865:
vowels are unpredictable and phonemic, while others can be fully predicted by the vowel lengthening rule; writing systems differ in choosing to represent either only the first type or both types as long. This rule does not apply to bisyllabic words, whose vowel lengths seem irregular, and it also does not affect the final syllables of longer words, which show no length distinction. The second accentual system deals with pitch and is simpler: in words without attached clitics, a high pitch tends to fall on the penultimate syllable.
1764:. It does not occur frequently in the elicited data in Cáceres (2011), and it indicates an event for which a probability of its taking place exists, without certainty. The certain future is likewise rarely marked in spontaneous speech. Examples of the probable future given in the grammar include phrases that translate to “you will learn the Ye'kuana language” and “tomorrow it will become red”, contrasted with the certain future examples: “another day I will come and I will see you” (where the second verb is the one marked).
2759:
1037:
395:
their mythology, political structure, and village formation. Schuster 1976 published a wordlist within his ethnography, but otherwise there was not much linguistic study in that time period. Heinen (1983–1984) published a grammar sketch couched in his mostly ethnographic study; Guss (1986) includes some texts in the language in his publication on oral tradition; and Hall (1988) published two volumes on
2221:. In the case of transitive verbs, another argument is added to the valency of the verb, while intransitives maintain their initial valency. This suffix is used relatively rarely with intransitive verbs, and of all the examples given below begin with /e/, so it is theorised that these verbs take this suffix because they are derived from transitives, however this theory has not been proven.
353:, wherein the Ye’kuana all moved closer together, and established semi-regular schedules (including that certain times of day for children were set aside for school). This establishment of solid permanent contact also led to more far-reaching mobilisation and contact with other indigenous communities and the state of Roraima. The Ye’kuana became known as skilled
832:; it is unclear what phonetic environments allow gemination, and similarly unclear whether a distinction exists between geminated consonants and sequences of glottal stop plus consonant. The phoneme /k/ is commonly labialized to when geminated or preceded by /ʔ/, /o/, /u/, or /w/, and occasionally also after /n/ .
394:
works. The early twentieth century saw more wordlists, moving away from works more generally about the
Cariban languages to more specifically focusing on Ye’kuana. Escoriaza (1959 and 1960) provided a grammatical sketch. The 1960s and 70s mostly saw work on the ethnography of the Ye’kuana, including
340:
In 1980, a married
Canadian missionary couple came to live among the Ye’kuana for a while, but they did not like their way of life, and there were disagreements between them and the Ye’kuana, and they left. After this, the Brazilian Ye’kuana decided that they did not want religion, but they did want
864:
There are two separate accentual systems operating simultaneously. One deals with vowel length and is iambic in nature: it causes the vowel in every short-vowelled open syllable preceded by a short-vowelled open syllable to lengthen, applied recursively from the start of the word. Thus, some long
332:
and not on them. They were also more reluctant to convert, having seen their
Venezuelan cousins convert and become (from the Brazilian Ye'kuana perspective) culturally weaker as a result, giving up key elements of their traditional ways of life. On the Venezuelan side of the border, this wave of
2315:
to mark the nominal plural. Cáceres (2011) treats this suffix as a generic plural, while other authors such as
Coutinho (2013) subscribe to the analysis given to other Cariban languages that they distinguish in number between the ‘all’ (i.e. collective) and ‘less-than-the-total’ (i.e.
885:
Several different orthographies are in use. In
Venezuela, the one in widest official use was devised in the 1970s according to the conventions of the Venezuelan Indigenous Languages Alphabet (ALIV) (with some later modifications). It has been widely adopted by speakers in the state of
403:. Later, Hall (1991) looked at transitivity in verbs, amid many more ethnographic studies, and Chavier (1999) studied some further aspects of the morphology. A dictionary was published on CD-ROM, and most recently, Natália Cáceres’ MA thesis is a brief overview of the
850:
in various ways after /i/ and /j/: /t/ and /k/ become , /s/ becomes , /h/ becomes , nasals become , /w/ and /ɾ̠/ ordinarily become , and /ɾ̠/ becomes in certain special cases (at the right border of a word, or sometimes as part of the possessive suffix
327:
camps. Later, another wave of missionaries arrived around the early 1960s. The
Brazilian Ye'kuana decided not to live in the missions established on that side of the border, because the missionaries’ attention in Brazil was focused on the
319:. A rebellion was organised against the Spanish in 1776. The 20th century brought a new wave of exploitation in the form of the colonists looking to capitalise on the discovery of rubber. Whole villages were forced into labour, driven in
1739:. Finally, the adverbialising suffixes include: nominal possessive, participial, abilitive, a form that indicates the destination of a movement, one indicating aptitude, indicating newness of action, potential, and deverbal negative.
273:
and
Venezuela – the majority (about 5,500) in Venezuela. At the time of the 2001 Venezuelan census, there were at 6,523 Ye’kuana living in Venezuela. Given the unequal distribution of the Ye’kuana across two South American countries,
373:
family, which is subdivided into seven subfamilies and one uncategorised language. Ye’kuana is a member of the
Guianan Carib subfamily, along with ten other languages. The Guianan languages are located, for the most part, around the
918:
for /ə/. Long vowels are indicated by doubling the letter. As discussed under
Phonology above, orthographies all represent phonemic long vowels as long, but differ on whether to represent non-phonemic long vowels as long or short.
860:
Syllables have a (C)V(ː/C) structure. Long vowels cannot occur in closed syllables. Syllables codas can only be /w/, /j/, /ʔ/, or a nasal, and the final syllable of a word can only have coda /w/ or /j/ (or no coda at all).
876:
dialect are sometimes differentiated, where some words that have /j/ in Ye'kwana have /ɾ̠/ instead in De'kwana. Sequences of /wɾ̠/ ~ ~ in De'kwana also correspond to /ɾ̠ɾ̠/ in Ye'kwana, and some vowels differ.
842:
Nasals become before /k/, /w/, and /ʔ/, after /i/ and /j/, and before /h/; in this last case the /h/ also assimilates to become an unvoiced . Any nasal can cause nasalization of a preceding short vowel.
407:
profile of the Ye'kuana, while her doctoral dissertation presents a more complete descriptive grammar. Coutinho (2013) has also explored the number system of Ye'kuana, from a typological perspective.
