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on dbx encoded discs is equal to that experienced during the recording session, which represents a significant advantage over conventional records that have a limited dynamic range. Now, with dbx encoded discs, we can for the first time enjoy the full dynamic range and presence of music against a background of pure silence. The sound of a dbx encoded disc will generally be indistinguishable from that of the master tape or direct audio signal from which the record is made. Any extraneous noise that is present on the master tape will remain on these recordings since they are not affected by the dbx disc encode/decode process. Hence, the better the master tape from a noise point of view, the better the ultimate sound quality of the record. The audible benefits potentially available from recent and future improvements in sound recording (e.g. direct-to-disc and digital recording techniques) will be realized to their fullest extent only if the distraction of annoying record surface noise is eliminated. dbx encoded discs accomplish this objective.
593:(SCPC) system that had about 40 dB of analog (recovered) signal to noise. dbx modules that were set for 3:1 were used to increase the dynamic range of the system. Typically this worked well but for some low frequencies the distortion exceeded 10 percent THD. Also the dbx modules varied in how they tracked the compressed audio so the expanded audio was not an exact representation of what was compressed at the uplink. Still, the use of dbx allowed NPR to be known for its high fidelity standards on its satellite system as commercial broadcasters chose NPR to up-link a number of commercial radio music programs and concerts by commercial radio networks who demanded high fidelity in the analog era. Many of these problems were resolved when the PRSS moved to their second-generation system in 1994, the SOSS (Satellite Operations Support System), in which the feeds were sent digitally.
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331:. Companding is useful even outside the field of noise reduction; a cassette might have 40 decibels of dynamic range before the media saturates, while the original signal might use 70 for, say, a live recording of a concert. In this case, companding at 2-to-1 will result in a signal with 35 decibels of range, which can be recorded without clipping.
327:, mutes down loud sounds and amplifies soft ones, making the volume of the recording much more even. On playback, the dynamic range is expanded by the same amount, causing the low-volume sounds to become low-volume again and vice versa. The combination of compression and re-expansion gives rise to the name
411:
for high-frequency sounds, Dolby uses much stronger pre-emphasis at high frequencies than low. This means that a low-volume, low-frequency signal may see little or no companding, whereas the same volume at high-frequencies will have been strongly pre-emphasized to a higher volume level before compression.
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use companding to control noise. They differ in the way they address the frequency response of the companding process. dbx uses a single frequency pre-emphasis system, whereas Dolby uses four separate pre-emphasis amplifiers, each for a different frequency band. Since tape hiss is primarily a problem
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This causes the volume of tape hiss to change during playback. This is not really noticeable when the original signal contains high frequencies that play over the hiss, but for lower frequencies, this can be easily heard. The rise and fall of the tape hiss was known as "breathing" because it sounded
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The dbx
Encoded Disc dbx encoded discs employ a unique encoding/decoding process that virtually eliminates record surface noise while dramatically increasing the dynamic range of the recording. The dbx disc is approximately 30 dB quieter than a conventional record. Also, the dynamic range of music
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The use of separate pre-emphasizing "encoding curves" allows the overall compression to be much less than it would be on dbx, where it is always 2 to 1. For lower frequency signals, like a conversation, Dolby may apply no compression at all. In contrast, dbx would continue to compand these signals,
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of the signal to noise remains (close to) constant through this process, so the resulting output retains this higher signal-to-noise ratio. Ultimately, it means that while tape hiss does get louder during "soft" portions of the recording, the recording itself is (hopefully) always greater in volume
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To address this, dbx uses strong high-frequency "pre-emphasis" of the original signal. This amplifies high-frequency sounds before they are sent into the compressor. This causes the compressor to 'back off' the gain in certain circumstances and reduce the audibility of noise modulation – even with
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Consider a signal that contains a high-volume section and then low-volume. During recording, these signals are compressed to be much closer together in level, so that the high-volume section does not saturate the tape and the low-volume section is louder than the tape hiss. On playback, the louder
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During the 1970s, several new types of magnetic recording films were introduced, notably "chrome" and "metal", that used smaller particles and thereby pushed the tape hiss to much higher frequencies. During the same period, noise reduction systems like dbx and Dolby attempted to do the same using
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However, due to dbx's high compression and strong high-frequency preemphasis, dbx-encoded tapes were, unlike Dolby B, practically unplayable on non-dbx systems, sounding very harsh when played back undecoded. Undecoded dbx playback also exhibited large amounts of dynamic error, with audio levels
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The reason this technique works for noise reduction is that the tape hiss manifests itself as a constant low-volume signal. When the signal is recorded in its original form, without compression, the amount of hiss may be the same volume as softer sounds, masking them entirely. However, when the
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dbx Type I system is meant to be used with professional recording media that have a signal-to-noise (S/N), before noise reduction, of at least 60 dB and a -3 dB frequency response of at least 30 Hz to 15 kHz. The system relies on the medium being fairly linear in volume and
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typically works at tape speeds of 15 or 7.5 inches-per-second (38 or 19 cm/s), but this requires a lot of tape for a given amount of recording. Lower fidelity recordings can be made at 3.75 or even 1.875 ips, which allows more recording time on a given tape, but at the cost of adding more
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A modified version of dbx was also used in the
Colortek stereo film system. In addition, dbx Type-II noise reduction was used in the Model-II and Model-III variants of MCA's Sensurround Special Effects System on the optical audio track and was a cornerstone of the entire system. MCA's
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Although it brought a wider dynamic range, and therefore diminished noise, to the cassette tape medium, dbx noise reduction did not achieve widespread popularity in the consumer marketplace, as compressed recordings did not sound acceptable when played back on non-dbx equipment.
