Decriminalization of sex work

1161:). He heavily revised both bills to the effect that all migrant women were considered trafficking victims; these proposals were strongly opposed by the Senate in 1992. Eventually a thoroughly altered version of the Trafficking Bill was approved in 1993, while the Repeal Bill was postponed indefinitely. The Repeal Bill was taken up again in 1997 by the first secular government coalition of the Netherlands, involving social democrats (PvdA), conservative liberals (VVD) and progressive liberals (D66), who agreed on lifting the ban in 1999, which went into effect in 2000. The theory behind the government's legalisation was harm reduction, to increase the visibility of criminal activities and to fight trafficking, and overall better governmental control over prostitution. Notably, migrant sex workers without a residence permit were not allowed to work legally. After 2000, certain interpretations of the law and further local legal restrictions introduced various neo-abolitionist elements into the Dutch situation, pushing especially migrant sex workers into illegality. Moreover, sex workers' rights including labour rights were pushed to the background and undermined, either by the government by invoking 'protection', or by the major brothel companies, who were the only ones capable of complying to the strict licensing requirements and paying for them, and capable of using lawyers to evade taxes and undermine the rights of sex workers. 1533:

work is antithetical to Constitutional principles of bodily autonomy and personal liberty. They also emphasized that prohibitionist policies generally result in exploitation and noted that criminalization often causes sex workers to operate in more dangerous environments where they are more likely to be victimized. The Prosecutor's Office also mentioned the negative health effects of criminalization, as well as the disproportionate negative effect of prohibition on transgender sex workers and those from racial and ethnic minorities. Finally, they noted that working in the sex industry is often not an individual's first choice, and the criminal charges they potentially face make it more difficult to seek work in other industries. The policy directive makes special mention of the criminality of instances where a client refuses to use a condom despite the sex worker asking and when a buyer does not pay a sex worker with whom they have engaged in sexual activity. The policy specifies that "pimps" still face criminal charges, but the victims of trafficking do not. Washtenaw thus became the first county in the United States to decriminalise sex work, and the first outside Nevada to legally allow sex work, with

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countries by Sex Workers' Rights Advocacy Network (SWAN) concluded that more than 200 sex workers have experienced violence and discrimination. These acts of violence toward sex workers often include abuse, rape, kidnappings, and sexual violence. Sex workers also face extortion and unlawful arrests and detention, which profoundly impact their mental, physical, and social wellbeing. It is difficult for sex workers to seek criminal justice when it is reported that many police officers are partaking in the sexual and violent abuse. In North Macedonia, police sexual assault towards sex workers is particularly high: 82.4 percent of sex workers were assaulted by police in 2007. Criminalization also forces sex workers to work in unsafe settings to avoid police detection which increases their risk of being forced of coerced into sex trafficking. Criminalization laws such as bans on buying, solicitation, and the general organization of sex work perpetuate an unsafe environment for sex workers, provide impunity for abusers, and prevent sex workers from reporting the crime to the police.

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because they felt it was their only choice. However, many transgender female sex workers express satisfaction with their occupation because their clients approach them as "real females", and they experience less gender discrimination than they do in their daily lives. Many advocates view this sort of positive experience as evidence supporting the need to decriminalize sex work. In various qualitative studies, interviews with transgender female sex workers revealed their experience with policing and law enforcement, and numerous reported believing that their gender identity combined with their job in the sex industry resulted in discriminatory treatment from law enforcement, including verbal and physical abuse. The criminalization of sex work also imposes a unique risk to transgender sex workers because, if arrested and incarcerated, they experience highly disproportionate levels of physical and sexual violence at the hands of cisgender male prisoners in the facilities where they are required to be housed.

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sexual preference. This a prime example of an area that would become more equitable to male sex workers of all income levels, races, and sexual preferences, if male sex and sex work in general were to be decriminalized and could only improve even further with full legalization. In general the rates of HIV were highest amongst male sex workers who identified as gay, and it is suggested that this may be partially the result of a lack of education regarding the need and importance of still using protection when engaging in gay sex. It has also been suggested that male sex workers may be unable to enforce that their clients use condoms due to the risk of experiencing violence for refusing to engage in condomless sex. These would both be less of an issue if male sex work and sex work in general were to be decriminalized, as it would allow them to go about their work in more professional settings that would greatly reduce the risk of them experiencing violence or contracting STIs and HIV.

1040:, and criminalizes buyers of sexual services as well as third-party supporters (brothel ownership and pimping are also illegal). Most Canadian sex workers' rights groups rejected the Nordic model, because it was deemed to be "harmful and inconsistent with sex workers' constitutional rights to health and safety", according to the Canadian Alliance for Sex Work Law Reform (CASWLR). Instead, they favoured New Zealand's model of decriminalisation, because it supposedly 'decreased violence against sex workers and increased police protection while improving employment conditions, including protection from harassment by the sex worker's employer'. In February 2020, an Ontario court judge struck down three parts of the PCEPA as unconstitutional: the prohibitions on advertising, procuring and materially benefiting from someone else's sexual services were violations of the 'freedom of expression' and 'security of the person' as defined in the 935:

These organizations serve as the leaders in the fight for the decriminalization of sex work as they use the power of their numbers to help them influence policy makes. Which leads to the argument for the decriminalization of male sex work. The argument for the decriminalization of male sex work shares many of the same key points as the arguments for the decriminalization of female sex work. With the main argument for the decriminalization of male sex work and sex work in general being that it is in the best interest of the public health to decriminalize sex work, to ensure that sex workers are capable of going through more professional channels to do their work. Allowing sex workers to use more professional channels in their work would allow them to more easily access protection, get tested for STIs and HIV, and enforce that their clients wear protection and be tested.

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worldwide. Even in countries where neither legalization nor even full decriminalization has been achieved, these movements have at least been successful in relaxing the regulations regarding sex work in general and more specifically male sex work. Which as a result of the relaxing of these regulations even where unsuccessful in achieving full decriminalization, there has been a general increase in the demand for sex work and thereby male sex workers. The advent of the internet has also only worked to further increase the demand for male sex work as not only has it allowed male sex workers to connect with their clients more easily, but it has also allowed them to do so more discreetly, which is important in countries where prostitution is still illegal and for clients who want to keep their business private.

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used as witnesses by the police in cases that they did not want to be a part of. In addition, because police oftentimes use condoms as evidence in these cases, condom use has gone down among Swedish sex workers and customers. By 2021, the Christian anti-prostitution and anti-pornography NGO Talita reportedly had major influence in the public debate about sex work, as it was frequently cited in news and opinion articles in Swedish media, which tended to focus on the alleged harmful aspects. Swedish sex workers think that Talita and the media used "overly negative wordings", and attempts to incorrectly link all sex work to human trafficking only increased stigmatisation. Workers have argued that "it would be better to hold a realistic discussion about the pros and cons, instead demonising it as a whole."

849:(STIs) are increased in incidences where condom usage and accessibility is limited or used to identify and criminalize sex workers. Many sex workers are managed by 'gatekeepers' who may be brothel owners, clients, or law enforcement figures, who often dictate condom usage. In Cambodia, a survey showed that 30% of sex workers who refused to put on condoms were sexually coerced. Fear of law enforcement and incarceration also discourages possession of condoms since they provide evidence for officers to prosecute and arrest. Evidence suggests that HIV risk can be sharply reduced when sex workers are able to negotiate safer sex. Decriminalization of sex work decreases the risk of HIV infection by breaking down stigma and increasing access to health services, reducing the risk of HIV/AIDS and STIs. 1356:

criminal gangs emerged in Sydney, which waged "razor wars" in the streets for the control of all these profitable illegal activities. Changes to the law in 1929 gave the police more power to combat the criminal gangs, who were quickly crushed, but replaced by corrupt police control. By the 1960s, the police corruption over prostitution in Sydney had solidified, and sex workers had to pay regular bribes (called "weighing-in") to the two police branches in the area. Nevertheless, sex workers could still be arrested by the police and be convicted for various prostitution-related offences such as soliciting, consorting, and 'offensive behaviour'. The arrival of American troops from the

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can be immense. In Washington, D.C., for example, a sex worker's first offense will result in a fine for as much as $ 500. The financial impact can then magnify over time after an encounter with law enforcement. Having a sex work offense on their record may complicate or completely prevent sex workers from acquiring housing. If a sex worker with a criminal record seeks employment in another industry, they may face discrimination or be disallowed from applying. 55% of Black trans sex workers who participated in a 2015 survey reported being unemployed, while 40% of trans sex workers had experienced gender discrimination when seeking employment.

