238:
velocity (or whose orbital plane was almost perpendicular to our line of view) this might merely make the star's orbit seem erratic, but for a sufficient combination of orbital speed and distance (and inclination), the "fast" light given off during approach would be able to catch up with and even overtake "slow" light emitted earlier during a recessional part of the star's orbit, and the star would present an image that was scrambled and out of sequence. That is,
82:
99:
Willem de Sitter's argument against emission theory. According to simple emission theory, light moves at a speed of c with respect to the emitting object. If this were true, light emitted from a star in a double-star system from different parts of the orbital path would travel towards us at different
237:
argued that if this was true, a star orbiting in a double-star system would usually, with regard to us, alternate between moving towards us and away from us. Light emitted from different parts of the orbital path would travel towards us at different speeds. For a nearby star with a small orbital
104:
would apparently be violated for a distant observer. Many bizarre effects would be seen, including (a) as illustrated, unusually shaped variable star light curves such as have never been seen, (b) extreme
Doppler red- and blue-shifts in phase with the light curves, implying highly non-Keplerian
293:
published the results of a similar double-survey, and reached a similar conclusion - that any apparent irregularities in double-star orbits were too small to support the emission theory. Contrary to the data cited by de Sitter, Brecher observed the x-ray spectrum, thereby eliminating possible
245:
De Sitter made a study of double stars and found no cases where the stars' computed orbits appeared non-Keplerian. Since the total flight-time difference between "fast" and "slow" lightsignals would be expected to scale linearly with distance in simple emission theory, and the study would
286:. That is, during their flight to Earth, the light rays would have been absorbed and re-emitted by interstellar matter nearly at rest relative to Earth, so that the speed of light should become constant with respect to Earth, regardless of the motion of the original source(s).
105:
orbits, (c) splitting of the spectral lines (note simultaneous arrival of blue- and red-shifted light at the target), and (d) if the binary star system is resolvable in a telescope, the periodic breaking up of the stellar images into multiple images.
51:
dependent on the velocity of the emitting object. De Sitter showed that Ritz's theory would have predicted that the orbits of binary stars would appear more eccentric than consistent with experiment and with the laws of
100:
speeds. For certain combinations of orbital speed, distance, and inclination, the "fast" light given off during approach would overtake "slow" light emitted during a recessional part of the star's orbit. Thus
91:
568:
In some cases, we should observe the same component of the double star system simultaneously at different places, and these 'ghost stars' would disappear and reappear in the course of their periodic motions.
334:
632:
146:, the light would then be expected to move at this same speed until it eventually reached an observer. For an object moving directly towards (or away from) the observer at
228:
196:
799:
164:
140:
825:
259:
Modern experiments of the de Sitter type refute the idea that light might travel at a speed that was partially dependent on the velocity of the emitter (
794:
625:
271:
is a factor between 0 and 1, denoting the extent to which the speed of light depends on the source velocity. De Sitter established an upper limit of
246:(statistically) have included stars with a reasonable spread of distances and orbital speeds and orientations, de Sitter concluded that the effect
731:
768:
726:
701:
618:
239:
101:
867:
384:Über die Genauigkeit, innerhalb welcher die Unabhängigkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit von der Bewegung der Quelle behauptet werden kann
736:
716:
561:
660:
670:
655:
721:
685:
773:
763:
758:
711:
706:
665:
893:
846:
386:
363:
340:
112:
40:
36:
641:
65:
250:
have been seen if the model was correct, and its absence meant that the emission theory was almost certainly wrong.
90:
898:
872:
48:
862:
297:
279:
143:
32:
589:
518:
481:
421:
17:
841:
56:. However, the results from astronomical observations did not support this. This was confirmed by
778:
750:
408:
815:
680:
557:
553:
546:
597:
526:
489:
234:
28:
201:
169:
390:
367:
290:
57:
593:
522:
485:
425:
509:
Brecher, K. (1977). "Is the speed of light independent of the velocity of the source".
