394:
717:
900:, which is a fully legal marriage that has merely been contracted in an irregular way (including by habit and repute). Only nine U.S. states and the District of Columbia still permit common-law marriage; but common law marriages are otherwise valid and recognised by and in all jurisdictions whose rules of comity mandate the recognition of any marriage that was legally formed in the jurisdiction where it was contracted.
816:. Couples who are living together are generally recognised as a de facto union and thus able to claim many of the rights and benefits of a married couple, even if they have not registered or officially documented their relationship, although this may vary by state. It has been noted that it is harder to prove de facto relationship status, particularly in the case of the death of one of the partners.
573:. Both of these men exercised nearly all control over their respective nations for many years despite not having either legal constitutional office or the legal authority to exercise power. These individuals are today commonly recorded as the "leaders" of their respective nations; recording their legal, correct title would not give an accurate assessment of their power.
543:(3) Those who, as a consequence of these acts, were to assume the powers foreseen for the authorities of this Constitution or for those of the provinces, shall be punished with the same penalties and shall be civil and criminally liable for their acts. The respective actions shall not be subject to prescription.
819:
In April 2014, an
Australian federal court judge ruled that a heterosexual couple who had a child and lived together for 13 years were not in a de facto relationship and thus the court had no jurisdiction to divide up their property under family law following a request for separation. In his ruling,
868:
If an
Australian de facto couple moves out of a state, they do not take the state with them and the new federal law is tied to the territorial limits of a state. The legal status and rights and obligations of the de facto or unmarried couple would then be recognised by the laws of the country where
807:
relationships provide couples who are living together on a genuine domestic basis with many of the same rights and benefits as married couples. Two people can become a de facto couple by entering into a registered relationship (i.e.: civil union or domestic partnership) or by being assessed as such
422:
In politics, a de facto leader of a country or region is one who has assumed authority, regardless of whether by lawful, constitutional, or legitimate means; very frequently, the term is reserved for those whose power is thought by some faction to be held by unlawful, unconstitutional, or otherwise
638:, de facto boundaries may also arise in relatively unpopulated areas in which the border was never formally established or in which the agreed border was never surveyed and its exact position is unclear. The same concepts may also apply to a boundary between provinces or other subdivisions of a
911:
joint custody is comparable to the joint legal decision-making authority a married couple has over their child(ren) in many jurisdictions (Canada as an example). Upon separation, each parent maintains de facto joint custody, until such time a court order awards custody, either sole or joint.
418:
A de facto government is a government wherein all the attributes of sovereignty have, by usurpation, been transferred from those who had been legally invested with them to others, who, sustained by a power above the forms of law, claim to act and do really act in their stead.
280:
A de facto standard is a standard (formal or informal) that has achieved a dominant position by tradition, enforcement, or market dominance. It has not necessarily received formal approval by way of a standardization process, and may not have an official standards document.
513:) formulation which essentially said that the actions and decrees of past de facto governments, although not rooted in legal legitimacy when taken, remained binding until and unless such time as they were revoked or repealed de jure by a subsequent legitimate government.
266:) is used to describe a "non-life sentence" that is long enough to end after the convicted person would have likely died due to old age, or one long enough to cause the convicted person to "live out the vast majority of their life in jail prior to their release."
974:
consists of systems that have been publicly released to a certain degree so that anybody can manufacture equipment supporting the technology. For instance, in cell phone communications, CDMA1X is a de facto technology, while GSM is a standard technology.
2150:
204:
which means "as defined by law" or "as a matter of law." For example, if a particular law exists in one jurisdiction, but is followed in another where it has no legal effect (such as in another country), then the law could be considered a
549:(5) He who, procuring personal enrichment, incurs in serious fraudulent offense against the Nation shall also attempt subversion against the democratic system, and shall be disqualified to hold public office for the term specified by law.