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homosexual is still punishable by death. In other countries, it is not punishable by death but is still illegal and is punishable in other ways. Punishment in these countries can range, 0–10 years, 10–life, and lashes/corporal punishment. Therefore, in many of these countries male sex workers work in unsafe conditions where they run a higher risk of experiencing violence, or sexual abuse to avoid detection by the police who are sometimes the proponents of this violence. Another issue associated with working in these unsafe conditions is the risk of contracting an STI or HIV is much higher.

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practice, this means that brothels and pimps are criminalized as is sex trafficking. Despite selling and buying sex being legal (only when occurring between sex workers and their clients), there are still many laws and regulations that limit those working in the sex industry. For example, sex workers in Brazil are often charged with vagrancy, loitering, or public disorder when law enforcement sees them soliciting clients. In Rio de Jainero specifically, legal authorities set up campaigns to dissuade sex tourism, and many individuals known to be promoting prostitution have been arrested.

1384:) took office in 1976, libertarians – arguing the state should not interfere with private sexual acts between consenting adults – and feminists – arguing the law discriminated against women, because women selling sex were criminalised, but men buying sex were not – pushed for decriminalisation of most aspects of prostitution, except when it caused public nuisance or involved exploitation. The 1979 legal amendments decriminalised public soliciting and for sex workers to be found on premises used for prostitution, while brothel-keeping was still criminal per the 1153:), they were still stigmatised as 'fallen' or 'sinful' women, or 'psychiatrically disturbed'. Feminists (concerned about women's rights and oppression) and conservatives (concerned about public order, 'morality' and women's 'dignity') reached a rough agreement in the 1980s to legalise sex work while countering sex trafficking. However, the Repeal Bill (to lift the 1911 brothel ban) and Trafficking Bill proposed together in 1987 and passed by Parliament were put on hold in the Senate, and finally blocked in 1989 by the new fervent abolitionist Justice Minister 4218:

themselves to be unwilling victims of anything. Even if it is not forbidden to sell sex, they feel they are hunted by the police. They feel that they are being treated as incapacitated persons because their actions are tolerated but their wishes and choices are not respected." Then, a few sentences later, it said: "For people who are still being exploited in prostitution, the above negative effects of the ban that they describe must be viewed as positive from the perspective that the purpose of the law is indeed to combat prostitution."

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Brothels are also barred from advertising on public roads or in districts where prostitution is illegal. The county licenses for brothels are very expensive, to the point of being a significant item in county revenue. Other existing regulations mandate STI testing before prostitutes are hired, and weekly testing once they are employed. Sex workers with HIV are also prohibited from working. Sex workers who continue to work after testing HIV-positive can be punished with two to ten years in prison or a $ 10,000 fine.

923:, which for much of history was not socially acceptable. Much of this anti-homosexual sentiment stems from the fact that traditionally the three major Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) taught that homosexuality was sinful, citing Leviticus 18:22 where it states, "You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination" as the main reasoning for this belief. As a result, homosexuality was made illegal in many societies, and punishments were put in place for homosexual behavior. 1429:, taking away the power of the police to shut down, or threaten to shut down, any brothel as a 'disorderly house', which had been an importance cause of the police corruption. The 1995 amendments also allowed third parties to work with prostitutes again. Thus, New South Wales decriminalised sex work in 1995. A governmental review in 2016 resulted in continuing "support of decriminalisation of sex work as the best way of protecting sex workers and maintaining a more transparent sex work industry". 685: 6697: 1594: 1388:, and advertising and selling sexual services under the guise of other services such as massage were criminalised; as a result, street prostitution boomed. The police campaigned against these reductions of their authority, while local communities pressured the government for better city planning to avoid public nuisance created by prostitution (the latter caused legal amendments in 1983 prohibiting soliciting near schools, churches, hospitals and dwellings). The new conservative 562: 1176: 1497:. The purpose of this law was to "decriminalise prostitution (while not endorsing or morally sanctioning prostitution or its use); create a framework to safeguard the human rights of sex workers and protect them from exploitation; promote the welfare and occupational health and safety of sex workers; contribute to public health; and prohibit the use of prostitution of persons under 18 years of age." The PRA also established a certification regime for brothel operators". 803: 754:

steps to allow prostitution to take place only as long as it does not infringe on public safety and order. Generally, abolitionists call for the criminalization of public solicitation." Kulick (2003) defined abolitionism as "a legal system that holds that prostitution in itself is not an offence, but the exploitation of the prostitution of others is; thus any third party recruiting, profiting from, or organising prostitutes is penalised."

856:, compared to neighbouring districts where sex work was not criminalised, increased the rate of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers by 58%, made their income after leaving sex work lower on average, and their children more likely to begin working to supplement household income rather than go to school (as school expenses were harder to meet). A 2018 study found that the 2003–2009 decriminalization of indoor 745:

number of individuals involved in prostitution." Kulick (2003) stated that prohibitionist models "criminalise the actual transaction of selling sex." Scoular (2015) noted that those taking a prohibitionist approach believe that the sex trade is a violation of moral (usually religious) beliefs, and seek "to deter parties from engaging in prostitution by punishing one (usually the female sellers) or, increasingly, both parties."

1580: 518: 6708: 44: 1507:(NZPC), who was part of the driving force for the original 2003 law, in an interview twelve years later, had "detected a marked change in police-sex worker relations after passage of the PRA. 'After decriminalization that dynamic shifted dramatically, and importantly the focus on the sex worker wasn't on the sex worker as a criminal. It was on the rights, safety, health and well being of the sex worker. 6691: 1608: 915:

internationally to fight for the rights of both male and female sex workers and for the decriminalization of sex work as whole. This reflects how much the atmosphere surrounding the decriminalization of sex work has changed in the past several decades, as none of the organizations listed above existed before the 1990s.

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it 'neo-abolitionist'. Since the implementation of the law, supporters of this approach have claimed the number of prostitutes has decreased. However, this may just be a result of the increased police surveillance, as many sex workers are leaving the streets and turning instead to other spaces, including the internet.

1102:, prostitution was legalised in 1999, allowing for both selling and buying of sex to be legal as long as both participants are above the age of 18. Brothels and pimping, however, still remain illegal in the country. Previously, sex workers were permitted to work as long as it was not their only source of income. 1481:

In February 2022, Victoria passed legislation to decriminalise sex work. "The Sex Work Decriminalisation Act 2021 will partially abolish street-based sex work offences and associated public health offences, remove the licensing system and move to regulate the industry through existing agencies." From

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Sex work in Nevada is regulated in the ten counties and five cities that permit it. Prostitutes are regulated by a patchwork of both state and local laws that address a number of different areas. Zoning laws in Nevada prohibit brothels from being located near a school, house of worship, or main road.

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legalized sex work in 2002. The 2002 law mandated that sex workers register themselves and pay taxes. In return, their employers would have to provide benefits like health care and paid leave. In addition, customers of sex workers are not allowed to deny payment because they "aren't satisfied". After

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There has been a push in the past several decades for the decriminalization of sex work in general and more specifically male sex work. The success of some of these movement in achieving the decriminalization and in some cases even legalization of sex work has increase the demand for male sex workers

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Anti-homosexual sentiment still exists in some parts of the world. In some places, it is still illegal and punishable by death to be gay. For example, in countries like Yemen, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Brunei, Qatar, Pakistan, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Somalia, and Afghanistan being

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The demand for the decriminalization of sex work has also increased. Organizations like the Sex Workers Project, the Sex Workers Outreach Project, the International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe, the Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers, and the African Sex Workers Alliance all work

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Over the course of the past several decades, the demand for male sex work has risen dramatically as people's opinions on not just homosexuality but prostitution as well have begun to change to look at both in a more favorable light. As society's opinions on homosexuality and prostitution have changed

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Legalization is also referred to as "regulationist". In countries that legalize prostitution, it is no longer prohibited, and there is legislation to control and regulate it. The extent and type of legislation varies from country to country and may be regulated by work permits, licensing or tolerance

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Hindle et al. (2008) stated: "Abolitionism is often described as the middle ground between prohibitionism and legalization. Advocates of this approach maintain that even though prostitutes may choose to enter the trade, it is nevertheless immoral. They believe that governments must take the necessary

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enabled police corruption, and because the lack of secure brothels forced many sex workers into the streets, posing greater health risks to themselves and the community, the Commission concluded it was better to enable safe brothels for sex workers. The Government acted upon its findings by amending

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envisioned a phased decriminalisation of sex work for adults (18 years or older). In the first step, sex work would only be legally allowed for self-employed sex workers. They would only be permitted to advertise their own sexual services via designated types of media. This law came into effect on 1

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In 2016, the French federal government estimated that there were around 30,000 prostitutes in the country, and 93% of them were foreign. In April 2016, the French National Assembly passed a law that partially decriminalized sex work. While selling sex, loitering, and public soliciting by prostitutes

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One study of transgender sex workers that examined their reasons for involving themselves in the industry found that many transgender female sex workers experienced worry that they would not be hired by other employers because of their gender identity. Therefore, they sought work in the sex industry

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There are a number of organizations internationally who fight for the rights of sex workers and the decriminalization of prostitution which just to mention a few include the Sex Workers Project, the International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe, and the African Sex Workers Alliance.