1189:
The first person plural is represented by three forms in Ye'kuana: a dual inclusive form küwü, a dual exclusive form nña, and a plural inclusive form künwanno. There is no plural exclusive form.
2311:
as singular or "general" in number, while some nouns can receive explicit plural marking that distinguishes them from the singular/general-numbered nouns. Ye’kuana generally uses the suffix
1992:
For the most part, the patterning of the allomorphs is phonologically-based, however, some roots have slight differences in meaning depending on the allomorph they receive:
284:
ratings for Ye’kuana: in
Venezuela it is listed as Vigorous (6a), while in Brazil it is classified Moribund (8a) on the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS).
2977:
Oramas, Luis (1912–1913). "Contribución al estudio de los dialectos Puinabe y Maquiritare" [Contribution to the studio of the Maqiritare and Puinabe dialects].
3390:
835:
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is always treated as part of the syllable coda for the purposes of assigning stress (see below) and can also be realized as laryngealization (
292:
In Brazil, the Ye’kuana are believed to have settled on the lands they now occupy more than a century ago, coming from the larger population centres in Venezuela.
3815:
2992:
Rondon, Cándido M. S.; De Faria, João Barbosa (1948). "Glossário geral das tribos silvícolas de Mato Grosso e outras da Amazônia e do Norte do Brasil: Tomo I".
2520:
In the Caura dialect studied by Cáceres (2011), a few other nouns exist that some speakers consider ungrammatical with the plural suffix, but others do not:
4688:
2911:
Schomburgk, Robert H. (June 1849). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana".
1703:‘telephone’), and nominalisation of a participle. In terms of verbalisation, there is the benefactive ‘give N to someone, bring N to something’, such as
361:
scrapers, all while remaining fairly removed from the intense river traffic and influx of outsiders that had harmed many other indigenous communities.
2896:
Schomburgk, Robert H. (1848). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana".
1727:
which can be used to make transitive verbs; -ta which can be used to make intransitive verbs such as vomit and speak; and the occasional suffixes
2316:
non-collective), and therefore treats this morpheme as a collective morpheme. After high-front vowel and approximant , the palatalised variant
3383:
312:
635:
1687:‘that which is here’, etc.; it also has many varieties of verbal nominalisation: intransitivisation, participlisation, agentivisation (
890:. Earlier orthographies designed by missionaries still see some usage, however, and speakers in Brazil and in the Venezuelan state of
3808:
3920:
569:
520:
5060:
4681:
3376:
2800:
753:
748:
166:
2583:
However, in the Auaris dialect, as examined by Coutinho (2013), the plural forms of these nouns and others were all accepted:
2431:
However, there are some restrictions on the distribution of this morpheme, for instance that names of animals cannot take it:
1067:
Ye’kuana's morphology is comparable to that of other Cariban languages. Ye'kuana makes use of the following major grammatical
3026:
Nimuendajú, Curt (1955). "Reconhecimento dos rios Içána, Ayarí, e Uaupés, março a julho de 1927: Apontamentos linguísticos".
3313:
3144:
Arvelo-Jiménez, Nelly (1977). "A study of the process of village formation in Ye'cuana society". In Basso, Ellen B. (ed.).
3761:
847:
716:
711:
1083:. The 'non-past' is used for present, near future, and general truths. As well, probable and definite future aspects are
5065:
3801:
3161:
Dekuana: Beiträge zur Ethnologie der Makiritare (Ergebnisse der Frobenius-Expedition 1954/55 nach Südost-Venezuela, III)
2913:
Notices and Abstracts of Communications to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at the Oxford Meeting
783:
778:
559:
152:
891:
701:
696:
591:
579:
390:
of Ye’kuana in the nineteenth century consist of several wordlists by Schomburgk, followed by several comparative and
5021:
3935:
3349:
All forms are given in forms so as to make morphology obvious, occasionally the forms given are not the surface forms
868:
Some dialectal variation is found. In some areas speakers (particularly younger city-dwellers) merge /ʃ/ into /s/. A
346:
5070:
4785:
4674:
807:
802:
649:
508:
378:. Ye’kuana and Wayumara form a smaller category within the Guianan subfamily, the Maquiritari-Wayumara subfamily.
4533:
4523:
1075:
and non-past. The 'past' aspect is subdivided into recent and distant (the much more used of the two) as well as
4755:
4182:
4071:
3174:
Heinen, H. Dieter (1983–1984). "Traditional social structure and change among the Ye'kuana Indians of the Upper
4870:
3782:
3548:
1660:
731:
726:
612:
396:
337:, and access to local markets, also creating several relatively large communities centred around the missions.
176:
4559:
4288:
4554:
4167:
3864:
3843:
530:
269:. It is spoken by approximately 5,900 people (c. 2001) around the border of northwestern Brazilian state of
3497:
3399:
2758:
433:
387:
4771:
4409:
3754:
1773:
1084:
473:
463:
4134:
3910:
5001:
4983:
4920:
4848:
4705:
4564:
4538:
4468:
4417:
4353:
4323:
4197:
3838:
1598:
1550:
1407:
1352:
485:
5008:
4977:
4940:
4865:
4803:
4778:
4713:
4518:
4463:
4422:
4328:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4056:
4018:
4013:
3950:
3824:
3670:
3634:
293:
281:
4343:
4931:
4740:
4590:
4376:
4308:
4298:
4217:
4114:
3970:
3902:
3707:
3662:
3611:
3588:
3472:
3467:
3444:
3413:
1118:
1100:
1068:
423:
400:
342:
5015:
4971:
4951:
4827:
4725:
4488:
4443:
4427:
4283:
4212:
4202:
4177:
4076:
4041:
3965:
3717:
3538:
3457:
887:
56:
4946:
4876:
4697:
4625:
4580:
4473:
4453:
4366:
4303:
4265:
4242:
4227:
4222:
4207:
4172:
4124:
4028:
3980:
3975:
3945:
3940:
3925:
3652:
3568:
3533:
3520:
3482:
3462:
3423:
1072:
768:
763:
450:
440:
370:
311:
activity in Ye'kuana territory, during which they were forced into constructing forts for the
83:
2102:
All classes of verb in Ye’kuana can receive a causative suffix, but each of the two types of
4994:
4988:
4903:
4832:
4760:
4719:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4458:
4448:
4361:
4275:
4232:
4192:
4119:
4109:
4101:
4081:
4066:
4046:
4003:
3990:
3960:
3930:
3915:
3876:
3859:
3696:
3624:
3596:
3563:
3543:
3510:
3505:
3477:
3279:(CD-ROM). Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Vol. 1. Irvine: University of California.
