241:, highly successful in Latin America, in which he took a position against the criminalization of homosexuality in Ecuador based on clinical and scientific points of view. He also referred to the contradictory nature of the law prohibiting only male homosexuality (sodomy) and not female homosexuality, concluding that perhaps the authors of the Penal Code were attracted to the same sex and that "therefore, repression - speaking in Freudian terms - took on a character of maximum violence in them." He further stated: "It has been said that those who most harshly attack a sexual deviation are those who practice it or love it in secret. And this is an evident psychological truth." The next change in legislation regarding
473:", which contained pejorative language and even a cartoon that mocked the event. On the day they were released, Cuéllar and a friend of his met with Jaime Terreros, an LGBT activist in the city, to tell him what had happened. Terreros decided to file a complaint with the Human Rights Commission of Azuay and personally approached the city's media to demand a less discriminatory treatment and to recount the abuses suffered during the detentions, which led to a change in coverage to focus on the denunciation against the police, particularly considering that there were members of
203:
272:
667:, at the Constitutional Court along with 1400 supporting signatures (400 more than required). The documents were presented by Cristian Polo Loayza, Jimmy Wider Coronado Tello, Silvia Haro Proaño, José Urriola Pérez and Gonzalo Abarca, who were joined by Ernesto López, former president of the Court. According to jurist Judith Salgado, the arguments outlined in the unconstitutionality claim can be summarized in three items:
733:
not for the
Constitutional Court. In turn, Minister Verduga pointed out that he did not find any records of anyone prosecuted under Article 516. Meanwhile, the Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference was in favor of withdrawing the first clause of the article for "an application of the principles of democratic tolerance and respect for the privacy of individuals", although in the same letter it rejected the existence of a
820:
806:
435:, where the election of the city's first Gay Queen was taking place. Four candidates participated in the event, and Patricio Cuéllar - known as "Briggitte" - became the winner. Police officers commanded by Diego Crespo burst in then and arrested everyone present. Cuéllar was among those arrested and was carried away by the officers, who prevented him from removing his dress and the queen's
24:
787:
minors" demanded that it not be "socially exalted behavior". Salgado also criticized that the article was not abolished in its entirety, given that there were already other articles that criminalized rape in the Penal Code, so maintaining the rest of
Article 516 represented, in Salgado's words, a "discriminatory over-specification".
346:
arrested. During these raids, one of the strategies used to avoid arrest was to switch dance partners between gay men and lesbian women to appear to be heterosexual couples. In cases where raids were faster, lesbian women often confronted the police to give the men and transgender women time to flee the scene.
562:
This led APDH to propose a second route, consisting of making the change by means of an unconstitutionality claim against
Article 516 of the Penal Code, a strategy favored by Coccinelle. In the end, it was decided that the best option was an action of unconstitutionality. To file the claim, they were
399:
as interim president, foreign LGBT organizations allied with FEDAEPS began to hold sit-ins at international forums attended by
President Alarcón to demand the decriminalization of homosexuality. Simultaneously, members of FEDAEPS initiated a lobbying process in Congress to pursue the abolition of the
148:
Following preliminary discussions, the organizations decided that the best strategy was to file an unconstitutionality claim against
Article 516 of the Penal Code, which required the collection of 1,000 supporting signatures. The signature collection process marked the first time in Ecuador's history
379:
Throughout this period, FEDAEPS started to focus its efforts on highlighting the importance of achieving the decriminalization of homosexuality in
Ecuador. The foundation's connections with ILGA were of particular help for this purpose, since during its 1995 world conference - held June 18–25 in Rio
329:
Based on the testimony of activists of the time, the Febres-Cordero government instilled panic in the LGBT community, who would run as soon as they saw a police patrol or a flying squad member approaching. After being arrested, the data and photographs of many LGBT people made it into newspapers the
732:
In his response, President Alarcón asserted that the decriminalization of homosexuality should take place because the article in question was not applied in practice, but that it was not considered unconstitutional. He further stated that decriminalization was a matter for the
National Congress and
257:
2. When homosexuality is committed by the parent or other ascendant in the person of the offspring or other descendant, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term of eight to twelve years and deprivation of the rights and prerogatives that the Civil Code grants over the person and property of the
76:
declaring the first clause of
Article 516 of the Penal Code - which criminalized same-sex sexual relations as a crime with a penalty of four to eight years of imprisonment - unconstitutional. The ruling put an end to more than one hundred years of criminalization of homosexuality and was the result
249:
sexual relations. However, the second subsection went on to refer only male individuals. This article was originally 491, but years later it was moved to numeral 516 of the Penal Code and remained unchanged until 1997, when homosexuality was decriminalized by the
Constitutional Court. The article
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Although the verdict upheld the plaintiffs, activists and academics such as jurist Judith
Salgado called the language used by the Court in the ruling discriminatory because it referred to homosexuality as a "dysfunction" and "abnormal behavior" and asserted that "the protection of the family and
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Persecution of LGBT people by the police continued in the 1990s. Activist Jorge Medranda testified that transgender women and gay men with characteristics considered "effeminate" received the worst treatment during raids in bars and discotheques and were often beaten and pulled by the hair to be
109:
In 1997, Ecuador was going through a time of social protests and citizen demands that created a favorable environment to achieve the decriminalization of homosexuality. This period was characterized by demonstrations by students, women's groups, indigenous groups and other social actors who were
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unconstitutional and allowed the second and third paragraphs - regarding homosexual relations between parents and children or involving certain authority figures, such as teachers or ministers of worship - to remain in force The ruling came into effect two days later with its publication in the