443:
149:
125:
120:
887:
820:
746:
16:
This article is about observing binary stars. For precession of orbiting bodies, see
44:
493:
530:
610:
383:
360:
339:
There are also terrestrial experiments that speak against such theories, see
468:
283:
81:
53:
407:
601:
294:
influences of the extinction effect. He established an upper limit of
61:
442:
361:
Ein astronomischer Beweis fĂĽr die
Konstanz der Lichtgeschwindigkeit
64:
spectrum. For other experiments related to special relativity, see
142:
with respect to the emitting object. If there are no complicating
116:
449:
Proceedings of the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
414:
Proceedings of the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
614:
166:, this light would then be expected to still be travelling at
275:< 0.002, but extinction effects make that result suspect.
580:
Fox, J. G. (1965), "Evidence
Against Emission Theories",
409:"A proof of the constancy of the velocity of light"
467:
300:
242:
would apparently be violated for a distant observer.
204:
172:
152:
128:
855:
834:
808:
787:
745:
694:
648:
545:
328:
222:
190:
158:
134:
444:"On the constancy of the velocity of light"
278:De Sitter's experiment was criticized because of
626:
8:
633:
619:
611:
795:Tests of relativistic energy and momentum
504:
502:
317:
299:
203:
171:
151:
127:
119:thrown off by an object should move at a
548:Introduction to the Theory of Relativity
732:Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations
436:
434:
352:
469:"A Neglected Type of Relativity"
800:Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments
769:Experimental testing of time dilation
727:Antimatter tests of Lorentz violation
702:Modern searches for Lorentz violation
341:experiments testing emission theories
7:
552:. Dover Publications, Inc. pp.
329:{\displaystyle k<2\times 10^{-9}}
868:Test theories of special relativity
14:
826:Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment
737:Lorentz-violating electrodynamics
717:Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace
267:can be positive or negative, and
35:in 1910) and used to support the
779:Length contraction confirmations
676:de Sitter double star experiment
263:), where the emitter's velocity
89:
80:
466:Comstock, Daniel Frost (1910),
847:Refutations of emission theory
686:Measurements of neutrino speed
217:
205:
185:
173:
1:
494:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.30.262
230:) at the time it reached us.
842:Refutations of aether theory
764:Moessbauer rotor experiments
666:Moessbauer rotor experiments
661:Kennedy–Thorndike experiment
37:special theory of relativity
656:Michelson–Morley experiment
642:Tests of special relativity
582:American Journal of Physics
531:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.1051
66:tests of special relativity
915:
722:Trouton–Rankine experiment
441:de Sitter, Willem (1913),
406:de Sitter, Willem (1913),
15:
774:Hafele–Keating experiment
60:in 1977 by observing the
39:against a competing 1908
873:Standard-Model Extension
759:Ives–Stilwell experiment
712:Trouton–Noble experiment
707:Hughes–Drever experiment
544:Bergmann, Peter (1976).
31:in 1913 (as well as by
511:Physical Review Letters
240:Kepler's laws of motion
102:Kepler's laws of motion
49:variable speed of light
863:One-way speed of light
330:
224:
192:
160:
136:
671:Resonator experiments
331:
225:
223:{\displaystyle (c-v)}
193:
191:{\displaystyle (c+v)}
161:
137:
33:Daniel Frost Comstock
298:
202:
170:
150:
126:
111:According to simple
18:de Sitter precession
894:Physics experiments
788:Relativistic energy
594:1965AmJPh..33....1F
523:1977PhRvL..39.1051B
486:1910PhRvI..30..262.
426:1913KNAB...15.1297D
751:Length contraction
695:Lorentz invariance
396:, 14, 1267 (1913).
389:2016-03-03 at the
373:, 14, 429 (1913).
366:2016-11-30 at the
326:
280:extinction effects
220:
188:
156:
132:
47:that postulated a
881:
880:
821:Sagnac experiment
816:Fizeau experiment
681:Hammar experiment
602:10.1119/1.1971219
517:(17): 1051–1054.