861:, de facto partnerships can only be legally recognised whilst the couple lives within a state in Australia. This is because the power to legislate on de facto matters relies on referrals by States to the Commonwealth in accordance with
1972:
629:
The de facto boundaries of a country are defined by the area that its government is actually able to enforce its laws in, and to defend against encroachments by other countries that may also claim the same territory de jure. The
892:
A de facto relationship is comparable to non-marital relationship contracts (sometimes called "palimony agreements") and certain limited forms of domestic partnership, which are found in many jurisdictions throughout the world.
446:, which briefly made him de facto leader of Chile, but he later amended the nation's constitution and made himself president until new elections were called, making him the formal and legal ruler of Chile. Similarly,
295:
requirements. The term "de facto standard" is used for both: to contrast obligatory standards (also known as "de jure standards"); or to express a dominant standard, when there is more than one proposed standard.
576:
Another example of a de facto ruler is someone who is not the actual ruler but exerts great or total influence over the true ruler, which is quite common in monarchies. Some examples of these de facto rulers are
957:
A "de facto government" comes into, or remains in, power by means not provided for in the country's constitution, such as a coup d'état, revolution, usurpation, abrogation or suspension of the constitution.
358:, but was not declared de jure state language until 1990. A short-lived law, effected April 24, 1990, installed Russian as the sole de jure official language of the Union prior to its dissolution in 1991.
148:) describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with
1950:
232:
as a proportion of the overall market; wherein the market share is so large that it results in the organization choosing to comply by implementing one standard of business with respect to the given
1891:
1724:
1982:
929:
is a system where many suppliers of a product are allowed but the market is so completely dominated by one that the other players are unable to compete or even survive. The related terms
127:
525:(1) This Constitution shall rule even when its observance is interrupted by acts of force against the institutional order and the democratic system. These acts shall be irreparably
820:
the judge stated "de facto relationship(s) may be described as 'marriage like' but it is not a marriage and has significant differences socially, financially and emotionally."
1644:
970:
is a system in which the intellectual property and know-how is privately held. Usually only the owner of the technology manufactures the related equipment. Meanwhile, a
862:
1912:
865:, where it states the new federal law can only be applied back within a state. There must be a nexus between the de facto relationship itself and the Australian state.
727:
1317:
532:(2) Their authors shall be punished with the penalty foreseen in Section 29, disqualified in perpetuity from holding public offices and excluded from the benefits of
373:, the official languages are English and Portuguese respectively, together with Chinese. However, no particular variety of "Chinese" referred to in law is specified.
654:
formally began in 1948, de facto racist policies and practices discriminating against black South
Africans, People of Colour, and Indians dated back decades before.
1664:
1689:
1832:
2129:
1942:
236:
law instead of altering standards between different jurisdictions and markets (e.g. data protection, manufacturing, etc.). The decision to voluntarily comply
1266:
517:
1883:
2075:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2005:
1862:
1728:
405:
370:
2105:
699:
refers to a situation where two nations are actively engaging, or are engaged, in aggressive military actions against the other without a formal
1624:
393:
1540:
2086:
823:
The above sense of de facto is related to the relationship between common law traditions and formal (statutory, regulatory, civil) law, and
1641:
813:
1791:
1758:
757:
106:
795:, a de facto relationship is a legally recognized, committed relationship of a couple living together (opposite-sex or same-sex).
2190:
2185:
478:
618:
490:
1444:
1920:
590:
498:
382:
1473:
1325:
881:
1660:
827:. Common law norms for settling disputes in practical situations, often worked out over many generations to establishing
1092:
1067:
546:(4) All citizens shall have the right to oppose resistance to those committing the acts of force stated in this section.
502:
339:
in the case of
Morocco), but an additional de facto language is also French. In New Zealand, the official languages are
1681:
1824:
1026:
938:
2125:
836:
1117:
873:
852:
809:
614:
482:
362:
344:
336:
320:
Several countries, including
Australia, Japan, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States, have a de facto
40:
843:, while also playing a role in some countries that have mixed systems with significant admixtures of civil law.