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In countries where sex work is a crime, encounters with law enforcement and the judicial system can cause great financial difficulty for sex workers. Frequent arrests and legal fines may accumulate over time, and because a fair share of sex workers come from impoverished backgrounds anyway, the toll

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County Prosecutor's Office announced his office would no longer prosecute consensual sex work. The change applies to both sex workers and those seeking to buy sex. In their publicly released policy directive, the office outlined the justification for such change. First, they said, criminalizing sex

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passed a law in 1999 which criminalised buying sex, while maintaining that selling sex is legal. Kulick (2003) and Matthews (2008) have labelled this Swedish law 'prohibitionist' (with Kulick arguing Sweden was 'abolitionist' before 1999), while Niklas Jakobsson & Andreas Kotsadam (2010) called

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infection, and sex workers who inject drugs are at even more risk due to unprotected sex, syringe sharing, alcohol or drug dependence, and violence. Stigma, poverty, and exclusion from legal social services have increased their vulnerability to HIV infection. Health risks and transmission of HIV as

4054:"Texte adopté n° 716 – Proposition de loi, adoptée, par l'Assemblée nationale, dans les conditions prévues à l'article 45, alinéa 4, de la Constitution, visant à renforcer la lutte contre le système prostitutionnel et à accompagner les personnes prostituées – XIVe législature – Assemblée nationale" 938:

STIs and HIV are major issues in the field of male sex work, with some studies finding that up to 50% of male sex workers tested positive for HIV in some regions, many of whom were completely unaware. The rates of STIs and HIV amongst male sex workers varies wildly based on income level, race, and

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Sex workers, as a population that suffers disproportionately from HIV/AIDS, are often denied many human rights such as the right to freedom from discrimination, equality before the law, the right to life, and the right to the highest attainable standard of health. A study conducted in more than 11

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Sex workers experience significant stigma and discrimination as a result of criminalization. Though they consider sex work a legitimate income-generating activity, sex workers are viewed as immoral, deserving of punishment, and thus excluded from healthcare, education, and housing. Criminalization

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According to a 2021 study, the openings of adult entertainment establishments (strip clubs, gentlemen clubs and escort girl services) in New York City were associated with a 13% decrease in sex crime one week after the opening (while having no impact on other forms of crime). The evidence suggests

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led to reduced sexually transmitted infections (female gonorrhoea incidence declined by over 40%) and fewer rapes (reported rape offences fell by 30%). A 2017 study found that the introduction of legal prostitution zones in the Netherlands substantially reduced drug-related crime, sexual abuse and

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Sex workers have reported a number of human rights violations as a direct result of these laws, including the deportation of sex workers, increased evictions, increased vulnerability to homelessness, and high rates of discrimination from authorities. The 1999 law has also led to sex workers being

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There are a wide variety of legal approaches to regulating prostitution. NGOs, academics, and government agencies typically use five different models to organize the different approaches. Scholars have also used three-fold and four-fold classifications, and terminology may differ between studies.

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The 2016 law has also resulted in increased violence against sex workers. Because of the heightened police presence, the sex work that does happen has been pushed off the streets and into areas with limited surveillance. This has created more dangerous conditions for prostitutes that continue to

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The French government also attempted to fight prostitution by providing compensation to sex workers who wanted to leave the sex industry. However, although the government hoped to help 600 prostitutes by 2018, only 55 sex workers signed up for the program. Some sex workers argue that the monthly

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and other countries. While selling sex is not criminalized under this approach, the buying of sex is illegal. Neo-abolitionists claim these models do not punish prostitutes, but instead penalize those who purchase sex from sex workers. This model is criticized for causing sex workers to do their

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However, a European Parliament resolution adopted on 26 February 2014, regarding sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality states that, "decriminalising the sex industry in general and making procuring legal is not a solution to keeping vulnerable women and under-age

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The 2010 government review acknowledged , albeit in unsympathetic terms. "People who are currently being exploited in prostitution state that the criminalization has intensified the social stigma of selling sex," it said. "They describe having chosen to prostitute themselves and do not consider

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increased these penalties, while police were given more power over the movement of prostitutes; the latter were more exposed to police arrest and violence from clients by these legal restrictions on their male associates. Combined with the criminalisation of gambling and newly introduced drugs,

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The implementation of the law was flawed because of a lack of outreach and training. As a result, the law was interpreted differently in different cities. In Berlin, the law was interpreted in ways that are favorable to sex workers; in Cologne, a "pleasure tax" that only applies to sex work was

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case. The plaintiffs argued that the criminal laws disproportionately increased their risk of violence and victimization by preventing them from being able to employ safety strategies during the course of their work. In a 9–0 ruling, the Supreme Court of Canada determined that the communication

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Hindle et al. (2008) stated: "Prohibitionism seeks to eliminate prostitution by criminalizing all aspects of the prostitution trade. Under this approach, prostitution is seen as a violation of human dignity. Criminal law and effective law enforcement are viewed as critical tools in reducing the

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Laws that clearly distinguish between sex work and crimes like human trafficking and sexual exploitation of children help protect both sex workers and crime victims. Sex workers may be in a position to have important information about crimes such as human trafficking and sexual exploitation of

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There are some who support Nevada's legal prostitution industry in specific and the legalization or decriminalization of prostitution in general, such as the sex workers rights' organizations, COYOTO (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics) and PONY (Prostitutes of New York). (...) There appears to be

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Pye Jakobsson, a spokeswoman for the Rose Alliance which represents sex workers, believes that this reduction in numbers of street workers may not necessarily mean less prostitution, pointing to the 50% of sex workers who work indoors. Jakobsson claims that "you can't talk about protecting sex

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lifted the 1911 brothel ban in 2000, earning its international status as a symbol of a 'liberal' approach to sex work. The Dutch legalisation model was contrasted with the neo-abolitionist model introduced by Sweden in 1999. According to Heumann et al. (2017), the 1911 brothel ban was vaguely

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Brazil operates within the abolitionist model of sex work. This means that selling sex in exchange for money is legal, and sex workers can even claim pensions and benefits when employed in the industry. However, it is illegal to employ sex workers or to profit off the work of a sex worker. In

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Transgender sex workers experience a disproportionate amount of discrimination and violence, and many activist groups advocate for decriminalization of sex work because it would greatly benefit transgender individuals in the industry. For example, the National Center for Transgender Equality

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Sex workers' organisations have been campaigning against neo-abolitionist policies and the criminalisation of commercial sex as detrimental to their lives and working conditions, and advocate for the complete decriminalisation of prostitution (see Plate 12.2) (Macioti and Garofalo Geymonat

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as illegal but selling it was not. The study found that while the introduction of this policy did improve relations between sex workers and the police, it also "reproduce the harms created by the criminalisation of sex work, in particular, vulnerability to violence and HIV/STIs".

1368:) further criminalised sex work in 1968 by introducing extra offences, increasing penalties, and also making it a crime for women to live off the earnings of prostitution; as a result, police bribes and arrests increased, and sex workers were driven further underground. 1207:

There was no state law on prostitution in Nevada until 1971, when a section of the Nevada Revised Statutes effectively legalized prostitution in counties with a population of under 400,000. In the mid-1970s, a man named Walter Plankinton attempted to open a brothel in

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females safe from violence and exploitation, but has the opposite effect and puts them in danger of a higher level of violence, while at the same time encouraging prostitution markets – and thus the number of women and under-age females suffering abuse – to grow."

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In a 2010 review, the Swedish government agreed with Swedish sex workers that this model has increased stigma against sex workers. However, the Swedish government viewed this as a positive outcome, arguing that sending a message about sex work is more important.