159:{\displaystyle v}
135:{\displaystyle c}
27:was described by
906:
635:
628:
621:
612:
606:
605:
577:
571:
570:
551:
541:
535:
534:
506:
497:
496:
471:
463:
457:
456:
446:
438:
429:
428:
420:(2): 1297–1298,
411:
403:
397:
394:Physik. Zeitschr
380:
374:
371:Physik. Zeitschr
357:
335:
333:
332:
327:
325:
324:
235:Willem de Sitter
229:
227:
226:
221:
197:
195:
194:
189:
165:
163:
162:
157:
144:dragging effects
141:
139:
138:
133:
93:
84:
29:Willem de Sitter
25:de Sitter effect
914:
913:
909:
908:
907:
905:
904:
903:
899:1913 in science
884:
883:
882:
877:
851:
830:
804:
783:
749:
741:
690:
644:
639:
609:
579:
578:
574:
564:
543:
542:
538:
508:
507:
500:
474:Physical Review
465:
464:
460:
440:
439:
432:
405:
404:
400:
391:Wayback Machine
381:
377:
368:Wayback Machine
358:
354:
350:
313:
296:
295:
291:Kenneth Brecher
256:
200:
199:
168:
167:
148:
147:
124:
123:
113:emission theory
109:
108:
107:
106:
96:
95:
94:
86:
85:
74:
58:Kenneth Brecher
41:emission theory
21:
12:
11:
5:
912:
910:
902:
901:
896:
886:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
859:
857:
853:
852:
850:
849:
844:
838:
836:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
818:
812:
810:
806:
805:
803:
802:
797:
791:
789:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
696:
692:
691:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
652:
650:
649:Speed/isotropy
646:
645:
640:
638:
637:
630:
623:
615:
608:
607:
572:
562:
536:
498:
458:
430:
398:
382:W. de Sitter,
375:
359:W. de Sitter,
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
337:
323:
320:
316:
312:
309:
306:
303:
287:
276:
255:
252:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
155:
131:
98:
97:
88:
87:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
73:
70:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
911:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
889:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
858:
854:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
809:Fizeau/Sagnac
807:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
786:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
752:
748:
747:Time dilation
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
693:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
651:
647:
643:
636:
631:
629:
624:
622:
617:
616:
613:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
573:
569:
565:
563:0-486-63282-2
559:
555:
550:
549:
540:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
462:
459:
454:
450:
445:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
402:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
356:
353:
347:
342:
338:
321:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
301:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
253:
251:
249:
243:
241:
236:
231:
214:
211:
208:
182:
179:
176:
153:
145:
129:
122:
118:
114:
103:
92:
83:
71:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
19:
835:Alternatives
675:
585:
581:
575:
567:
547:
539:
514:
510:
477:
473:
461:
455:(1): 395–396
452:
448:
417:
413:
401:
393:
378:
370:
355:
272:
268:
264:
260:
247:
244:
232:
110:
45:Walther Ritz
24:
22:
588:(1): 1–17,
888:Categories
480:(2): 267,
348:References
72:The effect
319:−
311:×
289:In 1977,
284:J. G. Fox
261:c'=c + kv
233:In 1913,
212:−
54:mechanics
387:Archived
364:Archived
121:speed of
856:General
590:Bibcode
519:Bibcode
482:Bibcode
422:Bibcode
560:
248:should
62:x-rays
554:19–20
254:Notes
198:( or
117:light
558:ISBN
305:<
23:The
598:doi
527:doi
490:doi
282:by
43:by
890::
596:,
586:33
584:,
566:.
556:.
525:.
515:39
513:.
501:^
488:,
478:30
476:,
472:,
453:16
451:,
447:,
433:^
418:15
416:,
412:,
315:10
115:,
68:.
634:e
627:t
620:v
604:.
600::
592::
533:.
529::
521::
492::
484::
424::
343:.
336:.
322:9
308:2
302:k
273:k
269:k
265:v
218:)
215:v
209:c
206:(
186:)
183:v
180:+
177:c
174:(
154:v
130:c
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
