728:") and, later on (during the 18th century), the Biesbosch (although a small patch of swamp had been known as Biesbosch even before the flood). A network of interconnecting creeks, mudflats and forested areas arose, which served as a sort of inland delta of the large rivers feeding it. A significant result of this was that the former estuary arms of the Rhine and Meuse, further north-west, were devoid of much of the inflow of fresh water. This caused the rivers to fill with deposits, so the important shipping route between Rotterdam and the inland areas was no longer usable.
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933:, a remainder from the sixties and seventies, when the rivers Rhine and Meuse were much more polluted than they are today. Because there is little net flow in the Biesbosch (because the connection with both rivers and the sea has been blocked, although this will change in the future) the build-up of polluted sediments in the Biesbosch has been severe. Completely restoring the Biesbosch ecosystem cannot happen without an extensive cleanup of all the creeks, which will be an enormous and costly task.
874:, restoring the natural shift from fresh to salty water and allow the return of the tides in the Biesbosch. A first step will be opening some of the sluices of the Haringvlietdam. This will result in a minimal return of tidal effects without having a dramatic impact on the landscape, because a full opening of the dam will make most of the surrounding farming areas unusable, as a result of the influx of salty water. One should note the fact that in times of severe floods coming from the
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resulted in the creation of an unstable dike, located at one of the key corners of the Grote Waard. It was the only place where high tides coming directly from the sea could penetrate the land deeply and could reach a primary "keystone" dike of the Grote Waard (most of the primary dikes were used as protection against rivers instead).
707:. A persistent misunderstanding is that the Biesbosch arose by this storm flood in one night. It is true that this flood broke dikes of the then Grote Hollandse Waard or Zuid Hollandse Waard, but it needed dozens of years before the whole area was under water and had changed to the Biesbosch with its creeks and reeds.
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return to its original state: an interconnected network of rivers and creeks, serving as an inland river delta. The area can then be used as a natural buffer to prevent major floods and to lower the risk of very high river levels. For example, the
Noordwaard polder in the Biesbosch was reconnected with the
906:). Seals used to be a common sight in the Biesbosch despite the fact that the area is dominated by freshwater. Their presence ended in 1970, although a few individuals somehow managed to reach the Biesbosch afterwards. The partial opening of the Haringvlietdam will restore some of the natural situation.
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The most central part of the
Biesbosch and the subject of much recent controversy. The Noordwaard has only been reclaimed during the 20th century and hosts some of most fertile farmlands in the entire Netherlands. However, as a result of the high water levels in the Dutch rivers during the 1990s, the
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During the last centuries, conditions changed significantly. Most of the
Biesbosch was reclaimed and turned into polders. The Rhine-Meuse connection with Rotterdam was restored by preventing the build-up of deposits by artificial means. Most of the Biesbosch creeks were closed off at their upstream
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One of the key factors in the flooding of the Grote Waard was the creation of a new dike in the southwest of the polder. The ground beneath this dike was unstable, which was a known (but underestimated) fact in this period of time. However, combined with political rivalry and financial issues, this
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and with it the
Biesbosch's direct connection with the sea. Only in the northern part of the Biesbosch (the so-called Sliedrechtse Biesbosch) some of the tidal difference remained (20–80 cm on average). The diminishing of the tidal difference caused a dramatic transformation of the Biesbosch,
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Another threat to the
Biesbosch ecosystem is the extensive water recreation in the area. The Biesbosch has, however, both strong natural and recreational values, so banning all recreational activities in the area is not an option. Finding the right balance in this issue will be a challenge. Other
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The Dutch government has decided to undo most of the reclamation and give it back to nature and to reconnect the main rivers with the
Biesbosch creeks. This decision has been made as a result of extremely high river discharges in 1993 and 1995. This means that a large part of the Biesbosch will
490:). The Brabantse Biesbosch can be divided into three parts, from which only the so-called Zuidwaard belongs to the National Park. The Zuidwaard of the Brabantse Biesbosch has fewer fields of reeds and sedges compared to the rest of the National Park and consists mostly of willow forests.