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The central and uniting demand of the sex worker rights movement around the world is the decriminalization of consensual adult sex work. (...) Sex worker rights activists and their allies are united on the need for decriminalization of prostitution-related

1511:" Further, "sex workers in New Zealand are beginning to assert their rights now that the stigma associated with sex work has begun to decrease" as demonstrated by a sex worker successfully prosecuting a brothel owner for sexual harassment by her employer. 1212:. County officials initially blocked him from opening the brothel (which he planned to call "The Chicken Ranch"), citing a 1948 state law that called brothels a "nuisance". However, this law was overturned by the Nevada Supreme Court in 1978. In 1980, the 4786: 672:. The one remaining criminal law surrounding commercial sexual activities in New Zealand is a requirement to adopt safer sex practices. Despite decriminalisation, its sex industry is still controversial, with some issues remaining. In June 2022, 1216:

officially legalized prostitution in counties with a population of under 400,000. However, prostitution outside of a "licensed house of prostitution" was not banned until 1987, when the Nevada Revised Statutes made it explicitly illegal.

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in different parts of the world, there has been a subsequent push for the changing of the laws and regulations regarding these matters in some countries, which have helped to increase the demand for male sex work around the world.

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the law was put in place, the German sex industry boomed. According to 2005 estimates by the German federal government, there are about 400,000 sex workers in Germany, and over 1.2 million men pay for their services every day.

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Decriminalization is the removal of criminal penalties for sex work. In countries that decriminalize sex work, sex workers receive the same protection and recognition as workers in other industries. The very first line of the

5110: 1464:. It was referred to committee on 18 September, inviting public submissions. The Economic Policy Scrutiny Committee reported on 20 November, with the Government response on the 26th. The Bill was considered and passed by the 1127:

claimed that, while this law was designed to protect the rights of sex workers and recognise their occupation as a job like any other, it has instead resulted in massive, multi-story brothels and the introduction of roadside

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pushed for the decriminalization of sex work and the repeal of a local ordinance that prohibits prostitution. On 24 August 2022, Montpelier repealed its prostitution ordinance and is the second city in Vermont to do so.

616:. Opponents of decriminalization argue that it will not prevent trafficking (or even increase trafficking) and could put sex workers at greater risk. Evidence demonstrates that decriminalization is an evidence-based 1053:

is now legal, paying for sex carries a fine of around 1,500 euros. People found guilty of paying for sex may also have to complete an "awareness-raising course on the fight against the purchase of sexual acts".

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Similarly to female sex work, there is a long history of discrimination against male sex work, but for different reasons. Much of the sentiment against male sex workers has come from its association with

1044:. If upheld, this would allow third-party involvement, which sex workers said would provide them important protections, but Christian anti-trafficking activists claimed would facilitate sex trafficking. 2214:

This Series of seven papers aims to investigate the complex issues faced by sex workers worldwide, and calls for the decriminilisation of sex work, in the global effort to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

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showed that police were inappropriate regulators of the sex industry, because criminalisation led to police corruption, great health risks to sex workers and the community, as well as public nuisance.

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Sex workers' organizations and their allies favor decriminalization of prostitution because of the harms that stigmatization, discrimination, and criminalization bring to sex workers' lives and work.

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work. According to a survey conducted by the French NGO Médecins du Monde, 42% of percent of prostitutes in France say that they have been exposed to more violence since the law took effect in 2016.

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expressed its support for the Amnesty International resolution in support of decriminalizing sex work on the basis of its goal to protect the human rights of workers in the sex industry.

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In June 2010, the NT Government rejected calls from the NT Sex Workers Outreach Programme for legalisation of brothels. As elsewhere in Australia, legalisation was opposed by the

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from 1966 and onwards quickly stimulated the rise of drug- and prostitution-related violent rival criminal syndicates which collaborated with the corrupt police. The conservative

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that day, effectively decriminalising prostitution in the Territory, and coming into force on 16 December 2019. The move was welcomed by the United Nations HIV/AIDS Programme (

1396:, which increased penalties for all prostitution-related offences and also criminalised customers – although few men have been charged; police corruption increased once again. 1351:

in 1908 to criminalise men, but not women, who lived off the earnings of prostitution, so that male brothel owners henceforth risked prosecution. The 1924 amendments to the

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has approved a bill for decriminalizing sex work. The bill has not yet been written into law and once published in the Gazette will be open to the public to comment.

736:

Some may equate the term "criminalisation" with "prohibition(ism)", while others regard all policies except "decriminalisation" as a certain degree of criminalisation.

6609: 3986: 3661:

Harcourt, Christine; O'Connor, Jody; Egger, Sandra; Fairley, Christopher K.; Wand, Handan; Chen, Marcus Y.; Marshall, Lewis; Kaldor, John M.; Donovan, Basil (2010).

2167: 612:

Advocates of decriminalization argue that removing the criminal sanctions surrounding sex work creates a safer environment for sex workers, and that it helps fight

823:

on 15 February 1985 at the first World Whores Congress in Amsterdam, states: "Decriminalize all aspects of adult prostitution resulting from individual decision."

5187: 5682: 1426: 6614: 5759: 5003: 3960: 1077:

workers as well as saying the law is good, because it's driving prostitution and trafficking underground, which reduces social services' access to victims."

487: 267: 5055: 2405:"Prostitution Reform Act 2003 No 28 (as at 26 November 2018), Public Act 9 Sex workers and clients must adopt safer sex practices – New Zealand Legislation" 1425:

in 1995, making brothels normal businesses requiring no special licence or registration. Brothels could now only be shut down by a formal complaint to the

624: 3193: 1331: Legalisation / regulation: sex work is legal and regulated, but operates within criminal law, with most activities exempt from criminal penalties 6644: 5620: 1714: 548: 63: 3377: 1928:

children, but unless the work they themselves do is not treated as criminal, they are unlikely to feel safe reporting this information to the police.

6659: 5675: 5630: 4521: 1940: 1457: 816: 807: 210: 3822:"Criminalisation of clients: reproducing vulnerabilities for violence and poor health among street-based sex workers in Canada—a qualitative study" 2455: 6154: 5261: 4975: 2429: 2110: 1824:

stronger support among prostitutes' rights groups and many self-employed sex workers for decriminalization than legalization of prostitution, as "

1768: 1460:, issued a discussion paper in March 2019. Following the consultation period in May, legislation was prepared, and introduced in September as the 1041: 3402:

Deering, Kathleen N.; Amin, Avni; Shoveller, Jean; Nesbitt, Ariel; Garcia-Moreno, Claudia; Duff, Putu; Argento, Elena; Shannon, Kate (May 2014).

2378: 2517: 6634: 6619: 6374: 5528: 5310: 4403:

Brents, Barbara G.; Hausbeck, Kathryn (2001). "State-Sanctioned Sex: Negotiating Formal and Informal Regulatory Practices in Nevada Brothels".

2665: 1947: 1504: 5647: 5409: 5252: 4633: 3044: 1037: 763: 715: 2064: 2009:"Associations Between Sex Work Laws and Sex Workers' Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies" 1465: 1416:(1995–1997) to deal with, amongst other things, the police corruption relating to sex work in the state. The Commission concluded that the 1249: 76: 4175: 3078: 6649: 6639: 6539: 5827: 3820:

Krüsi, A.; Pacey, K.; Bird, L.; Taylor, C.; Chettiar, J.; Allan, S.; Bennett, D.; Montaner, J. S.; Kerr, T.; Shannon, K. (1 June 2014).

2172: 1979: 1312: 1204:

is the only state in the United States in which prostitution is legal, although only in 10 rural counties and only in licensed houses.

1149:

formulated, poorly enforced, and sex workers themselves were not criminalised, but despite this pre-2000 'regulated tolerance' (Dutch:

6664: 6624: 5523: 5368: 4822: 879:

laws exclude sex workers from health systems that provide access to preventative care such as condoms and regular HIV or STI testing.