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affect the audible sound. The dbx Type-II "disc" setting on consumer dbx decoders adds an additional 1–3 dB of low-frequency roll-off in both the audio path and control path. This protects the system from audible mistracking due to record warps and low-frequency rumble.
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Note that the tape hiss is limited to higher frequencies. That means a signal that is primarily low-frequency does not necessarily require noise reduction. Instead, one can simply roll off all the higher frequencies in a low-pass filter, and the hiss will largely disappear.
495:. dbx encoded LPs had, in theory, a dynamic range of up to 90 dB. In addition, dbx LPs were produced from only the original master tapes, with no copies being used, and pressed only on heavy, virgin vinyl. Most were released in limited quantities with premium pricing.
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was already widely used when dbx was introduced. Although Dolby noise reduction also used some companding, the level of compression and expansion was very mild, so that the sound of Dolby-encoded tapes was acceptable to consumers when played back on non-Dolby equipment.
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dbx Type-II is for more noisy media that have a lower S/N and much more restricted frequency response. In the control signal path, the dbx Type II process rolls off the high and low-frequency response to desensitize the system to frequency response errors – since the
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section has little or no muting applied, so the tape hiss is also left alone at its natural volume. When the softer section plays, having been amplified during recording, the expander mutes it down its original level. This also mutes down the tape hiss.
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The dbx 192 was an elegant design made especially for the Nagra IV-Stereo recorder. It had a single push-button for record/playback encode/decode and was integrated directly into the Nagra's internal signal path. It drew power from the Nagra supply.
66:
314:
dbx companding compresses the original source (left) into a version with less dynamic range (middle), and then re-expands it (right). The tape hiss (pink) is also expanded by this process, but is overwhelmed by the now-expanded original
573:
Sensurround+Plus, used on the film Zoot Suit, employed dbx Type-II with the 4-track magnetic sound format on 35mm film prints, providing the motion picture with a stereo soundtrack capable of wide dynamic range and freedom from noise.
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An advantage of dbx Type I and Type II compared to Dolby noise reduction is that it did not require calibration with the output level of the tape deck, which could cause incorrect tracking with Dolby B and C, leading to muffled high
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
273:
Magnetic tape consists of microscopic particles that can be magnetically charged to record signals. The size of the particles and the speed of the tape transport defines the maximum frequency that the media can record. For
506:
The full designation of the card is K9-22, which is a dog vs. cat joke. The K9-22 is pin and form-factor compatible with the Dolby card designated and colloquially known as Cat. 22 (K9 is pronounced "canine").
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Both systems use 2:1 companding and provide exactly the same amount of noise reduction and dynamic range improvement – in other words, they provide the same end results, but are not compatible with each other.
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dbx-TV noise reduction, while having elements in common with Type I and Type II, is different in fundamental ways, and was developed by Mark Davis (then of dbx, now of Dolby Labs) in the early 1980s.
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was designed for convenience, not audio quality, and ran at 1.875 ips (4.75 cm/s) to maximize recording time in the relatively small (compared to open-reel) tapes. This resulted in significant
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dbx Type I was widely adopted in professional recording, particularly used with what is referred to in the industry as "semi-pro" formats such as half-inch 8 track and one-inch 16 track.
491:, the dbx Type-II system reduced the audibility of dust and scratches, reducing them to tiny pops and clicks (if they were audible at all) and also completely eliminated
569:
A-type noise reduction, capable of only 10-12 dB of noise reduction, was used only at the final stage for the mastering of the film's soundtrack to 70mm prints.
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The dbx K9 noise reduction card was designed to fit into the pro dolby-A series A-361 frames, already in wide use in pro reel-to-reel recording studios of the time.