681:
474:
2113:
1122:
872:
This is unlike marriage and "matrimonial causes" which are recognised by sections 51(xxi) and (xxii) of the
858:
537:
473:, the successive military coups that overthrew constitutional governments installed de facto governments in
423:
illegitimate means, often because it had deposed a previous leader or undermined the rule of a current one.
2072:
2061:
2050:
2039:
1381:
677:
494:
1997:
1854:
664:
in the United States (outside of the South) until the 1950s and 1960s was simply discrimination that was
594:
196:) is a law or regulation that is followed but "is not specifically enumerated by a law." By definition,
1825:"Getting divorced without marriage: Your rights and responsibilities when a de facto relationship ends"
2102:
1621:
1214:
1003:
did not hold the official title of GM, but served as de facto general manager as he had control over
996:
602:
578:
486:
463:
304:
897:
824:
800:
378:
1406:
700:
661:
598:
284:
2083:
1783:
1583:
Apartheid South Africa: An
Insider's Overview of the Origin And Effects of Separate Development.
1787:
1754:
1536:
1360:
1356:
1348:
988:
610:
606:
455:
451:
340:
321:
275:
243:
839:, this is particularly true in Anglo-American legal traditions and in former colonies of the
350:
Russian was the de facto official language of the central government and, to a large extent,
1806:
1293:"The EU's $ 1.3 billion blockbuster Meta fine shows it's the de facto global tech regulator"
776:
501:. The subsequent legal analysis of the validity of such actions led to the formulation of a
435:
413:
54:
2109:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2046:
1668:
1648:
1628:
1071:
673:
586:
582:
300:
168:
1509:
427:
leaders sometimes do not hold a constitutional office and may exercise power informally.
327:
Some countries have a de facto national language in addition to an official language. In
240:
be the result of: a desire to simplify manufacturing processes & cost-effectiveness (
1977:
1776:
1021:
992:
840:
792:
635:
566:
459:
447:
443:
252:
172:
161:
120:
2179:
739:
695:
Most commonly used to describe large scale conflicts of the 20th century, the phrase
669:
562:
526:
351:
292:
179:
17:
1292:
303:, a voluntary standard that is also a de facto standard, is a typical solution to a
1640:
Baroness Young – Minister of State, Foreign and
Commonwealth Office (4 July 1986).
1468:
1448:
877:
832:
355:
248:), consumer demand & expectation, or other factors known only to the complier.
1463:
1240:
631:
409:
31:
1164:
1136:
984:
950:
639:
1064:
672:", which were enacted in the 1870s, brought legal racial segregation against
458:. However, his de facto rule of the nation began earlier: during his time as
1084:
1004:
934:
930:
828:
651:
510:
470:
374:
291:
requirements, but may be obligatory, enforced by government norms, such as
1189:
1267:"The Brussels Effect 2.0: Is the EU Trying to Export Its Rules Globally?"
926:
780:
506:
431:
288:
1973:"De facto couples have differences to married counterparts, judge says"
332:
328:
213:
regulation" is not an officially prescribed legal classification for a
149:
2158:
1943:"Do same-sex couples really have the same rights as married couples?"
570:
553:
533:
228:
be followed by an organization as a result of the market size of the
1318:"The Brussels Effect: The Rise of a Regulatory Superstate in Europe"
217:
in a particular jurisdiction, rather, it is a concept about law(s).
1778:
Separate and
Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government
462:; he exercised a great deal of power at the expense of the elderly
783:
is referred to as a de facto husband or wife by some authorities.
439:
392:
366:
1016:
454:
is often recorded as beginning in 1979, the year he assumed the
1000:
937:
are similar in meaning and this is the type of situation that
710:
1998:"The Referral of State Powers Cooperative Federalism lives?"
98:
89:
80:
60:
634:
is an example of a de facto boundary. As well as cases of
1159:
1157:
983:
Examples of a de facto
General Manager in sports include
71:
835:
around the world. Because its early forms originated in
1855:"Family Law Act 1975 – Sect 4AA De facto relationships"
735:
30:"In practice" redirects here. For the publication, see
1682:"Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948"
107:
74:
68:
1596:
Gandhi and King: the power of nonviolent resistance.