110: 90: 3301: 2657: 6676: 6062: 5503: 4738: 4695: 4373: 2726: 2634: 2600: 2561: 2351: 2312: 2274: 2237: 1856: 1809: 704: Abolitionism – Prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is 3114: 6669: 6654: 6384: 5689: 5445: 1631: 654: 439: 72: 4948: 3711: 3060: 6399: 6364: 6324: 2689: 846: 5158: 2745: 1980:"European Parliament resolution of 26 February 2014 on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality" 5817: 5518: 5508: 5353: 4615: 4564:[New sexual crimes legislation receives green light: harsher penalties for rape, and decriminalisation of sex work]. 640: 86: 4840: 3251: 6099: 5203: 1337: Abolitionism: sex work is legal but not regulated, and organised activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal 541: 289: 2518:"Current Publications: Law, justice and rights: Prostitution: A Review of Legislation in Selected Countries (PRB 03-29E)" 2177: 1482:

1 December 2023, a sex services business will be able to operate exactly the same way as any other business in Victoria.

6554: 6469: 6454: 6439: 6264: 6072: 5922: 5603: 5533: 5513: 5373: 4915: 1494: 1270: 857: 669: 301: 3790: 3663:"The decriminalisation of prostitution is associated with better coverage of health promotion programs for sex workers" 1879: 6604: 6504: 6479: 6474: 6349: 6329: 6169: 6017: 5802: 5593: 3880: 1158: 1004: 336: 2776: 4017: 1252:

of Belgium approved a sexual crimes legislation reform bill, developed under the responsibility of Justice Minister

6574: 6519: 6304: 6249: 6239: 6209: 6189: 6057: 6002: 5972: 5947: 5862: 5852: 5598: 5303: 3935:"Fact Sheet - Prostitution Criminal Law Reform: Bill C-36, the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act" 2694: 1529: 1500: 1447: 1365: 994: 570: 171: 131: 4562:"Nieuw seksueel strafrecht krijgt groen licht: strengere straffen voor verkrachting en decriminalisering sekswerk" 6579: 6489: 6459: 6334: 6234: 6139: 6119: 6094: 5842: 5832: 5588: 4148: 3737:"Transgender Women and the Sex Work Industry: Roots in Systemic, Institutional, and Interpersonal Discrimination" 2115: 1740: 1538: 1439: 1317: 1288: 837: 628: 311: 126: 3143:"Human rights abuses and collective resilience among sex workers in four African countries: a qualitative study" 3141:

Scorgie, Fiona; Katie Vasey; Eric Harper; Marlise Richter; Prince Nare; Sian Maseko; Matthew F Chersich (2013).

6737: 6599: 6529: 6524: 6494: 6444: 6409: 6389: 6369: 6294: 6259: 6114: 6037: 6032: 5997: 5967: 5937: 5932: 5917: 5902: 5867: 5576: 5450: 4153:

Secrétariat d'Etat chargé de l'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes et de la lutte contre les discriminations

2863: 1534: 1253: 534: 358: 343: 5138: 4236: 4053: 2525: 4446:

Brents, Barbara G.; Hausbeck, Kathryn (March 2005). "Violence and Legalized Brothel Prostitution in Nevada".

4262: 6584: 6569: 6564: 6544: 6464: 6449: 6419: 6344: 6314: 6309: 6299: 6284: 6224: 6174: 6129: 6124: 6067: 6047: 6027: 6022: 6007: 5992: 5977: 5927: 5897: 5877: 5872: 5857: 5847: 5837: 5812: 5807: 5498: 4314: 2404: 1908: 1235: 673: 262: 5278: 4079: 6594: 6559: 6549: 6514: 6499: 6429: 6424: 6404: 6379: 6354: 6289: 6279: 6254: 6219: 6204: 6199: 6184: 6159: 6104: 6084: 6052: 5987: 5942: 5912: 5907: 5892: 5882: 5822: 5786: 5776: 5482: 5358: 5348: 4201: 2772: 1689: 1653: 1571: 1381: 1170: 1022: 1014:'s prostitution law was challenged in 2013 by Terri-Jean Bedford, Amy Lebovitch, and Valerie Scott in the 961: 802: 574: 510: 202: 161: 4589: 1951: 6742: 6732: 6711: 6589: 6509: 6484: 6434: 6414: 6339: 6319: 6274: 6244: 6229: 6194: 6179: 6164: 6134: 6109: 6079: 6012: 5962: 5957: 5887: 5724: 5570: 5472: 5467: 5399: 5296: 2152: 1663: 1658: 1642: 632: 482: 106: 58: 2481:"Wet decriminalisering sekswerk vanaf 1 juni in voege: "Dit is een overwinning voor de mensenrechten"" 2120: 6534: 6394: 6359: 6269: 6214: 6149: 6144: 6089: 6042: 5982: 5952: 5781: 5477: 5163: 4546: 4237:"Sekswerk is nergens onomstreden, maar in Zweden ligt de focus wel erg sterk op schadelijke gevolgen" 1213: 1026: 306: 226: 1828:

is understood to mean decriminalization accompanied by strict municipal regulation of prostitution."

1565: 561: 505: 6701: 5625: 5538: 5429: 5419: 5394: 3907: 1984: 1684: 1599: 1550: 1154: 1123: 684: 370: 353: 188: 6690: 3736: 1325: Decriminalisation: sex work is regarded as regular work and operates outside of criminal law 676:

became the first country in Europe and the second country in the world to decriminalize sex work.

5745: 5615: 5460: 5389: 5111:"Council calls for repeal prostitution prohibition, supports decriminalizing sex work in Vermont" 5060: 4826: 4479: 4428: 4420: 4130: 3772: 3210: 2804: 2007:

Platt, L; Grenfell, P; Meiksin, R; Elmes, J; Sherman, S; Sanders, T; Mwangi, P; Crago, A (2018).

1913: 1648: 1209: 636: 412: 326: 296: 193: 183: 1732: 1175: 5212:"UNAIDS welcomes the decision by the Northern Territory of Australia to decriminalize sex work" 5124: 3085: 3061:"Global HIV/AIDS Response: Epidemic update and health sector progress towards Universal Access" 657:

around the world favour the decriminalisation of sex work, and it tends to be their main goal.

5752: 5717: 5654: 5404: 5248: 4734: 4728: 4691: 4683: 4502: 4471: 4463: 4369: 4025: 3861: 3843: 3764: 3756: 3692: 3684: 3643: 3625: 3586: 3568: 3490: 3472: 3441: 3423: 3223: 3215: 3174: 3040: 3014: 2975: 2924: 2796: 2722: 2630: 2596: 2557: 2551: 2347: 2339: 2308: 2270: 2264: 2233: 2227: 2040: 1852: 1805: 1409: 1016: 650: 602: 461: 424: 365: 316: 284: 102: 98: 4787:"NSW Government Response to the Legislative Assembly Inquiry into the Regulation of Brothels" 4361: 3606:"Venues Where Male Sex Workers Meet Partners: The Emergence of Gay Hookup Apps and Web Sites" 2590: 2302: 1844: 1799: 17: 5696: 5668: 5559: 5282: 5088: 4455: 4412: 3934: 3851: 3835: 3748: 3674: 3633: 3617: 3576: 3558: 3480: 3431: 3415: 3205: 3164: 3154: 3006: 2995:"The Effect of Adult Entertainment Establishments on Sex Crime: Evidence from New York City" 2965: 2955: 2916: 2904: 2883: 2875: 2788: 2624: 2083: 2073: 2030: 2020: 1781: 1777: 1636: 1621: 1493:

became the first country to decriminalize prostitution in June 2003 with the passage of the

788: 392: 221: 178: 121: 5731: 5661: 5343: 4590:"Wet houdende wijzigingen aan het Strafwetboek met betrekking tot het seksueel strafrecht" 3309: 2148:"Amnesty International publishes policy and research on protection of sex workers' rights" 1613: 1298: 613: 578: 456: 397: 146: 35: 4424: 4362:"3. The Netherlands: Analysing shifts and continuities in the governing of sexual labour" 2905:"Decriminalizing Indoor Prostitution: Implications for Sexual Violence and Public Health" 870:

that potential sex offenders frequent such establishments rather than commit sex crimes.

5179: 4360:

Heumann, Silke; Coumans, Sara Vida; Shiboleth, Tamar; Ridder-Wiskerke, Marieke (2017).

3856: 3638: 3605: 3581: 3546: 3436: 3403: 3169: 3142: 2251:

Decriminalization continues to be at the heart of many sex worker rights organizations.

2088: 2060:"Harm Reduction and Decriminalization of Sex Work: Introduction to the Special Section" 2059: 2035: 2008: 617: 598: 429: 419: 375: 279: 116: 5195: 3485: 3460: 3064: 2833: 2792: 2191: 1021:

provision, the bawdy house provision, and the living on the avails provision violated

649:

have called on countries to decriminalize sex work in the global effort to tackle the

6726: 5703: 5056:"Washtenaw County Prosecutor makes sweeping changes during first two weeks in office" 4432: 3776: 3679: 3662: 920: 444: 255: 156: 151: 136: 3987:"Ontario Court judge rules parts of Canada's prostitution laws are unconstitutional" 3961:"Sex workers like New Zealand law, not Canada's new 'Nordic model' for prostitution" 2808: 2749: 724: Prohibitionism – Prostitution illegal in all aspects (selling and buying) 601:

provision of sexual services for money or goods, is criminalized in most countries.