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signal is compressed before recording, those soft sounds are recorded at a louder volume, so now even the soft sounds are louder than the noise. This improves the
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noted in August 1981 that the total number of releases with dbx encoding was expected to approach 200 albums. Discogs mentions 1100 albums. When employed on
964:"dbx Encoded Discs - Recordings of exceptional clarity and dynamic range for your increased listening pleasure - The Technology Behind dbx Encoded Discs"
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While dbx Type-II NR was eventually designed into a self-contained LSI chip, it was never cheap due to the extremely high precision required of the dbx
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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this pre-emphasis, noise modulation can become audible when using very noisy media to begin with, such as the cassette format.
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which was spun off from dbx in 1989 and acquired its MTS patents in 1994; however, those patents expired worldwide in 2004.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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was created in 1982 for use in portable and car audio, although only a few devices took advantage of it, such as certain
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The
Panasonic RQ-J20X portable cassette player from 1982 was the first device to implement the dbx integrated circuit
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dbx noise reduction, capable of more than 20 dB of noise reduction, was used in the re-recording of the film
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When the signal is re-expanded, the tape hiss is expanded along with it, making it louder as well. However, the
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dbx Type I and Type II are types of "companding noise reduction". These systems work by first compressing the
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of the signals, the hiss tended to overwhelm any high frequencies in the signal, especially low-volume ones.
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dbx with pro reel tape recorders, as well as other professional/commercial audio production and reproduction
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signal analysis, leading to further reluctance of manufacturers to use the dbx chips in their products.
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in which case the tape hiss is also re-expanded on playback, continually varying as the volume changes.
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1102:. London, UK: The British Library Sound Archive (www.bl.uk.). Chapter 9. Reciprocal noise reduction.
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system used to provide stereo sound to North
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noise reduction; this was possible after the Dolby patent (but not the trademark) had expired.
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of the signal into a range that can be safely recorded on the tape. This type of compression,
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793:"An overview of optimizing signal-to-noise ratio primarily in analog audio tape recording"
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222:" - compressing the signal on recording and expanding it on playback. It was invented by
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1115:(NB. Strongly biased from a British perspective, but nevertheless very knowledgeable.)
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Peissig, Jürgen; ter
Haseborg, Jan Remmer; Keiler, Florian; Zölzer, Udo (2004-10-05).
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Proceedings of the 7th
International Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx'04)
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for delivery of network programming to their member stations via satellite, was a
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https://web.archive.org/web/20201029203213/https://dbxpro.com/en/products/ieq15
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conventional media and actively addressing the tape noise through electronics.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20210523094543/https://dbxpro.com/en/products/2031
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732:"Digital Emulation of Analog Companding Algorithms for FM Radio Transmission"
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dbx for program delivery via the
American NPR Public Radio Satellite System
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family of 4 track cassette recorders became a standard for home hobbyists.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
681:"The Pocket Calculator Vintage Walkman & Portable Stereo Database"
543:. Every TV device that decoded MTS originally required the payment of
444:
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170:. The most common implementations are dbx Type I and dbx Type II for
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The logo represents both the company and its noise reduction system
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portable cassette players and Sanyo car stereos. dbx marketed the
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Retro HiFi: DBX Disc - The best thing you probably haven't heard
245:, a decoder that could be used with non-dbx players such as the
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to this template: there are already 925 articles in the
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Copeland, Peter (February 2009) . Redlich, Gert (ed.).
665:(1972). "A Wide Dynamic Range Noise Reduction System".
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dbx was also used on vinyl records, which were labeled
1113:– via Deutsches Hifi-Museum, Wiesbaden, Germany.
294:. Combined with their limited width, which limits the
585:(PRSS), introduced in 1979 and used by the American
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a machine-translated version of the
Russian article.
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253:-compatible noise reduction decoder, described as
1120:"How This dbx Encoded Disc Was Produced - Card A"
1100:"Manual of Analoque Sound Restoration Techniques"
218:systems were based on so-called "linear decibel
824:Dyson, John S.; Hess, Richard L. (2019-03-12).
260:Software implementations have been developed.
115:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
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706:"Pocket Calculator's Vintage Walkman Museum"
364:like something breathing into a microphone.
1021:Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (1981-08-08).
826:"DYSON-HESS Noise Reduction Decoder System"
347:and renders the hiss much less noticeable.
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941:. Lundemo publishing. 2003. Archived from
249:. A version of this chip also contained a
992:"DBX Series - CDS and Vinyl at Discogs"
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233:A miniature dbx Type II decoder on an
178:. A separate implementation, known as
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939:Rec.audio. Frequently Asked Questions
419:Lack of dbx acceptance in marketplace
127:{{Translated|ru|dbx (шумопонижение)}}
7:
1189:Vintage dbx, the sound of the legend
1076:dbx-TV Timeline (THAT Corporation)
647:. Vol. 1 (revised ed.).