1498:, James A. Ballentine, Second Edition, 1948, p. 345.
1445:"USSR Law "On the Languages of the Peoples of USSR""
95:
86:
77:
57:
1533:
Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents
1464:"Cantonese: Still the Native Language of Hong Kong"
1434:, Oxford Un. Press, 1977. (or Clarendon Press 1978)
1061:
Random House
Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
65:
1775:
831:, are a core element informing decision making in
1811:Violence and Exploitation Against Women and Girls
1557:Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African.
863:Section 51(xxxvii) of the Australian Constitution
347:; however, English is a third de facto language.
335:, Arabic is an official language (in addition to
1753:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 7.
442:initially came to power as the chairperson of a
1809:"Battered Woman Syndrome. Empirical Findings."
1749:Woodward, C. Vann; McFeely, William S. (2001).
1712:Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy.
680:. These laws were legally ended in 1964 by the
556:which shall rule the exercise of public office.
522:
493:, the last of which combined the powers of the
171:for de facto "regulatory globalisation" by the
2151:"OP 7.30 – Dealings with De Facto Governments"
1141:Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute
847:Relationships not recognised outside Australia
565:of the People's Republic of China and general
385:is the de facto standard in both territories.
1782:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
1411:Van der Veen, Hartshorn, Levin & Lindheim
896:A de facto Relationship is not comparable to
853:Family Court of Australia § Jurisdiction
724:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
1447:(in Russian). April 24, 1990. Archived from
324:but no official, de jure national language.
2157:. The World Bank. July 2001. Archived from
133:
1631:. Rhodes University. knowledge4africa.com.
742:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1568:Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000).
758:Learn how and when to remove this message
552:(6) Congress shall enact a law on public
27:Practical rather than theoretical reality
1859:Australasian Legal Information Institute
1570:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5.
1622:Chapter 9 The Natives (Urban Areas) Act
1053:
1037:
406:List of states with limited recognition
371:special administrative regions of China
1953:from the original on 15 September 2017
1714:Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57.
1835:from the original on 8 September 2017
1692:from the original on 23 February 2015
561:Two examples of de facto leaders are
119:
7:
2126:"Hague Convention on Marriages 1978"
1609:South Africa: no easy path to peace.
1095:from the original on 24 January 2021
503:doctrine of the de facto governments
400:political map of the world, May 2019
230:jurisdiction imposing the regulation
1598:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127.
1531:A. Du Toit, H. B. Giliomee (1983).
1407:"What is a De Facto Life Sentence?"
1382:"What is a de facto life sentence?"
1215:"De Facto: Legal Concept Explained"
615:Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily
516:That doctrine was nullified by the
1917:The Law Society of New South Wales
1535:. University of California Press.
799:unions are defined in the federal
707:Marriage and domestic partnerships
650:In South Africa, although de jure
434:are de facto rulers. For example,
25:
1661:The Representation of Natives Act
1510:"Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law"
888:Non-marital relationship contract
1559:New York University Press. p. 8.
1476:from the original on 4 July 2017
941:laws are intended to eliminate.
715:
53:
2132:from the original on 2012-02-20
2029:(2007) 233 CLR 307, (Kirby J).
2008:from the original on 2012-02-27
1981:. 23 April 2014. Archived from
1894:from the original on 2018-09-22
1865:from the original on 2016-04-12
1007:and other personnel decisions.
995:, the former head coach of the
668:segregation by law (de jure). "
619:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
287:are usually voluntary, such as
112:-toh, dee -, də -
1823:Rääbus, Carol (22 June 2017).
1751:The Strange Career of Jim Crow
869:they are ordinarily resident.
593:(for his former lover Empress
383:traditional Chinese characters
156:Jurisprudence and de facto law
1:
1620:Tankard, Keith (9 May 2004).
1322:Archive - Columbia Law School
1074:." Retrieved January 12, 2018
882:Hague Convention on Marriages
518:constitutional reform of 1994
2002:Western Australia Law Review
1996:French, Justice (Feb 2003).