3210:
3035:
1088:
602:
428:
404:
301:
266:
1103:
aspects are all marked, the latter three being marked periphrastically, rather than with a
4914:
4837:
4765:
4749:
4730:
4655:
4645:
4620:
4600:
4585:
4498:
4493:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4338:
4318:
4293:
4187:
4157:
4091:
4061:
4036:
4008:
3955:
3766:
3749:
3727:
3701:
3675:
3642:
3553:
3452:
3418:
3091:
Escoriaza, Damian de (1959). "Algunos datos lingüisticos mas sobre la lengua Makiritare".
2698:
Even in the Auaris dialect, certain nouns denoting fruit do not accept the plural marker:
2663:
2644:
2143:
1123:
457:
445:
75:
4250:
3338:
Hombres de curiara y mujeres de conuco. Etnografía de los indigenas Ye’kwana de Venezuela
1376:
1301:
3292:
Introduction à la langue des Ye'kwana: Profil sociolinguistique et esquisse phonologique
5041:
5026:
4897:
4842:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4528:
4483:
4478:
4384:
4260:
4051:
3881:
3722:
3712:
3691:
3647:
3619:
3578:
3558:
3528:
3487:
1664:
1567:
1507:
1372:
1330:
822:
324:
2942:
1326:
1318:
1036:
1005:- n before k, w, or '; elsewhere, n' (Venezuelan standard) or ng (Brazil and Amazonas)
978:~ (only found in De'kwana dialect) - d (Venezuelan standard), dh (Brazil and Amazonas)
825:
with , and /h/ becomes ~ ; this last change also happens following /o/, /u/, or /w/.
144:
17:
5054:
4810:
4333:
3998:
3175:
3131:
Political relations in a tribal society: A study of the Ye'cuana Indians of Venezuela
2871:
1503:
1368:
1128:
910:. Some writing systems, such as the one in use in Brazil and Amazonas, instead write
678:
375:
1667:, verbalising, and adverbialising suffixes. The system of nominalisation allows for
4255:
3601:
2103:
1080:
836:
540:
3215:
3198:
2840:
1776:
of a verb, primarily a detransitiviser prefix and several causativiser suffixes.
345:
communities in Venezuela. They got one, after negotiating with the leader of the
690:
673:
391:
320:
316:
297:
262:
157:
821:
At the beginning of a word, and after a glottal stop, /ɾ̠/ becomes , /j/ is in
2751:
2746:
1096:
1076:
829:
794:
683:
308:
276:
4313:
2308:
742:
629:
551:
350:
334:
137:
121:
3072:
Escoriaza, Damian de (1959). "Datos lingüisticos de la lengua Makiritare".
329:
3039:
128:
3368:
3053:
Civrieux, Marc de (1959). "Datos antropológicos de los indios Kunuhana".
2964:
The Orinoco and the Caura: Account of Voyages Undertaken in 1886 and 1887
2926:
Schomburgk, Robert H. (1850). "A vocabulary of the Maiongkong language".
2574:
2555:
1423:
1284:
1092:
201:
184:
172:
1389:
1314:
1213:
1200:
3871:
2321:
1521:
853:
500:
270:
180:
3793:
3363:
1631:
1580:
4595:
2960:
L'Orénoque et le Caura: Relation des voyages exécutés en 1886 et 1887
1668:
1104:
358:
4666:
341:
a school, seeing the benefits that that infrastructure had provided
2114:) has their own suffix that they take. Intransitive verbs of type U
1695:‘eater of meat’), deverbal nominalisation of action, instrumental (
1618:
1242:
2511:
2492:
1614:
354:
3232:
The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib: Volumes I and II
1491:
Because of you we are like this (= we have adopted your customs).
3275:
Hall, Katherine (2000). "De'cuana". In Key, Mary Ritchie (ed.).
1217:
4670:
3797:
3372:
3340:, Ciudad Bolívar: Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana.
1436:
1297:
1246:
1465:
1461:
1031:
902:
In the standard orthography used in Venezuela, /ɨ/ is written
1784:
The base form detransitiviser is postulated to have the form
2825:
1799:
Transitive verb roots beginning (at the surface level) with
1087:
distinct, there is a distinct imperfective suffix, and the
333:
missionaries brought the establishment of health services,
296:
and oral history, however, tells that the lands around the
3007:
Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1923). "Vom Roraima zum Orinoco".
2813:(PhD dissertation) (in French). Lumière University Lyon 2.
1772:
The language presents several strategies for changing the
183:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2994:
Publicação 76 do Conselho nacional de proteção dos Indios
2824:
Lewis, Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2016).
3148:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 106–113.
2826:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition"
1752:
The probable future aspect is indicated with the suffix
1322:
828:
All consonants except the glottal stop /ʔ/ can be found
2091:{'to see'} {'to be seen, look like'} {'to see oneself'}
1048:
369:
The Ye’kuana language is situated typologically in the
3247:
Degrees of transitivity in De'kuana (Carib) verb forms
3146:
Carib-speaking Indians: culture, society, and language
3264:(MA thesis thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad del Zulia.
894:
in particular often use a somewhat different system.
3234:(PhD dissertation thesis). University of Washington.
981:~ - j (Venezuelan standard), f (Brazil and Amazonas)
959:- üü (Venezuelan standard), öö (Brazil and Amazonas)
947:- öö (Venezuelan standard), ää (Brazil and Amazonas)
4964:
4930:
4890:
4858:
4820:
4795:
4739:
4704:
4573:
4547:
4511:
4436:
4408:
4375:
4352:
4274:
4241:
4133:
4100:
4027:
3989:
3901:
3892:
3852:
3831:
3775:
3740:
3684:
3661:
3633:
3610:
3587:
3519:
3496:
3443:
3434:
3406:
3110:Civrieux, Marc de (1968). "Mitología Maquiritare".