5424: 5414: 5363: 5319: 4483: 1389: 1377: 1361: 1276: 1129: 606: 594: 407: 387: 380: 348: 216: 198: 43: 5029: 3752: 3084:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 2888: 2025: 5609: 5455: 3839: 3508: 1579: 1490: 1392:(Liberal Party) taking office in 1988 reversed some Labor policies with the new 1357: 1145: 665: 517: 321: 166: 141: 94: 82: 2078: 1297:

are state and territory based, with different regulations in different places.

4764: 4416: 3821: 3563: 3276: 2196: 1880:"Safety, dignity, equality: Recommendations for sex work law reform in Canada" 1585: 1561: 645: 522: 434: 68: 4506: 4467: 4459: 4029: 3847: 3760: 3688: 3629: 3621: 3572: 3476: 3427: 3419: 3219: 3018: 2979: 2928: 6696: 5338: 5084:"Washtenaw County prosecutor will no longer prosecute 'consensual' sex work" 4616:"Statement on the Cabinet Meeting of 30 November 2022 | The Presidency" 4566: 3798: 2920: 2864:"Crimes Against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work" 2340:"10. The Work of Sex Work. Prostitution, Unfreedom, and Criminality at Work" 1593: 1525: 1294: 1000: 853: 718:) – Illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex 668:

became the first country to decriminalize sex work, with the passage of the

466: 331: 274: 4475: 3865: 3768: 3735:

Nadal, Kevin L.; Davidoff, Kristin C.; Fujii-Doe, Whitney (15 March 2014).

3696: 3647: 3604:

Schrimshaw, Eric W.; Siegel, Karolynn; Meunier, Étienne (8 November 2017).

3590: 3494: 3445: 3227: 3178: 3159: 2800: 2044: 1029:

time to respond, the declaration of invalidity was suspended for one year.

2879: 1372:

New South Wales partial decriminalisation and re-criminalisation 1976–1995

852:

According to a 2020 study, criminalisation of sex work in one district in

5582: 5265: 4730:

The Politics of Sex: Prostitution and Pornography in Australia Since 1945

4284: 3826: 3010: 2960: 2943: 2201: 1801:

Prostitution in the Digital Age: Selling Sex from the Suite to the Street

1405: 966:

This section compares some examples of various legal models in practice.

840:(WHO), sex workers are considered one of the key populations at risk for 779:

business in areas with less police, which often makes it more dangerous.

590: 250: 5196:"Reforming the Regulation of the Sex Industry in the Northern Territory" 4823:"Christians adopt Swedish model for prostitution - News - Northern Ter…" 4134: 2970: 5565:

Association for Promoting the Extension of the Contagious Diseases Acts

5333: 3459:

Baker, Lynda M.; Case, Patricia; Policicchio, Deena L. (January 2003).

3404:"A Systematic Review of the Correlates of Violence Against Sex Workers" 2304:

Organizing for Sex Workers' Rights in Montréal: Resistance and Advocacy

1626: 1241: 1110: 1099: 698: Legalization (regulation) – Prostitution legal and regulated 402: 5738: 5268:. Author - Alison Bass. Published 14 March 2017. Updated 7 April 2017. 4688:

Selling Sex in the City: A Global History of Prostitution, 1600s-2000s

4366:

Feminism, Prostitution and the State: The Politics of Neo-Abolitionism

5219: 3545:

Minichiello, Victor; Scott, John; Callander, Denton (24 March 2015).

2994: 1469: 1302: 1245: 1201: 1069: 1011: 775: 771: 767: 692: Decriminalization – No criminal penalties for prostitution 1057:

stipend, which is 330 euros, is not enough money to make ends meet.

4767:. Scarlet Alliance, Australian Sex workers Association. 10 May 2016 4634:"South Africa to decriminalise sex work in hopes to diminish crime" 4121:

Sukthankar, Ashwini (2005). "Sex Work: European Legal Frameworks".

1763: 5262:

Legal prostitution zones reduce incidents of rape and sexual abuse

4018:"A Prostitute Was Killed in France. Is a New Law Partly to Blame?" 3461:"General health problems of inner-city sex workers: a pilot study" 2658:"Demand Change: Understanding the Nordic Approach to Prostitution" 1311: 1174: 560: 5004:"Decriminalising sex work in New Zealand: its history and impact" 4976:"Prostitution Law Reform in New Zealand – New Zealand Parliament" 3710:

Fitzgerald, Erin; Elspeth, Sarah; Hickey, Darby (December 2015).

3194:"Decreasing Human Trafficking through Sex Work Decriminalization" 2942:

Bisschop, Paul; Kastoryano, Stephen; van der Klaauw, Bas (2017).

5292: 5288: 4522:"'Historic': Belgium first in Europe to decriminalise sex work" 3030: 3028: 1851:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 43. 2592:

Prostitution Policy in the Nordic Region: Ambiguous Sympathies

841: 653:

and ensure sex workers' access to health services. Almost all

3933:

Government of Canada, Department of Justice (11 March 2015).

3378:"13 countries where being gay is legally punishable by death" 2827: 2825: 2626:

The Subject of Prostitution: Sex Work, Law and Social Theory

2058:

Brooks-Gordon, Belinda; Morris, Max; Sanders, Teela (2021).

577:

and signs saying "sex work is work". They thanked President

4796:. Government of New South Wales. 9 May 2016. Archived from 4733:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–217. 3712:"Meaningful work: TRANSGENDER EXPERIENCES IN THE SEX TRADE" 3063:. World Health Organization, UNAIDS, UNICEF. Archived from 2307:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. 1248:

country to decriminalise sex work. On 17 March 2022, the

664:

Two countries have decriminalized sex work. In June 2003,

5054:

Kristina Zheng & Shannon Stocking (15 January 2021).

3547:"A new public health context to understand male sex work" 2168:"Human Rights Watch Affirm Support for Decriminalization" 2111:"New WHO guidelines to better prevent HIV in sex workers" 2777:"Why are sex workers who use substances at risk for HIV" 2142: 2140: 2138: 1764:"Regulating sex work: Heterogeneity in legal strategies" 1414:

Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service

861:

rape (the latter two by 30–40% in the first two years).

5157:

Roberts, Lauren; Breen, Jacqueline (26 November 2019).

3881:"Canada v. Bedford: The Importance of the SCC Decision" 3791:"Sex Work Law - Countries | Sexuality, Poverty and Law" 2862:

Cameron, Lisa; Seager, Jennifer; Shah, Manisha (2021).

2226:

Sanders, Teela; O'Neill, Maggie; Pitcher, Jane (2009).

4841:"NT warned on opening floodgates to women trafficking" 1179:

Legality of brothel prostitution in Nevada by county:

3252:"Sex workers' fight for decriminalization, explained" 2346:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 192–196. 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 1974: 1972: 1762:

McCarthy, B; Benoit, C; Jansson, M; Kolar, K (2012).

4176:"Prostitution: why Swedes believe they got it right" 4080:"France: Prostitution legal, paying for sex illegal" 1849:

Sex Work: Rethinking the Job, Respecting the Workers

1541:

indicating he wanted to follow Washtenaw's example.

5795: 5769: 5639: 5547: 5491: 5438: 5382: 5326: 3667:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

2993:Ciacci, Riccardo; Sviatschi, María Micaela (2021). 1804:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 49. 1034:

Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act

4016:Peltier, Elian; Bubola, Emma (29 September 2018). 3879:Canadian Alliance for Sex Work Law Reform (2014). 2690:"The 'Nordic model' of prostitution law is a myth" 3363:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality 3348:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality 3333:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality 2834:"Violence against sex workers and HIV prevention" 2719:Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, p. 625 2589:Skillbrei, May-Len; Holmström, Charlotta (2016). 1440:Prostitution in Australia § Sex Industry Act 2019 4914:Godde, Callum; Woods, Emily (10 February 2022). 4499:Nevada sex trade : a gamble for the workers 3192:Albright, Erin; D'Adamo, Kate (1 January 2017). 2903:Cunningham, Scott; Shah, Manisha (1 July 2018). 1036:(PCEPA). This legislation is modelled after the 5159:"NT Parliament votes to decriminalise sex work" 5139:"Montpelier, VT Repeals Prostitution Ordinance" 4759: 4757: 3277:"Leviticus 18:22 ESV - You shall not lie with…" 821:International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights 5711:Pauline's: Memoirs of The Madam on Clay Street 5188:Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory 1400:New South Wales decriminalisation 1995–present 1032:In 2014, the Government of Canada enacted the 789:Prostitution law § Regulated prostitution 609:(also known as the "regulationist" approach). 5683:The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl 5304: 4684:"Prostitution in Sydney and Perth since 1788" 4263:"100 Countries and Their Prostitution Policy" 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 3509:"Sex Workers | HIV by Group | HIV/AIDS | CDC" 1887:The Canadian Alliance for Sex Work Law Reform 1715:"All Women, All Rights: Sex Workers Included" 1343:New South Wales towards prohibition 1908–1976 542: 8: 5082:Oralandar Brand-Williams (14 January 2021). 4916:"Vic decriminalises sex work as bill passes" 4889: 4308: 4306: 3211:10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.1.sect2-1701 2584: 2582: 2580: 1305:, decriminalised sex work in 1995 after the 488:Sex offender registries in the United States 4941:"Decriminalisation of sex work in Victoria" 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4355: 3039:. New York, NY: New York University Press. 2748:. World Health Organization. Archived from 2740: 2738: 2229:Prostitution: Sex Work, Policy and Politics 1838: 1836: 1709: 1707: 1003:, where purchasing sex was enforced by the 655:organisations run by sex workers themselves 5311: 5297: 5289: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 3465:Journal of the Medical Library Association 2948:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2556:. London: SAGE Publications. p. 594. 2232:. London: SAGE Publications. p. 101. 1320:by state or territory according to model: 1184: Permitted, at least 1 active brothel 625:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 581:for his efforts to decriminalise sex work. 549: 535: 31: 27:Removal of criminal penalties for sex work 5760:You'll Never Make Love in This Town Again 5621:Sexual and reproductive health and rights 3855: 3678: 3637: 3580: 3562: 3484: 3435: 3209: 3168: 3158: 2969: 2959: 2887: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2087: 2077: 2034: 2024: 1793: 1791: 1433:Northern Territory decriminalisation 2019 589:is the removal of criminal penalties for 5245:Getting Screwed: Sex Workers and the Law 5030:"Sex Work Policy | Washtenaw County, MI" 4230: 4228: 4226: 3108: 3106: 2430:"Prostitution law reform in New Zealand" 2379:"Prostitution law reform in New Zealand" 2266:Criminology: A Sociological Introduction 1025:to security of the persons. To give the 801: 683: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4368:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 75–83. 2553:The SAGE Handbook of Global Sexualities 2545: 2543: 1909:"Why Sex Work Should Be Decriminalized" 1782:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173915 1769:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 1675: 1042:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 495: 474: 234: 50: 34: 4998: 4996: 4901: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4149:"Les chiffres clés de la prostitution" 4048: 4046: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3908:"Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford" 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3122:. Sex Workers' Rights Advocacy Network 2666:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 1948:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 1941:"Open Letter to Amnesty International" 1720:. Center for Health and Gender Equity. 5676:Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies 5648:A Vindication of the Rights of Whores 5631:World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights 5410:Types of prostitution in modern Japan 5279:The laws that sex workers really want 5125:"Decriminalizing Sex Work in Vermont" 4865: 4547:"Belgium Decriminalizes Prostitution" 3902: 3900: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3245: 3243: 3241: 2944:"Street Prostitution Zones and Crime" 1549:On 22 June 2022, the city council of 1089:Legalisation (regulationist) practice 817:World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights 808:World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights 730: Legality varies with local laws 7: 4877: 3741:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 3113:Crago, Anna-Louise (November 2009). 2269:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 253. 2065:Sexuality Research and Social Policy 1477:Victoria decriminalisation 2022–2023 1318:sex work (prostitution) in Australia 806:Page 1/2 of an original copy of the 4765:"NSW: Decriminalisation since 1995" 4690:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 633–636. 4174:Hazel Thompson (11 December 2013). 3234:from the original on 14 March 2024. 3035:Mgabko, Chi Adanna (January 2016). 2595:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 13. 2173:Global Network of Sex Work Projects 1733:"Sex Workers: Part of the Solution" 1505:New Zealand Prostitutes' Collective 1190: Permitted, no active brothels 5369:Prostitution statistics by country 4285:"Dane fights for state-funded sex" 4200:Michelle Goldberg (30 July 2014). 3985:Kate Dubinski (21 February 2020). 2868:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2771:Rusakova, Maia; Aliya Rakhmetova; 2629:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 7. 2119:. 12 December 2012. Archived from 1503:, the national coordinator of the 999:In 2013, a study was conducted in 984:Neo-abolitionist (Nordic) practice 762:Neo-abolitionism, also called the 25: 5504:History of prostitution in Canada 4448:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3610:American Journal of Public Health 3408:American Journal of Public Health 1275:In November 2022, the Cabinet of 643:(UNFPA), and the medical journal 6707: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6630:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5690:Mary Wept over the Feet of Jesus 5446:List of sex worker organizations 5200:Have Your Say Northern Territory 4847:. Therecord.com.au. 17 June 2010 4313:Nisha Lilia Diu (5 March 2014). 3680:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00594.x 1632:List of sex worker organizations 1606: 1592: 1578: 1564: 1438:This section is an excerpt from 1408:(Labor Party) appointed Justice 516: 504: 42: 4825:. 10 April 2013. Archived from 4202:"Should Buying Sex Be Illegal?" 3959:Daniel Schwartz (5 June 2014). 1524:On 14 January 2021, Prosecutor 847:sexually transmitted infections 5354:Feminist views on prostitution 4947:. 28 June 2022. Archived from 4520:Maïthé Chini (18 March 2022). 2909:The Review of Economic Studies 2721:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1950:. 22 July 2015. Archived from 641:United Nations Population Fund 1: 5555:Decriminalization of sex work 5204:Northern Territory Government 4235:Floor Bouma (4 August 2021). 3250:North, Anna (2 August 2019). 2793:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61042-4 2717:Melissa Hope Ditmore (2006). 1685:"Sex workers thank Ramaphosa" 1683:Velani Ludidi (5 June 2019). 1301:, which includes the city of 819:, written and adopted by the 623:Organizations including: the 587:decriminalization of sex work 18:Decriminalisation of sex work 6610:British Overseas Territories 5604:Prostitution Reform Act 2003 5374:Violence against prostitutes 3753:10.1080/15299732.2014.867572 3037:To Live Freely in This World 2026:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002680 1495:Prostitution Reform Act 2003 1347:New South Wales amended the 1271:Prostitution in South Africa 858:prostitution in Rhode Island 302:Criminal transmission of HIV 5594:Prostitution age of consent 4078:Yan, Holly (7 April 2016). 4058:www2.assemblee-nationale.fr 3840:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005191 2841:Information Bulletin Series 2832:World Health Organization. 2301:Tremblay, Francine (2020). 2176:. July 2014. Archived from 1843:Corriveau, Patrice (2013). 1537:Chief Assistant Prosecutor 1005:Vancouver Police Department 6759: 5599:Prostitution law in Canada 4727:Sullivan, Barbara (1997). 4123:International Union Rights 2695:London School of Economics 2263:Carrabine, Eamonn (2020). 2079:10.1007/s13178-021-00636-0 1798:Flowers, R. Barri (2011). 1530:Washtenaw County, Michigan 1520:Washtenaw County, Michigan 1448:Australian Christian Lobby 1437: 1427:Land and Environment Court 1293:Laws covering sex work in 1286: 1268: 1250:Chamber of Representatives 1244:moved to become the first 1233: 1225:Decriminalisation practice 1168: 995:Prostitution law in Canada 992: 959: 827:Effects of criminalization 786: 571:Parliament of South Africa 511:Human sexuality portal 132:Deviant sexual intercourse 6685: 5589:Massage Parlours Act 1978 5529:In impressionist painting 5285:. Published January 2016. 4682:Frances, Raelene (2017). 4596:(in Dutch). 