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At first, the
Heidezee was a shallow but extended body of water, with high tides but also a predominance of fresh water. The deposits of the rivers caused the land to become only submerged at high tides. From that moment on the area was called the Bergse Veld ("Fields of
863:. Moreover, as of 2014 a couple of white-tailed eagles has been breeding in the Biesbosch for several years in a row. Ospreys have been using the Biesbosch as a feeding ground for several years now, with the first Dutch-born Ospreys in the spring of 2016 as a result.
589:, containing cultivated land and a number of villages. The more than a century old dikes collapsed because of lack of maintenance, due to the difficult economic situation in the area, and the difficulties between the political entities within (especially the
512:. It is located between the Sliedrechtse Biesbosch and the Hollandse Biesbosch. Although the Dordtse Biesbosch has largely an agricultural destination, it also contains several recreational areas which serves as the "playground" for the people of Dordrecht.
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Very high river levels combined with a severe storm surge coming in from the sea caused the collapse of the southwest dike and several riverdikes, resulting in the flooding of most of the Grote
Hollandse Waard. After the flood, three areas remained: the
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of the
Biesbosch in between. Many villages (by tradition 72) were swallowed by the flood and were lost, causing (again by tradition) either 2,000 or 10,000 casualties. Some towns had more luck and submerged, only to rise above the water later on.
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which mostly changed into a willow forest with small remnants of the once mighty delta streams. The creation of the
Haringvlietdam also blocked the main route for migrating fish. The influence of both rivers and sea had now mostly gone.
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The most northern part of the Biesbosch. This is the part of the Biesbosch with the most significant tidal influence (one of the distinctive characteristics of the Biesbosch). The Sliedrechtse Biesbosch is named after the town of
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The partial opening of the Haringvlietdam will create an opportunity for migrating fish to enter the Rhine and Meuse rivers, restoring the natural situation. This will hopefully result in the return of the
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The easternmost and oldest part of the Biesbosch does not resemble the rest of the Biesbosch and consists mainly of farmland and expanded neighbourhoods of towns along the Biesbosch border (such as
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population could profit from these hydrological changes (and, as of 2014, they indeed expanded their range significantly). It would also hopefully create the right conditions for the return of the
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The National Park occupies only half of the original Biesbosch area. The other half has been reclaimed and consists mostly of farmland. It can be divided into several parts as well:
748:, which divides the Biesbosch into two parts: the "lesser" Biesbosch, now the southeastern part of the Island of Dordrecht, and the "greater" Biesbosch. As a result of these
450:(one of the borders of the Biesbosch). The eastern part of the Sliedrechtse Biesbosch is one of the few areas in the Netherlands that has an intact system of river dunes.
767:-held south of the Netherlands. In the winter of 1944, the area was crossed by refugees from the occupied north, while, at the same time, it was being used to smuggle
759:, the area was used by Dutch residents to hide out from the German occupation forces in the Netherlands. A resistance group was formed that, late in the war, captured
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that were closed off from the main rivers and served as drainage bodies of the Grote Waard, also disappeared. These include the Dubbel (the name of which survives in
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and many other species of fish. It will also create opportunities for the almost extinct southern Dutch population of seals (now mostly restricted to parts of the
547:" has been completed by 2008 and the resulting wetlands have been added to the National Park. The second phase will be completed somewhere between 2015 and 2020.
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539:). In this way it can serve as a buffer and be of much importance in the prevention of dike breaks and subsequent flooding in densely populated areas in the
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Before 1970 a connection with the sea existed, and the tidal differences were, on average, two meters. Despite the diminished inflow of the
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changes, the Biesbosch lost its function as a river delta and now only receives water directly from the rivers in times of high discharges.
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824:. Such strategies will also restore some of the natural situation and will result in an expansion of the habitat of many animals.
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390:' or 'rushwoods') consists of a large network of rivers and smaller and larger creeks with islands. The vegetation is mostly
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664:; the eastern part survived) and most of the main drainage stream: the Oude Maas (a small part survives in the form of the
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threats include the construction of yacht-basins, urban expansion and plans for exploitation of natural gas reserves.