1462:Mair, Victor (1 July 2017).
953:has a pertinent definition:
787:In Australia and New Zealand
1594:Nojeim, Michael J. (2004).
1027:Convention (political norm)
987:who acted as the GM of the
738:, discuss the issue on the
2207:
1725:"Civil Rights Act of 1964"
1572:Popular Prakashan. p. 142.
850:
837:England in the Middle Ages
660:racial discrimination and
403:
389:Governance and sovereignty
354:governments of the former
273:
166:
159:
38:
29:
1888:Family Court of Australia
1710:Ambrosio, Thomas (2002).
1512:. Oxford, Clarendon Press
1118:Oxford English Dictionary
874:Constitution of Australia
466:, the de jure president.
345:New Zealand Sign Language
41:De facto (disambiguation)
1913:"De facto Relationships"
1884:"De facto Relationships"
1813:, November 2006, p. 142.
1627:20 November 2008 at the
1353:SSRN Columbia Law School
682:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2191:Latin words and phrases
2186:Latin legal terminology
2114:Australian Constitution
1667:13 October 2006 at the
1430:Edna Ullmann-Margalit:
1123:Oxford University Press
991:between 1999 and 2002.
876:and internationally by
609:(for her husband, King
264:"virtual" life sentence
1774:King, Desmond (1995).
1607:Leach, Graham (1986).
1432:The Emergence of Norms
959:
617:(for her husband King
559:
401:
311:Government and culture
293:drinking water quality
1555:Gish, Steven (2000).
1349:"The Brussels Effect"
1347:Anu Bradford (2012).
1291:CHRIS STOKEL-WALKER.
962:Intellectual property
955:
859:Australian federalism
851:Further information:
814:Federal Circuit Court
697:de facto state of war
595:Catherine I of Russia
520:. Article 36 states:
404:Further information:
396:
160:Not be confused with
18:De facto relationship
1581:Allen, John (2005).
997:New England Patriots
904:Family law – custody
825:common-law marriages
736:improve this section
726:may not represent a
579:Empress Dowager Cixi
464:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
305:coordination problem
121:[deːˈfaktoː]
39:For other uses, see
1680:Reddy, E.S (n.d.).
1265:Linda A. Thompson.
972:standard technology
968:de facto technology
898:common-law marriage
801:Family Law Act 1975
591:Alexander Menshikov
495:presidential office
379:Hong Kong Cantonese
285:Technical standards
270:Technical standards
242:such as adopting a
2155:Operational Manual
2108:2009-04-11 at the
2089:2012-03-09 at the
2078:2012-04-16 at the
2067:2012-04-16 at the
2056:2012-04-16 at the
2045:2012-04-16 at the
1647:2016-03-26 at the
1642:vol 477 cc1159-250
1245:Cornell Law School
1221:. 27 December 2023
1194:Cornell Law School
1169:Cornell Law School
1070:2021-01-24 at the
701:declaration of war
607:Elisabeth of Parma
599:Cardinal Richelieu
581:of China (for son
497:with those of the
456:Presidency of Iraq
450:'s formal rule of
402:
316:National languages
1611:Routledge. p. 68.
1585:iUniverse. p. xi.
1542:978-0-520-04319-0
989:Baltimore Orioles
880:and conventions,
768:
767:
760:
499:National Congress
322:national language
276:De facto standard
262:(also known as a
244:one size fits all
189:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
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1121:(2nd ed.).
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966:In engineering,
949:In finance, the
777:domestic partner
763:
756:
752:
749:
743:
719:
718:
711:
676:residing in the
436:Augusto Pinochet
414:De facto embassy
253:prison sentences
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2119:
2110:Wayback Machine
2101:
2097:
2091:Wayback Machine
2080:Wayback Machine
2069:Wayback Machine
2058:Wayback Machine
2047:Wayback Machine
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1941:Elphick, Liam.
1940:
1939:
1935:
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