987:- j (Venezuelan standard), jh (Brazil and Amazonas)
151:
135:
119:
114:
102:
72:
62:
52:
44:
34:
1719:‘undress someone); a general verbalisation suffix
938:- ü (Venezuelan standard), ö (Brazil and Amazonas)
926:- ö (Venezuelan standard), ä (Brazil and Amazonas)
2307:All unmarked nouns in Ye’kuana can be understood
2213:Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs of type U
304:rivers have long been travelled by the Ye’kuana.
3315:O Número Em Ye'kuana: Uma Perspectiva Tipológica
3112:Revista de Cultura de la Universidad de Oriente
2320:is also seen. This suffix is used likewise for
3294:(MA thesis thesis). Université Lumière Lyon 2.
3249:. Tupi-Carib Symposium, 47th ICA. New Orleans.
3133:(PhD dissertation thesis). Cornell University.
2802:Grammaire fonctionelle-typologique du Ye'kwana
1023:~ - y at the start of a syllable, i at the end
4682:
3809:
3384:
3320:Number in Ye'kwana: A Typological Perspective
2996:. Rio de Janeiro: Comissão Rondon. p. 5.
2966:] (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
8:
2023:{'to carry'} {'to be carried'} {'to follow'}
1986:{'to break'} {'to break oneself (fracture)'}
1711:‘read, repeat’; its reverse, the privative (
1020:- w at the start of a syllable, u at the end
307:During the 18th century, there was a lot of
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
2870:Moreira-Lauriola, Elaine (September 2003).
2839:Moreira-Lauriola, Elaine (September 2003).
1647:
1346:
4927:
4817:
4689:
4675:
4667:
3898:
3816:
3802:
3794:
3440:
3391:
3377:
3369:
2807:Functional-Typological Grammar of Ye'kwana
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2057:{'to take'} {'to attach oneself'} ???
1404:He is able to kill/throw (during a fight).
31:
3214:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2225:
2150:
1342:ah 2SG 2-with-INTENS 3S.DIS-COP-PDI=COLL
1114:
664:
416:Consonants, adapted from Cáceres (2011)
414:
265:people of Venezuela and Brazil. It is a
3028:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
2928:Proceedings of the Philological Society
2739:
177:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3199:"Keeping it oral: a yekuana ethnology"
200:
3262:Aspectos de la morfología del Yekwana
1659:There is an extensive and productive
101:
7:
1488:2SG 2-willingness thus 1+3 therefore
1339:aaa amödö a-jadö-:ne kün-a'ja-akö=to
666:Vowels, adapted from Cáceres (2011)
29:Indigenous language in South America
3336:Monterrey, Nalúa Rosa Silva (2012)
3163:(in German). Munich: Klaus Renner.
2399:{'medicine'} {'several medicines'}
2347:{'ye'kuana'} {'several ye'kuanas'}
1597:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1549:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1406:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1351:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1255:ewü w-ütö(mö)-a sü'na jadö-'da-nñe
25:
3312:Coutinho Costa, Isabella (2013).
2944:Elements of comparative philology
2632:'calabash' {'several calabashes'}
1856:{'to paint'} {'to paint oneself'}
1261:I'm going there without the dogs.
806:
801:
782:
777:
767:
762:
752:
747:
730:
725:
715:
710:
700:
695:
648:
634:
611:
590:
578:
568:
558:
539:
529:
519:
507:
484:
472:
462:
349:. So began a process of becoming
315:, and coerced into converting to
2930:. No. IV. pp. 217–223.
2757:
1929:Transitive roots beginning with
1870:where the second vowel is take
1862:Transitive roots beginning with
1756:, composed of the future marker
1544:3O-write-ABIL=also 2PL therefore
1035:
3277:South American Indian Languages
2979:Gaceta de los Museos Nacionales
1830:{'to bite'} {'to bite oneself'}
1790:öt-, ö-, ö’-, ot-, o’-, o-, at-
1541:i-mennö-jai=mmaja önwanno yaawö
347:Evangelical Mission of Amazônas
68:6,000 (2000 – 2001 census)
3129:Arvelo-Jiménez, Nelly (1971).
2941:Latham, Robert Gordon (1862).
2915:. No. 18. pp. 96–99.
2900:. No. 15. pp. 46–64.
2217:can take the causative suffix
1671:to be converted, for instance
1650:we are family of one another).
1485:amödö o-woije mödöje nña yaawö
1482:Amödö owoijie mödöje nña yaawö
1336:Aaa, amödö ajadööne küna'ja'to
1258:1SG 1S-go-NPST dog with-NEG-PL
1:
3216:10.1525/ae.1986.13.3.02a00010
2981:. No. I. pp. 20–27.
2947:. London: Walton and Maberly.
1979:'to break oneself (fracture)'
1923:{'to lie'} {'to be mistaken'}
1803:take the detransitive prefix
1646:We are from the same family (
3230:Hall, Katherine Lee (1988).
2606:'manioc' {'several maniocs'}
2425:{'house'} {'several houses'}
1788:, and has eight allomorphs:
1002:- ñ (Venezuela), nh (Brazil)
3159:Schuster, Meinhard (1976).
2898:Simmond's Colonial Magazine
2324:nouns and inanimate nouns:
1897:{'to measure'} {'to fight'}
773:⟨ö, öö/ä, ää⟩
721:⟨ö, öö/ü, üü⟩
5087:
2283:
2269:
2255:
2241:
2194:
2180:
2166:
1707:‘language, word’ becoming
1538:Ñennöjaimmaja önwanno yawö
1176:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1133:
839:) on the preceding vowel.
5035:
4534:Paulista General Language
3364:Documentation of Ye'kwana
3290:Cáceres, Natalia (2007).
2958:Chaffanjon, Jean (1889).
2876:Povos Indígenas no Brasil
2845:Povos Indígenas no Brasil
2799:Cáceres, Natalia (2011).
1252:Ewü wüta sü'na jadö'danñe
163:
39:
3783:Venezuelan Sign Language
3245:Hall, Katherine (1991).
1760:and the irrealis marker
1401:3O-throw-ABIL-INTENS 3SG
1345:Ah, you were with them (
3844:Brazilian Sign Language
3197:Guss, David M. (1986).