740:. By separating rivers Meuse and Rhine before they reach the Biesbosch, their flow can be controlled better. A second
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The area still faces many threats. One of them is the pollution of water and soil. Many streambeds contain severely
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and are commonly regarded as national heroes. Many Dutch books and a few movies are based on this resistance group.
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1016:"Establishing a sediment budget in the newly created "Kleine Noordwaard" wetland area in the Rhine–Meuse delta"
446:, which was drowned during the creation of the Biesbosch and was later rebuilt on the other side of the river
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have already become familiar elements in the Biesbosch today. There is also an increase in the population of
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part of the Biesbosch. The Hollandse Biesbosch is the part of the National Park best known for its birds.
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rivers, fresh water continued to dominate. The tidal differences almost disappeared after 1970 when the
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The eastern and largest part of the Biesbosch, which is separated from the rest of the Biesbosch by the
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The westernmost part of the Biesbosch and the largest remnant of the (once much larger)
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687:("Holland Deep") and the (shallow) Heidezee ("Heath Sea"). Both were connected to the
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Map showing the parts of the Biesbosch that make up the National Park (highlighted).
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government has decided to undo the reclamation and reconnect the Noordwaard to the
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river (which serves as the borderline between the provinces of South Holland and
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as breeding birds. Because of recent nature development of new wetlands, the
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to the north. The people that coordinated these activities are known as the
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was closed off as well and the Meuse received a new, artificial mouth: the
1060:"Pathways of Water and Sediment in the Biesbosch Freshwater Tidal Wetland"
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was created to better distribute the flow of the river Rhine as well: the
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and has a rich flora and fauna. It is especially important for migrating
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878:, the dam will still be able to close and serve in a similar way as the
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The Biesbosch National Park consists of the following major parts:
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are common as well. The Biesbosch is an important wetland area for
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van der Deijl, E. C.; van der Perk, M.; Middelkoop, H. (2019).
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van der Deijl, E. C.; van der Perk, M.; Middelkoop, H. (2018).
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There are also plans to restore the estuary function of the
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rivers and to reintroduce sediments which resulted in land
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The Biesbosch was created when 300 square kilometres of
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which existed before the disaster as a pure seawater
1100:"Primeur: Eerste visarend(en) in Nederland geboren"
679:Most of the flooded area changed into a network of
585:in the year 1421. Before this, the area was called
508:The part of the Biesbosch that borders the city of
386:in Northwestern Europe. The Biesbosch ('forest of
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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379:and one of the last extensive areas of freshwater
1112:Elanden in de Biesbosch - ARK Natuurontwikkeling
668:, not to be confused with another branch called
660:is named), Graaf, Alm (which lent its name to
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1133:Historische Reeks Land van Heusden en Altena
763:fleeing to the north from what was then the
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600:The Grote Waard in 1421, just before the
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
734:confluence of the Meuse and Rhine rivers
983:"Samenwerkingsverband Nationale Parken"
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820:rate of 5.1 mm. The latter is called a
732:end to lower the risk of flooding. The
683:. The most important of those were the
1352:1994 establishments in the Netherlands
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1397:Tourist attractions in South Holland
1392:Tourist attractions in North Brabant
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
1347:Protected areas established in 1994
913:will be re-introduced in the area.
1407:Geography of Altena, North Brabant
831:Air view of parts of the Biesbosch
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1357:National parks of the Netherlands
1188:National Parks of the Netherlands
822:sedimentation enhancing strategy
517:Brabantse Biesbosch (Noordwaard)
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1362:Ramsar sites in the Netherlands
552:Brabantse Biesbosch (Oostwaard)
526:Creek remnant in the Biesbosch.
469:Brabantse Biesbosch (Zuidwaard)
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270:90 km (35 sq mi)
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31:needs additional citations for
1427:Parks established in the 1990s
1:
543:. The first phase of the "de-
656:), Eem, Werken (after which
581:lands were submerged in the
427:Simple map of the Biesbosch.
364:Air view over the Biesbosch.
