim, Derek; Finnigan, Frances; Sudberry, Megan; O'Connor, Rory; Obonsawin, Marc (2004-12-01).
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Some of the major costs of daydreaming summarized by the review are worse performances with reading, sustained attention, mood etc.
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regulation purposes, particularly in fostering feelings of love and connection, suggesting its adaptive role in achieving goals.
1130:"How daydreaming relates to life satisfaction, loneliness, and social support: The importance of gender and daydream content"
314:
daydreaming is more effective when focused on creative thought processing, rather than spontaneous or disruptive daydreams.
1765:"Trapped in a Daydream: Daily Elevations in Maladaptive Daydreaming Are Associated With Daily Psychopathological Symptoms"
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interpreted daydreaming as an expression of the repressed instincts, similarly to those revealing themselves in nighttime
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thoughts such as personal goals and dreams, so whether daydreaming supports these thoughts is difficult to discuss.
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Mooneyham, Benjamin W.; Schooler, Jonathan W. (March 2013). "The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: a review".
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1871:"Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: A process–occurrence framework for self-generated mental activity"
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Freud, S. (1908). Creative writers and day dreaming. In P. E. Vernon (Ed.), Creativity). England: Penguin Books.
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Underwood, Benton J.; Ekstrand, Bruce R. (1967). "Effect of distributed practice on paired-associate learning".
1496:"Subjective experience and the attentional lapse: Task engagement and disengagement during sustained attention"
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559:
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Raichle, M. E.; MacLeod, A. M.; Snyder, A. Z.; Powers, W. J.; Gusnard, D. A.; Shulman, G. L. (2001-01-16).
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Daydreaming can also be used to reveal personal aspects about an individual. In an experiment directed by
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that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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warned parents not to let their children daydream, for fear that the children may be sucked into "
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1378:"Daydream Believer: Rumination, Self-Reflection and the Temporal Focus of Mind Wandering Content"
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1918:"Daydreaming to navigate the social world: What we know, what we don't know, and why it matters"
1079:"Daydreaming to navigate the social world: What we know, what we don't know, and why it matters"
717:"Daydreaming to navigate the social world: What we know, what we don't know, and why it matters"
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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Perspectives on
Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science
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Poerio, Giulia L.; Totterdell, Peter; Emerson, Lisa-Marie; Miles, Eleanor (May 2015).
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Disruptive daydreams or spontaneous daydreaming is also characteristic of people with
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Smallwood, Jonathan; Schooler, Jonathan W. (November 2006). "The restless mind".
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Different daydreaming styles have various effects on certain behaviours, such as
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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Honeycutt, James M.; Edwards, Renee; Zagacki, Kenneth S. (September 1989).
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likely to daydream about. This finding remains true across all activities.
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Honeycutt, James M.; Vickery, Andrea J.; Hatcher, Laura C. (2015-04-03).
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477:, use vivid daydreams to "ease the boredom" of their routine tasks.
1824:"The Comorbidity of Daydreaming Disorder (Maladaptive Daydreaming)"
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Singer, Jerome L.; Kaufman, Scott Barry; McMillan, Rebecca (2013).
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281:, marked by obsessive, guilt-ridden, and anguished fantasies; and
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Shrimpton, Daisy; McGann, Deborah; Riby, Leigh M. (2017-11-30).
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Mar, Raymond A.; Mason, Malia F.; Litvack, Aubrey (March 2012).
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different streams of information and thoughts in a healthy way.
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This article is about the mental activity. For other uses, see
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88:
47:
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Somer, Eli; Soffer-Dudek, Nirit; Ross, Colin A. (July 2017).
1964:
Daydreams at Work: Wake-Up Your
Creative Powers by Amy Fries
1980:
Site summarising research on mind-wandering and daydreaming
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Honeycutt, James M.; Keaton, Shaughan A. (September 2012).
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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Psychology Today blog on Power of
Daydreaming by Amy Fries
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Poerio, Giulia Lara; Smallwood, Jonathan (November 2016).
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Poerio, Giulia Lara; Smallwood, Jonathan (November 2016).
452:). This will result in either increased happiness,
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ability and are socially and emotionally better off.
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754:Zedelius, Claire M.; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2016).
238:Various names of this phenomenon exist, including
1566:Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina
1077:Poerio, Giulia Lara; Smallwood, Jonathan (2016).
444:Self-focused daydreaming can be positive (i.e. a
1029:"The Daily Use of Imagined Interaction Features"
1316:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1601:"Rumination and future thinking in depression"
8:
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951:Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology
82:Learn how and when to remove these messages
658:"Ode to positive constructive daydreaming"
633:Thinking about the immortality of the crab
387:dwell on task unrelated thoughts (TUT's).
1922:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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212:Learn how and when to remove this message
194:Learn how and when to remove this message
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Aspect of human thought and consciousness
1763:Soffer-Dudek, Nirit; Somer, Eli (2018).
1599:Lavender, Anna; Watkins, Edward (2004).
564:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
261:Characteristics and types of daydreaming
1828:Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
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635: – Spanish idiom about daydreaming
1605:British Journal of Clinical Psychology
1220:Imagination, Cognition and Personality
1181:Imagination, Cognition and Personality
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1564:Rocca, R. E. (September 1981). "".
1312:"A default mode of brain function"
994:Journal of Experimental Psychology
399:Psychological studies and research
118:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
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607:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
63:This article has multiple issues.
1869:Smallwood, Jonathan (May 2013).
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1969:Positive effects of daydreaming
71:or discuss these issues on the
1650:Klinger, Eric (October 1987).
1382:Europe's Journal of Psychology
341:that time moves more quickly.
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1974:Daydreaming improves thinking
576:obsessive-compulsive disorder
395:the surrounding environment.
228:Daydreaming gentleman in 1912
1840:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000685
1512:10.1016/j.concog.2004.06.003
1271:10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.011
1146:10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.001
1045:10.1080/03637751.2014.953965
345:Visualizing social scenarios
279:guilty-dysphoric daydreaming
36:Daydreaming (disambiguation)
2010:Intrapersonal communication
1500:Consciousness and Cognition
1259:Consciousness and Cognition
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1134:Consciousness and Cognition
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613:Fantasy prone personality
582:Criticism and Limitations
572:major depressive disorder
32:Daydream (disambiguation)
1995:Psychological adjustment
1782:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00194
1717:10.1177/1745691612447308
1454:10.1177/0956797611404083
1033:Communication Monographs
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773:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02063
675:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00626
296:Functions of daydreaming
283:poor attentional control
275:constructive daydreaming
41:Not to be confused with
1769:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1394:10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1425
760:Frontiers in Psychology
662:Frontiers in Psychology
623:Maladaptive daydreaming
560:maladaptive daydreaming
1875:Psychological Bulletin
887:Psychological Bulletin
601:Creative visualization
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481:Drawbacks and benefits
448:) or negative (i.e. a
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174:by rewriting it in an
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372:default mode network
365:Default mode network
358:Default mode network
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378:Functional theories
336:Relief from boredom
318:Attentional cycling
1934:10.1111/spc3.12288
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1000:(4, Pt. 2): 1–21.
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176:encyclopedic style
163:is written like a
1976:(Cosmos Magazine)
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538:Related disorders
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