2570:kankudu (*)kankudu=komo
2373:{'man'} {'several men'}
2280:'to calm oneself down'
2142:), and the result is a
2076:'to be seen, look like'
1960:{'to drop'} {'to fall'}
1679:‘that which is black’,
1655:Derivational morphology
261:is the language of the
5061:Languages of Venezuela
3400:Languages of Venezuela
2692:'jug' {'several jugs'}
2507:kaduwai *kaduwai=chomo
2344:ye'kwana ye'kwana=komo
2118:can take the suffixes
1167:First + Second person
165:This article contains
18:De'kwana language
4539:Portunhol fronteiriço
3040:10.3406/jsa.1955.2598
2689:tukuudi tukuudi=chomo
2205:'finalise something'
1691:‘eat (meat)’ becomes
1178:First + Third person
906:, and /ə/ is written
812:⟨a, aa⟩
788:⟨o, oo⟩
758:⟨e, ee⟩
736:⟨u, uu⟩
706:⟨i, ii⟩
574:⟨s, sh⟩
294:Traditional mythology
3260:Chavier, M. (1999).
3203:American Ethnologist
2872:"History of Contact"
2828:. SIL International.
2629:kankudu kankudu=komo
2625:'several calabashes'
1547:You can also write .
1349:They were with you).
584:⟨j/jh⟩
490:⟨ñ/nh⟩
280:lists two different
5066:Languages of Brazil
3825:Languages of Brazil
2392:'several medicines'
2340:'several ye'kuanas'
2054:ajöi a-ajöi at-ajöi
2042:'to attach oneself'
1643:RECP-family-POS 1PL
1640:öö-jimmö-Ø künwanno
667:
417:
4289:Gavião of Jiparaná
3853:Regional languages
2709:'several bananas'
2666:' {'several yams'}
2370:yanwaa yanwaa=komo
2288:'to wash oneself'
2246:'to help oneself'
1920:enku'to ot-onku'to
1849:'to paint oneself'
1663:system, including
1595:They were shamans.
1398:Ø-ema-jai-:ne tüwü
1047:. You can help by
665:
525:⟨ch⟩
415:
401:discourse analysis
202:[jeʔkwana]
5071:Cariban languages
5048:
5047:
5042:extinct languages
4960:
4959:
4886:
4885:
4698:Cariban languages
4664:
4663:
4507:
4506:
4193:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
3832:Official language
3791:
3790:
3736:
3735:
3407:Official language
2755:(19th ed., 2016)
2729:
2728:
2717:'several sokwas'
2599:'several maniocs'
2298:
2297:
2266:'to be expelled'
2209:
2208:
2134:(with allomorphs
2122:(with allomorphs
1823:'to bite oneself'
1589:juwai=je tünwanno
1500:i-mennö-jai=mmaja
1187:
1186:
1107:like the others.
1065:
1064:
916:⟨ä⟩
912:⟨ö⟩
908:⟨ö⟩
904:⟨ü⟩
819:
818:
663:
662:
654:⟨y⟩
640:⟨w⟩
617:⟨d⟩
596:⟨j⟩
564:⟨s⟩
545:⟨'⟩
535:⟨k⟩
513:⟨t⟩
478:⟨n⟩
468:⟨m⟩
205:), also known as
191:
190:
173:rendering support
169:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
5078:
4928:
4818:
4796:Venezuelan Carib
4691:
4684:
4677:
4668:
3899:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3441:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3370:
3362:ELAR archive of
3350:
3347:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3326:(in Portuguese).
3325:
3309:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2796:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2744:
2725:'several canes'
2703:
2702:
2418:'several houses'
2226:
2151:
2088:ene ö-öne öt-öne
2084:'to see oneself'
2020:adö a-adö at-adö
1957:a'dojo at-a'dojo
1916:'to be mistaken'
1894:ooneja ot-ooneja
1715:‘clothes’ ->
1675:‘black’ becomes
1649:
1637:Ööjimmö künwanno
1633:
1620:
1616:
1602:
1586:Juwaije tünwanno
1582:
1569:
1554:
1523:
1509:
1505:
1467:
1463:
1438:
1425:
1411:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1356:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1286:
1248:
1244:
1219:
1215:
1202:
1115:
1060:
1057:
1039:
1032:
917:
913:
909:
905:
846:Most consonants
813:
810:
805:
789:
786:
781:
774:
771:
766:
759:
756:
751:
737:
734:
729:
722:
719:
714:
707:
704:
699:
668:
655:
652:
641:
638:
618:
615:
597:
594:
585:
582:
575:
572:
565:
562:
546:
543:
536:
533:
526:
523:
514:
511:
491:
488:
479:
476:
469:
466:
418:
267:Cariban language
204:
199:
147:
131:
124:
78:
32:
21:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5031:
5022:Waimirí Atroarí
4956:
4926:
4882:
4871:Mapoyo-Yawarana
4859:Mapoyo–Tamanaku
4854:
4816:
4791:
4735:
4700:
4695:
4665:
4660:
4569:
4543:
4503:
4432:
4404:
4371:
4348:
4270:
4237:
4129:
4096:
4023:
3985:
3894:
3888:
3848:
3827:
3822:
3792:
3787:
3771:
3742:
3732:
3680:
3657:
3629:
3606:
3583:
3549:Mapoyo-Yabarana
3515:
3492:
3436:
3430:
3402:
3397:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2766:
2756:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2696:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2657:
2649:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2593:
2581:
2568:
2563:(*)kankudu=komo
2560:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2518:
2505:
2497:
2484:
2477:mado *mado=komo
2475:
2467:
2458:
2451:süna *süna=komo
2449:
2441:
2429:
2420:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2305:
2294:'to be washed'
2274:'to calm down'
2252:'to be helped'
2216:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:verbs (termed U
2100:
2095:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2010:
2008:'to be carried'
2002:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1947:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1884:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1782:
1770:
1768:Valency marking
1750:
1745:
1683:‘here’ becomes
1657:
1652:
1635:
1622:
1604:
1596:
1592:shaman=ATRB 3PL
1584:
1571:
1556:
1548:
1536:
1525:
1512:
1493:
1480:
1469:
1452:
1441:
1427:
1413:
1405:
1393:
1380:
1358:
1350:
1334:
1311:kün-a'ja-akö=to
1305:
1288:
1275:
1263:
1250:
1232:
1221:
1204:
1113:
1085:morphologically
1061:
1055:
1052:
1045:needs expansion
1030:
969:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
883:
811:
787:
772:
757:
735:
720:
705:
653:
639:
616:
595:
583:
573:
563:
544:
534:
524:
512:
489:
477:
467:
435:
413:
405:sociolinguistic
384:
367:
290:
197:
171:Without proper
143:
127:
120:
98:
79:
76:Language family
74:
65:
64:Native speakers
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5084:
5082:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:Haitian Creole
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4555:Brazilian Sign
4551:
4549:
4548:Sign languages
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4512:Interlanguages
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3776:Sign languages
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3357:External links
3355:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3329:
3297:
3282:
3267:
3252:
3237:
3222:
3209:(3): 413–429.