55:"De Biesbosch National Park"
1317:More info on national parks
126:Nationaal Park De Biesbosch
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1367:Regions of the Netherlands
1151:National Park De Biesbosch
1124:National Park de Biesbosch
999:(in Dutch). Archived from
650:Rhine-Meuse delta branches
369:De Biesbosch National Park
121:De Biesbosch National Park
1342:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
1313:
1244:Loonse en Drunense Duinen
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1077:10.1007/s13157-018-1071-0
997:"Planten in de Biesbosch"
962:Sites Information Service
591:Hook and Cod (civil) wars
541:Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta
356:Sunset over the Biesbosch
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151:Hollandse Biesbosch near
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1377:Regions of South Holland
1372:Regions of North Brabant
1036:10.5194/esurf-6-187-2018
925:Typical Biesbosch creek.
535:rivers (essentially the
170:Map of the National Park
909:In the future possibly
637:) to the east, and the
1387:Parks in South Holland
1382:Parks in North Brabant
1300:Zoom–Kalmthoutse Heide
1023:Earth Surface Dynamics
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719:Biesbosch at low tide.
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436:Sliedrechtse Biesbosch
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40:improve this article
1279:Utrechtse Heuvelrug
1269:Sallandse Heuvelrug
1153:, official brochure
880:Oosterscheldekering
623:Island of Dordrecht
616:Biesbosch wetlands.
602:St. Elizabeth flood
583:St. Elizabeth flood
455:Hollandse Biesbosch
283:Governing body
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1209:Drents-Friese Wold
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845:white-tailed eagle
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773:Biesbosch crossers
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335:Reference no.
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1214:Drentsche Aa
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38:Please help
33:verification
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1239:Lauwersmeer
1234:Hoge Veluwe
1229:Groote Peel
1199:Alde Feanen
985:(in Dutch).
955:"Biesbosch"
868:Haringvliet
861:kingfishers
849:great egret
818:aggradation
792:Haringvliet
790:closed the
788:Delta Works
738:Bergse Maas
689:Haringvliet
666:Oude Maasje
563:Nieuwendijk
377:Netherlands
330:23 May 1980
275:Established
254: /
230:Coordinates
213:Netherlands
157:Netherlands
1331:Categories
1290:Veluwezoom
1286:(proposed)
1259:Nieuw Land
1249:Maasduinen
1135:(in Dutch)
941:References
742:ship canal
635:Woudrichem
629:(with the
444:Sliedrecht
396:grasslands
327:Designated
297:.biesbosch
199:Provinces:
66:newspapers
1417:Drimmelen
1412:Dordrecht
1204:Biesbosch
1086:0277-5212
1045:2196-632X
876:North Sea
769:medicines
697:North Sea
681:estuaries
674:Rotterdam
670:Oude Maas
658:Werkendam
654:Dubbeldam
559:Werkendam
545:poldering
510:Dordrecht
414:Structure
404:waterfowl
322:Biesbosch
223:Dordrecht
191:Drimmelen
187:Dordrecht
153:Dordrecht
1284:Van Gogh
1064:Wetlands
967:25 April
857:bitterns
851:and the
843:and the
639:brackish
573:Creation
384:wetlands
210:Country:
176:Location
96:May 2009
1254:Meinweg
917:Threats
761:Germans
755:During
711:History
695:of the
662:Almkerk
533:Merwede
375:in the
239:51°44′N
80:scholar
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960:Ramsar
888:salmon
841:osprey
837:beaver
799:Future
765:Allied
642:swamps
579:polder
392:willow
388:sedges
242:4°45′E
183:Altena
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911:moose
900:smelt
892:trout
814:Meuse
810:Rhine
780:Meuse
705:Meuse
701:Rhine
693:inlet
672:near
648:Many
537:Rhine
494:Other
408:geese
381:tidal
87:JSTOR
73:books
1082:ISSN
1041:ISSN
969:2018
896:shad
870:and
859:and
812:and
784:Waal
782:and
703:and
631:city
567:Hank
565:and
400:reed
299:.org
278:1994
267:Area
135:II (
59:news
1072:doi
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