437:incorporated dbx Type II in their
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475:dbx with vinyl phonograph records
280:reel-to-reel audio tape recording
27:Family of noise reduction systems
1332:
34:
1147:from the original on 2017-11-05
1126:from the original on 2017-11-05
1106:from the original on 2017-11-05
970:from the original on 2017-11-07
916:from the original on 2020-02-10
886:from the original on 2021-05-08
876:"Noise Reduction and Tape Hiss"
838:from the original on 2021-05-08
805:from the original on 2021-05-08
791:Hess, Richard L. (2018-10-17).
773:from the original on 2021-05-08
748:from the original on 2017-11-14
1027:. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
644:Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound
547:, first to dbx, Inc., then to
441:four-track cassette recorders.
125:You may also add the template
1:
583:Public Radio Satellite System
524:multichannel television sound
459:going up and down constantly.
389:in the control path, it does
1167:dbx Type III noise reduction
904:Nave, Carl R. "Rod" (2001).
874:Nave, Carl R. "Rod" (2001).
408:Dolby noise-reduction system
168:the company of the same name
1309:Mark Levinson Audio Systems
1141:"dbx Encoded Disc - Card B"
798:. Aurora, Ontario, Canada.
138:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
97:will aid in categorization.
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1173:dbx Type V noise reduction
741:. Naples, Italy: 285–290.
669:. Vol. 6, no. 8.
641:Hoffman, Frank W. (2004).
591:single channel per carrier
174:and, less commonly, vinyl
72:Machine translation, like
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1284:Harman Connected Services
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906:"Dolby B-system Encoding"
325:dynamic range compression
190:, was also involved with
49:the corresponding article
1184:Audio Invest page on dbx
1406:Noise reduction systems
192:Dynamic Noise Reduction
136:For more guidance, see
1375:James Bullough Lansing
767:"Satin tape emulation"
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617:noise reduction system
611:noise reduction system
605:noise reduction system
555:dbx in film production
522:dbx-TV is included in
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283:high-frequency noise.
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1254:A&R Cambridge Ltd
587:National Public Radio
581:The first generation
337:signal-to-noise ratio
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172:analog tape recording
166:systems developed by
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109:copyright attribution
1416:Harman International
1230:Harman International
649:Taylor & Francis
493:record surface noise
377:frequency response.
1314:Martin Professional
1274:Crown International
1240:Samsung Electronics
966:(LP leaflet). dbx.
1081:2011-07-16 at the
1043:has generic name (
663:Blackmer, David E.
515:dbx for television
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1365:Graham Blyth
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1247:Subsidiaries
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1149:. Retrieved
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113:edit summary
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667:db Magazine
526:(MTS), the
449:Portastudio
439:Portastudio
1400:Categories
1324:Soundcraft
1151:2017-11-05
1130:2017-11-05
1110:2017-11-05
1006:15 January
974:2021-05-16
949:2011-10-03
920:2021-05-07
890:2021-05-08
847:(23 pages)
842:2021-05-07
831:. 0.7.1a.
814:(26 pages)
809:2021-05-07
777:2021-05-08
752:2017-11-14
716:2016-02-09
691:2016-02-09
628:References
329:companding
306:Companding
255:dbx Type B
220:companding
212:dbx Type I
51:in Russian
1033:cite book
1024:Billboard
565:in 1979.
545:royalties
485:Billboard
292:tape hiss
269:Tape hiss
239:Panasonic
230:in 1971.
228:dbx, Inc.
188:dbx, Inc.
131:talk page
83:Consider
1145:Archived
1124:Archived
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1079:Archived
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884:Archived
833:Archived
800:Archived
771:Archived
743:Archived
597:See also
531:standard
481:dbx disc
467:and the
383:roll-off
107:provide
18:Dbx disc
1304:Lexicon
426:Dolby B
315:signal.
251:Dolby B
216:Type II
198:History
129:to the
111:in the
53:.
1342:People
1269:Becker
535:stereo
455:tones.
445:Tascam
435:Tascam
180:dbx-TV
1319:Revel
836:(PDF)
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603:Dolby
567:Dolby
344:ratio
74:DeepL
1045:help
1008:2022
533:for
528:U.S.
465:VCAs
387:only
286:The
214:and
105:must
103:You
67:View
1299:JBL
1279:dbx
1264:AMX
1259:AKG
489:LPs
469:RMS
447:'s
391:not
385:is
226:of
184:MTS
176:LPs
160:dbx
76:or
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