3189:
3178:, Venezuela".
3166:
3151:
3136:
3121:
3102:
3083:
3064:
3045:
3018:
2999:
2984:
2969:
2950:
2933:
2918:
2903:
2888:
2857:
2831:
2816:
2764:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:*faduudu=komo
2685:'several jugs'
2680:
2672:
2671:
2659:natö natö=komo
2655:'several yams'
2650:
2638:
2637:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2500:*kaduwai=chomo
2498:
2486:
2485:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2096:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1853:eicha öt-öicha
1844:
1836:
1835:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1781:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1701:w-a’deuwü-tojo
1656:
1653:
1623:
1606:
1605:
1572:
1558:
1557:
1526:
1513:
1495:
1494:
1470:
1453:
1442:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1395:Emajainñe tüwü
1381:
1360:
1359:
1306:
1289:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1233:
1222:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:Second person
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1063:
1062:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
899:
896:
882:
879:
823:free variation
817:
816:
814:
799:
797:
791:
790:
775:
760:
745:
739:
738:
723:
708:
693:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
661:
660:
658:
656:
646:
644:
642:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
619:
609:
607:
605:
599:
598:
588:
586:
576:
566:
556:
554:
548:
547:
537:
527:
517:
515:
505:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
482:
480:
470:
460:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
431:
426:
421:
412:
409:
388:documentations
383:
380:
366:
363:
289:
286:
239:De’kwana Carib
189:
188:
175:, you may see
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
141:
133:
132:
125:
117:
116:
115:Language codes
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
94:
82:
80:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5083:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:Guianan Carib
4889:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:Pemóng–Panare
4819:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3755:Colonia Tovar
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3180:Antropológica
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:Antropológica
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3074:Antropológica
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3055:Antropológica
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:tukuudi=chomo
2678:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:uu (*)uu=komo
2537:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:öji öji=chomo
2393:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:'several men'
2364:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:ye'kwana=komo
2333:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:'make sleep'
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:Intransitive
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:‘talk’ gives
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1497:Ñennöjaimmaja
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1366:
1365:Ø-ema-jai-:ne
1363:
1357:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:Third person
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:First person
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1056:December 2017
1050:
1046:
1043:This section
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
966:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
921:
920:
914:for /ɨ/, and
897:
895:
893:
889:
880:
878:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
856:
855:
849:
844:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
815:
809:
804:
800:
798:
796:
793:
792:
785:
780:
776:
770:
765:
761:
755:
750:
746:
744:
741:
740:
733:
728:
724:
718:
713:
709:
703:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
669:
659:
657:
651:
647:
645:
643:
637:
633:
631:
628:
627:
624:
622:
620:
614:
610:
608:
606:
604:
601:
600:
593:
589:
587:
581:
577:
571:
567:
561:
557:
555:
553:
550:
549:
542:
538:
532:
528:
522:
518:
516:
510:
506:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
493:
487:
483:
481:
475:
471:
465:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
419:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
381:
379:
377:
376:Guiana Shield
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
338:
336:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
278:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
195:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
162:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
123:
118:
113:
107:
106:
105:
93:
90:
89:
88:Guianan Carib
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
27:
19:
5037:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4976:
4965:Unclassified
4939:
4919:
4909:
4902:
4875:
4847:
4809:
4802:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4748:
4718:
4574:Non-official
4560:Ka'apor Sign
4143:Akwẽ-Xerénte
4086:
3936:Enawenê-Nawê
3704:(Maku-Auari)
3573:
3498:Arutani-Sape
3345:
3337:
3332:
3319:
3314:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3231:
3225:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3009:Ethnographie
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:
2834:
2819:
2806:
2801:
2750:
2742:
2722:*ashiichadu
2714:*sokwa=komo
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2622:kankudu=komo
2621:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:nma nma=komo
2421:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2317:
2312:
2309:semantically
2306:
2218:
2212:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2104:intransitive
2101:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:aiyo at-aiyo
1982:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:'to measure'
1881:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1827:eeka öt-ööka
1826:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:Detransitive
1771:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:nominalising
1658:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:-willingness
1435:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1240:
1238:jadö-'da-nñe
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1081:imperfective
1066:
1053:
1049:adding to it
1044:
901:
884:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
852:
845:
841:
837:creaky voice
834:
827:
820:
397:morphosyntax
392:ethnographic
385:
368:
339:
306:
291:
275:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
193:
192:
164:
136:
91:
26:
5002:Paravilyana
4586:Vlax Romani
4565:Terena Sign
4529:Macarrônico
4410:Nambikwaran
4168:Djeoromitxí
3034:: 149–178.
2747:Maquiritari
2543:'manioc' {}
2363:yanwaa=komo
2260:'to leave'
2249:e'wa'to-jo
2202:edenna-mjü
2191:'make dry'
2188:sedena-mjü
2160:Transitive
2016:'to follow'
1210:w-ütö(mö)-a
1101:terminative
881:Orthography
357:makers and
321:chain gangs
317:Catholicism
251:Maquiritare
207:Maquiritari
179:instead of
92:Maquiritari
35:Maquiritari
5055:Categories
5009:Pawishiana
4804:Tiverikoto
4779:Pimenteira
4714:Hixkaryana
4706:Parukotoan
4524:Lanc-Patuá
4423:Nambikwara
4354:Chapacuran
4329:Tenetehara
4203:Mẽbêngôkre
4163:Chiquitano
4072:Pará Arára
4057:Hixkaryana
3893:Indigenous
3865:Pomeranian
3839:Portuguese
3741:Non-Native
3435:Indigenous
3186:: 263–297.