30 March 2022 4425:10.1525/sop.2001.44.3.307 4417:10.1525/sop.2001.44.3.307 4405:Sociological Perspectives 3564:10.1186/s12889-015-1498-7 2460:www.ejustice.just.fgov.be 2116:World Health Organization 1741:World Health Organization 1289:Prostitution in Australia 874:Discrimination and stigma 838:World Health Organization 629:World Health Organization 475:Sex offender registration 312:Female genital mutilation 6615:Central African Republic 5577:Contagious Diseases Acts 5180:"Sex Industry Bill 2019" 4890:Roberts & Breen 2019 4460:10.1177/0886260504270333 3622:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304118 3420:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909 3147:Globalization and Health 1254:Vincent Van Quickenborne 714: Neo-abolitionism ( 680:Legal models of sex work 569:protest in front of the 6702:Prostitution portal 5499:History of prostitution 2409:www.legislation.govt.nz 1236:Prostitution in Belgium 943:Transgender sex workers 764:Nordic or Swedish model 670:Prostitution Reform Act 5359:Prostitution by region 5349:Drugs and prostitution 4560:YAKD (17 March 2022). 3302:"The Buggery Act 1533" 3160:10.1186/1744-8603-9-33 2773:Steffanie A. Strathdee 2623:Scoular, Jane (2015). 2434:New Zealand Parliament 2383:New Zealand Parliament 1572:Human sexuality portal 1339: 1198: 1171:Prostitution in Nevada 962:Prostitution by region 811: 732: 582: 240:varies by jurisdiction 6645:Republic of Macedonia 5725:Revolting Prostitutes 5571:Canada (AG) v Bedford 5524:In Harlem Renaissance 5473:Sex-positive movement 5468:Sex-positive feminism 5400:Internet prostitution 5243:Bass, Alison (2015). 4794:parliament.nsw.gov.au 4594:ejustice.just.fgov.be 4315:"Welcome to Paradise" 3198:AMA Journal of Ethics 3079:"The Right to Health" 2921:10.1093/restud/rdx065 2522:Library of Parliament 2192:"HIV and sex workers" 2153:Amnesty International 1845:"Regulating Sex Work" 1664:Sex-positive movement 1659:Sex-positive feminism 1643:Revolting Prostitutes 1423:Disorderly Houses Act 1418:Disorderly Houses Act 1386:Disorderly Houses Act 1376:When the progressive 1315: 1307:Wood Royal Commission 1178: 1165:Nevada, United States 970:Abolitionist practice 960:Further information: 805: 687: 633:Amnesty International 564: 483:Sex offender registry 6660:United Arab Emirates 5478:Sex worker movements 4620:thepresidency.gov.za 4497:Bingham, N. (1998). 3312:on 30 September 2020 2999:The Economic Journal 2961:10.1257/pol.20150299 2550:Davy, Zowie (2020). 2338:Cruz, Katie (2020). 1466:Legislative Assembly 1394:Summary Offences Act 1214:Nevada Supreme Court 1027:Government of Canada 956:Practical comparison 901:Specific populations 452:UK Section 63 (2008) 307:Cybersex trafficking 6540:Trinidad and Tobago 5828:Antigua and Barbuda 5626:Sexual Offences Act 5539:Sacred prostitution 5483:Sex workers' rights 5430:Window prostitution 5420:Street prostitution 5395:Forced prostitution 5190:. 29 November 2019. 4319:The Daily Telegraph 3365:. pp. 289–291. 3306:The British Library 3116:Arrest the Violence 3067:on 3 December 2011. 2889:10.1093/qje/qjaa032 2880:10.1093/qje/qjaa032 2775:(17 January 2015). 2344:Criminality at Work 1985:European Parliament 1654:Sex workers' rights 1600:Prostitution portal 1551:Montpelier, Vermont 1545:Montpelier, Vermont 1349:Police Offences Act 1196: Not permitted 1159:Christian Democrats 1155:Ernst Hirsch Ballin 1124:The Daily Telegraph 1023:sex workers' rights 883:Human rights abuses 189:Reproductive rights 64:Reproductive rights 6635:Dominican Republic 6620:Crown dependencies 5746:Unspeakable Things 5616:Right to sexuality 5461:Female sex tourism 5439:Support activities 5390:Child prostitution 5061:The Michigan Daily 4526:The Brussels Times 4022:The New York Times 3914:. 20 December 2013 3376:Byrnes, Hristina. 3091:on 3 February 2016 3011:10.1093/ej/ueab042 1988:. 26 February 2014 1914:Human Rights Watch 1649:Right to sexuality 1390:Greiner Government 1340: 1256:. The reform bill 1210:Nye County, Nevada 1199: 1121:A 2014 article in 812: 733: 637:Human Rights Watch 583: 297:Child prostitution 263:Anti-miscegenation 194:Right to sexuality 184:Red-light district 127:Pedophile advocacy 87:Conversion therapy 77:Capital punishment 6720: 6719: 5753:Whore of New York 5718:Playing the Whore 5655:Call Me Elizabeth 5519:In colonial India 5509:In ancient Greece 5405:Male prostitution 5254:978-1-61168-634-0 5222:. 2 November 2019 5141:. 24 August 2022. 5034:www.washtenaw.org 4980:www.parliament.nz 4829:on 10 April 2013. 4638:www.aljazeera.com 3939:www.justice.gc.ca 3912:scc-csc.lexum.com 3616:(12): 1866–1867. 3551:BMC Public Health 3046:978-1-4798-4906-2 2787:(9964): 211–212. 2752:on 29 August 2014 2485:DeWereldMorgen.be 2180:on 24 April 2021. 1957:on 15 August 2015 1462:Sex Industry Bill 1410:James Roland Wood 1134:Verrichtungsboxen 1017:Bedford v. Canada 836:According to the 798:Decriminalization 651:HIV/AIDS epidemic 605:is distinct from 603:Decriminalization 597:). Sex work, the 567:Asijiki Coalition 559: 558: 425:Sexual harassment 317:Forcible touching 285:Child pornography 235:Specific offences 207:Decriminalization 99:Same-sex marriage 91:Decriminalization 16:(Redirected from 6750: 6710: 6709: 6700: 6699: 6693: 6670:Northern Ireland 6385:Papua New Guinea 5697:Nocturnal Revels 5669:The Happy Hooker 5560:Prostitution law 5313: 5306: 5299: 5290: 5283:TED (conference) 5258: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5216:Press Statements 5207: 5206:. 30 March 2019. 5191: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5089:The Detroit News 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5010:. 20 August 2015 5000: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4972: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4791: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4724: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4679: 4642: 4641: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4549:. 23 March 2022. 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4400: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4357: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4291:. 5 October 2005 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4232: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4118: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4013: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3859: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3797:. 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758:Neo-abolitionism 729: 723: 713: 703: 697: 691: 551: 544: 537: 521: 520: 509: 508: 366:Public indecency 243: 222:Bodily integrity 179:Prostitution law 122:Marriageable age 46: 32: 21: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6738:Human sexuality 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6694: 6681: 6650:Solomon Islands 6640:Dutch Caribbean 6365:Overseas France 5791: 5765: 5732:Sex Power Money 5635: 5543: 5534:In Kuki society 5514:In ancient Rome 5487: 5434: 5378: 5344:Ranch (brothel) 5322: 5317: 5275: 5255: 5242: 5239: 5237:Further reading 5234: 5225: 5223: 5210: 5194: 5178: 5169: 5167: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5113:. 23 June 2022. 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4973: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 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1333: 1327: 1321: 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1269:Main article: 1266: 1263: 1234:Main article: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1141: 1138: 1107: 1104: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1066: 1063: 1049: 1046: 993:Main article: 990: 987: 985: 982: 976: 973: 971: 968: 957: 954: 944: 941: 907: 904: 902: 899: 893: 890: 884: 881: 875: 872: 866: 863: 845:well as other 833: 830: 828: 825: 799: 796: 784: 781: 759: 756: 750: 747: 741: 740:Prohibitionism 738: 726: 720: 710: 700: 694: 688: 681: 678: 627:(UNAIDS), the 618:harm reduction 557: 556: 554: 553: 546: 539: 531: 528: 527: 526: 525: 523:Law portal 513: 498: 497: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 477: 476: 472: 471: 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 448: 447: 442: 432: 427: 422: 420:Sexual assault 417: 416: 415: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 384: 383: 378: 368: 363: 362: 361: 356: 346: 341: 340: 339: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 293: 292: 282: 280:Child grooming 277: 272: 271: 270: 260: 259: 258: 245: 244: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 175: 174: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 117:Age of consent 114: 80: 66: 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6755: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6713: 6705: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6678: 6677:United States 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 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1969: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1860: 1858:9780774826143 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1813: 1811:9780313384615 1807: 1803: 1802: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1755: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1679: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1515:United States 1514: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366:Liberal Party 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1272: 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480: 479: 478: 473: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 446: 445:Female sodomy 443: 441: 438: 437: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 372: 369: 367: 364: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 347: 345: 342: 338: 335: 334: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 269: 266: 265: 264: 261: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249: 248: 247: 246: 241: 233: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 212: 211:World Charter 208: 204: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 152:Antisexualism 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 137:Miscegenation 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51:Social issues 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 6743:Sex industry 6733:Prostitution 6655:Soviet Union 6555:Turkmenistan 6470:South Africa 6455:Sierra Leone 6440:Saudi Arabia 6073:East Germany 5923:Burkina Faso 5770:By continent 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5608: 5581: 5569: 5554: 5425:Survival sex 5415:Sex for fish 5364:Sex drive-in 5320:Prostitution 5247:. 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