2841:"Ye'kwana"
2752:Ethnologue
2734:References
2617:'calabash'
2603:uu uu=komo
2533:(*)uu=komo
2480:'tiger' {}
2470:*mado=komo
2444:*süna=komo
2384:'medicine'
2332:'ye'kuana'
2277:eta'jü-jo
2235:Causative
2229:Base form
2144:transitive
2000:'to carry'
1971:'to break'
1913:ot-onku'to
1890:'to fight'
1866:, or with
1841:'to paint'
1693:t-önöö-nei
1661:derivation
1611:öö-jimmö-Ø
1308:küna'ja'to
1294:a-jadö-:ne
1235:jadö'danñe
1097:inchoative
1077:perfective
1028:Morphology
967:Consonants
848:palatalize
386:The first
382:Literature
343:indigenous
309:missionary
302:Uraricoera
277:Ethnologue
247:Maquiritai
5040:indicate
4720:Katxúyana
4591:Hungarian
4314:Nheengatu
4309:Munduruku
4299:Kagwahiva
4218:Rikbaktsa
4115:Kashinawa
3971:Wapishana
3911:Asháninka
3895:languages
3743:languages
3708:Nheengatu
3635:Jirajaran
3473:Paraujano
3468:Mandawaca
3437:languages
3424:Maracucho
3061:: 85–146.
2881:1 October
2850:1 October
2652:natö=komo
2389:öji=chomo
2303:Plurality
2263:ja'ka-jo
2174:nün-nöjü
2098:Causative
2034:'to take'
1953:'to fall'
1950:at-a'dojo
1945:'to drop'
1887:ot-ooneja
1815:'to bite'
1717:i-womü-ka
1677:judum-ato
1534:therefore
1478:therefore
1362:Emajainñe
1173:künwanno
1162:tünwanno
1089:iterative
830:geminated
552:Fricative
411:Phonology
351:sedentary
255:Maiongong
198:Ye'kuana:
138:Glottolog
122:ISO 639-3
53:Ethnicity
48:Venezuela
4984:Japréria
4947:Karihona
4932:Taranoan
4921:Wayumara
4910:Ye'kuana
4898:Kari'nja
4877:Tamanaku
4849:Purukotó
4741:Pekodian
4626:Romanian
4581:Japanese
4474:Katawixi
4469:Kanamarí
4418:Mamaindê
4377:Tukanoan
4324:Tapirapé
4223:Tapayúna
4198:Maxakalí
4173:Kaingang
4135:Macro-Jê
4125:Yaminawa
4087:Ye'kuana
4004:Jamamadí
3976:Warekena
3946:Mehinaku
3941:Mapidian
3926:Barawana
3903:Arawakan
3663:Timotean
3653:Jirajara
3612:Guahiban
3589:Chibchan
3574:Ye'kuana
3569:Tamanaku
3534:Japreria
3483:Warekena
3463:Caquetio
3445:Arawakan
3118:: 30–33.
3099:: 61–70.
2591:'manioc'
2575:calabash
2556:calabash
2528:'manioc'
2454:'dog' {}
2415:nma=komo
2329:ye'kwana
2291:e'ji-jo
2243:e'wa'tö
2238:English
2232:English
2182:seedeta
2171:'sleep'
2163:English
2157:English
2068:'to see'
1908:'to lie'
1846:öt-öicha
1709:a’deu-tö
1628:künwanno
1625:künwanno
1617:-family-
1577:tünwanno
1574:tünwanno
1563:juwai=je
1291:ajadööne
1151:önwanno
1124:Singular
1111:Pronouns
1095:(past),
1093:durative
892:Amazonas
874:De'kwana
870:Ye'kwana
436:alveolar
429:Alveolar
424:Bilabial
365:Typology
282:vitality
263:Ye'kuana
235:De'cuana
231:Kunuhana
219:Ye'cuana
215:Ye'kwana
194:Ye'kuana
185:Help:IPA
145:maqu1238
108:Wayumara
103:Dialects
57:Ye'kuana
5038:Italics
4989:Kuikuro
4978:Boanarí
4941:Akuriyo
4904:Palmela
4833:Makushi
4761:Bakairí
4651:Chinese
4641:Turkish
4636:Tagalog
4631:Russian
4519:Cafundó
4464:Kadiwéu
4459:Irantxe
4449:Arutani
4362:Oro Win
4243:Nadahup
4233:Xavante
4228:Timbira
4183:Kĩsêdjê
4153:Arikapú
4148:Apinajé
4120:Shipibo
4110:Amawaka
4082:Sikiana
4067:Macushi
4047:Bakairi
4029:Cariban
4019:Zuruahá
4014:Paumarí
3961:Tariana
3951:Palikúr
3916:Atorada
3877:Italian
3872:Hunsrik
3762:Italian
3671:Mucuchí
3625:Guahibo
3564:Sikiana
3544:Macushi
3521:Cariban
3506:Arutani
3478:Piapoco
3419:Llanero
3414:Spanish
3176:Erebato
3080:: 7–46.
2674:tukuudi
2614:kankudu
2596:uu=komo
2551:kankudu
2488:kaduwai
2465:'tiger'
2410:'house'
2322:animate
2271:eta'jü
2257:eja'ka
2199:'stop'
2196:edenna
2047:at-ajöi
1976:at-aiyo
1905:enku'to
1820:öt-ööka
1774:valency
1743:Aspects
1697:a’deuwü
1685:eeto-no
1669:adverbs
1608:Ööjimmö
1566:shaman=
1560:Juwaije
1518:önwanno
1515:önwanno
1506:-write-
1433:o-woije
1430:owoijie
1371:-throw-
1069:aspects
1011:- sh, s
888:Bolívar
679:Central
501:Plosive
451:Glottal
441:Palatal
371:Cariban
335:schools
323:to the
313:Spanish
288:History
271:Roraima
227:Cunuana
223:Yekuana
211:Dekwana
181:Unicode
158:Yekuana
84:Cariban
40:Dekwana
5016:Sapará
4972:Apalaí
4952:Tiriyo
4915:Wayana
4866:Kumaná
4838:Panare
4828:Kapóng
4786:Yarumá
4766:Ikpéng
4750:Apingi
4731:Waiwai
4726:Salumá
4656:Slovak
4646:Korean
4621:Polish
4601:French
4596:Arabic
4499:Xukuru
4494:Ticuna
4489:Pirahã
4444:Aikanã
4437:Others
4428:Sabanê
4400:Wanano
4395:Tuyuca
4390:Tukano
4339:Xipaya
4319:Omagua
4294:Juruna
4284:Akwáwa
4276:Tupian
4213:Panará
4188:Krenak
4178:Karajá
4158:Bororo
4102:Panoan
4092:Waiwai
4077:Salumá
4062:Ikpeng
4042:Apalaí
4037:Amonap
4009:Kulina
3991:Arawan
3966:Terêna
3956:Paresi
3921:Baniwa
3882:Talian
3860:German
3767:Romani
3750:German
3728:Yaruro
3718:Sanumá
3702:Jukude
3676:Timote
3643:Ayoman
3554:Panare
3539:Kapóng
3458:Baniwa
3453:Arawak
3322:]
2809:]
2566:
2536:
2503:
2473:
2447:
2355:yanwaa
2318:=chomo
2185:'dry'
2168:ünükü
2146:verb:
2130:) and
2081:öt-öne
2039:a-ajöi
2013:at-adö
1942:a'dojo
1879:ooneja
1792:, and
1748:Future
1735:, and
1673:judume
1447:mödöje
1444:mödöje
1377:INTENS
1302:INTENS
1300:-with-
1148:amödö
1129:Plural
1119:Person
1105:suffix
898:Vowels
603:Rhotic
359:manioc
330:Sanumá
325:rubber
243:Pawana
5027:Yukpa
4843:Pemón
4756:Arara
4616:Greek
4606:Dutch
4484:Ninam
4479:Kwaza
4454:Guató
4385:Cubeo
4367:Wariʼ
4304:Kaiwá
4266:Nadëb
4261:Kakwa
4208:Ofayé
4052:Carib
3981:Waurá
3723:Warao
3713:Ninam
3692:Betoi
3685:Other
3648:Gayon
3620:Cuiba
3579:Yukpa
3559:Pemon
3529:Carib
3488:Wayuu
3324:(PDF)
3318:[
2962:[
2811:(PDF)
2805:[
2677:'jug'
2512:macaw
2493:macaw
2439:'dog'
2358:'man'
2313:=komo
2285:e'ji
2132:-nöjü
2120:-nüjü
2110:and U
2073:ö-öne
2005:a-adö
1933:take
1838:eicha
1705:a’deu
1531:yaawö
1510:=also
1475:yaawö
1472:yaawö
1420:amödö
1417:Amödö
1281:amödö
1278:amödö
1241:with-
1227:sü'na
1224:sü'na
1170:küwü
1159:tüwü
975:~ - d
691:Close
674:Front
630:Glide
458:Nasal
446:Velar
434:Post-
355:canoe
298:Auari
257:, or
4995:Opón
4811:Yaio
4772:Juma
4344:Zo'é
4334:Xeta
3999:Deni
3931:Baré
3697:Hodï
3597:Barí
3511:Sapé
2883:2017
2852:2017
2640:natö
2577:' {}
2514:' {}
2462:mado
2436:süna
2140:-nö’
2138:and
2136:-mjü
2128:-nü’
2126:and
2124:-mjü
2031:ajöi
1968:aiyo
1812:eeka
1754:-tai
1737:-’ñö
1713:womü
1689:önöö
1681:eetö
1648:lit.
1615:RECP
1599:help
1568:ATRB
1551:help
1528:yawö
1508:ABIL
1450:thus
1408:help
1386:tüwü
1383:tüwü
1373:ABIL
1353:help
1347:lit.
1331:COLL
1267:Aaa,
1218:NPST
1216:-go-
1207:wüta
1181:nña
1138:ewü
1079:and
1073:past
993:- kw
972:- ch
962:- uu
956:- oo
953:- ii
950:- ee
944:- aa
872:and
795:Open
684:Back
399:and
300:and
259:Soto
4256:Hup
4251:Dâw
3602:Uwa
3211:doi
3036:doi
3013:III
2749:at
2664:yam
2645:yam
2407:nma
2381:öji
2219:-jo
2065:ene
2050:???
1997:adö
1935:at-
1872:ot-
1805:öt-
1796:-.
1786:öt-
1758:-ta
1733:-wü
1729:-dö
1725:-nö
1721:-ma
1632:1PL
1619:POS
1581:3PL
1522:2PL
1458:nña
1455:nña
1424:2SG
1390:3SG
1327:PDI
1323:COP
1319:DIS
1285:2SG
1270:aaa
1243:NEG
1230:dog
1201:1SG
1197:ewü
1194:Ewü
1051:.
1017:- '
1014:- t
1008:- s
999:- n
996:- m
990:- k
984:- j
941:- u
935:- o
932:- i
929:- e
923:- a
857:).
854:-dü
743:Mid
167:IPA
153:ELP
129:mch
5057::
3300:^
3207:13
3205:.
3201:.
3184:59
3182:.
3114:.
3097:10
3095:.
3076:.
3057:.
3032:44
3030:.
3011:.
2874:.
2860:^
2843:.
2767:^
2588:uu
2525:uu
1937::
1874::
1807::
1762:-i
1731:,
1723:;
1601:);
1553:);
1504:3O
1410:);
1369:3O
1355:);
1315:3S
1273:ah
1247:PL
1214:1S
1099:,
1091:,
1071::
808:aː
784:oː
769:əː
754:eː
732:uː
717:ɨː
702:iː
613:ɾ̠
521:tʃ
253:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
4690:e
4683:t
4676:v
3817:e
3810:t
3803:v
3392:e
3385:t
3378:v
3219:.
3213::
3116:3
3078:6
3059:8
3042:.
3038::
3015:.
2885:.
2854:.
2662:'
2647:'
2643:'
2573:'
2558:'
2554:'
2510:'
2495:'
2491:'
2215:A
2116:P
2112:A
2108:P
1931:a
1868:e
1864:o
1801:e
1794:a
1466:3
1464:+
1462:1
1437:2
1375:-
1329:=
1325:-
1321:-
1317:.
1298:2
1245:-
1058:)
1054:(
803:a
779:o
764:ə
749:e
727:u
712:ɨ
697:i
650:j
636:w
592:h
580:ç
570:ʃ
560:s
541:ʔ
531:k
509:t
486:ɲ
474:n
464:m
196:(
187:.
20:)
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