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The collection campaign also provoked new acts of violence against LGBT people. Among the victims was activist José Miguel Moreira, who participated in the signature collection and was found dead in early September. At least 16 trans women were also murdered over those months, so they initiated
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until February of that year and who guided them through the process - which required the collection of 1,000 supporting signatures. The claim was written by attorney Cristian Polo Loayza, a member of FEDAEPS, who had to draft three versions of the unconstitutionality claim before Lopez gave his
136:
became the catalyst that prompted - for the first time in the history of the country - the organization of a front formed by different groups of people from the LGBT community to seek the decriminalization of homosexuality. This front was named the Andean Triangle and included the organizations
218:"), with a penalty of four to eight years of imprisonment. This penalty remained the same in the 1906 Penal Code, although it was moved to Article 364 and a subsection was added for cases in which the crime was committed by ministers of worship or teachers. Article 401 of the 1871 Code stated:
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On November 25, 1997, the Constitutional Court unanimously ruled on the case. It accepted the petition partially and declared unconstitutional the first clause of Article 516 of the Penal Code, thus decriminalizing homosexuality in Ecuador. The Court decided not to declare the entire article
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were soon covered by the national press and were taken up as a banner of struggle against the criminalization of homosexuality by the various LGBT groups existing in the country. Organizations that joined were: FEDAEPS (which had been working on sexual diversity issues for the past decade),
559:(APDH), a body close to Coccinelle, pointed out two issues to this strategy: that the country had not had a national debate to bring about change through Congress, and that even after lobbying, they could not hand such a major change to over 90 congressmen, many of whom were conservatives.
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continued to carry out activities and sit-ins. By early October, LGBT activists contacted Monsignor Luna Tobar to request a mass in favor of LGBT people, but he did not accept the proposal. Then they contacted Anglican Bishop Walter Crespo, who agreed to hold a religious service in the
449:
Upon arrival at the city's pretrial detention center, the detainees were locked up with the rest of the prisoners in overcrowded conditions. Cuéllar and his comrades were repeatedly raped by several inmates. Instead of helping them, the policemen who witnessed the scene opted to sell
106:'s presidency (1984-1988), when human rights violations were committed against different groups of people, including LGBT populations. Police repression persisted over the following years, leading to organizations such as FEDAEPS to start exploring strategies to change the law.
97:
Homosexuality had been outlawed in the country in 1871, but for a long time the issue remained unaddressed. This changed in the 1970s, when LGBT people started to gain visibility thanks to an increase in the urban population and the effect of international events such as the
576:
The signature collection process marked the first time in Ecuador's history that LGBT people seized streets and public spaces. The collection was also carried out in bars, nightclubs and other places frequented by LGBT individuals. Since many gay men and lesbian women were
222:
In cases of sodomy, the guilty parties shall be sentenced to four to eight years of imprisonment when no violence or threats are involved; eight to twelve years when one of these circumstances is involved, and with extraordinary imprisonment when the victim is a minor.
497:, who belonged to FEDAEPS, and Neptalí Arias, a member of Famivida foundation, traveled to Cuenca and held meetings with activists and personalities in the city, including Governor Vega, who publicly denounced the actions of the police during the raid.
295:. However, this increased visibility resulted in an increase in police abuses and arrests, backed by conservative politicians. This subsequently sparked the emergence of LGBT activism in Ecuador and advocacy efforts to decriminalize homosexuality.
376:(IACHR) to submit a report compiling data on cases of police abuse. The IACHR welcomed the report and urged Ecuador to comply with international treaties in terms of respect and protection of LGBT people, but the government ignored the request.
338:" Other detainees died under police custody, as in the case of a young gay man whose body was found the next day tied to a tree in the park with more than twenty stab wounds, or another whose body was found with signs of torture in the
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to promote the message that "Homosexuals are also children of God." During the service, they took the opportunity to denounce police harassment and abuses against members of the LGBT community, in particular the members of Coccinelle.
110:
protesting human rights violations and torture committed by the police during the Febres-Cordero administration. Additionally, in February of the same year, the country underwent a wave of protests that led to the removal of President
1345:
753:, a large number of letters arrived in the country from international organizations addressed to the Constitutional Court and requesting the decriminalization of homosexuality. According to Ernesto Lopez, former president of the
1246:
589:, where they joined groups demanding justice for missing persons and managed to get 300 signatures for decriminalization. This demonstration had a historic character for being the first march of LBGT people in the country.
1572:
584:
Coccinelle became prominent during the collection process and on August 27 of the same year, organized a transgender women, gay men and human rights defenders march that went through the streets of Quito and ended at
261:
3. If it has been committed by ministers of worship, school teachers, professors or tutors, on the people entrusted to their direction or care, the penalty shall be rigorous imprisonment for a term of eight to twelve
749:(UN) sent two representatives to meet with the Constitutional Court judges personally and urge them to accept the petition. Additionally, thanks to an international campaign by human rights organizations, among them
750:
366:
1631:
462:" The detainees were also tortured by some police officers, who took them out of the cells to kick them, spit on them and humiliate them, submerging their heads in toilets and giving them electric shocks.
651:
self-protection strategies with APDH. There was constant harassment against the activists by the police and it did not stop until a public announcement was made, conceived by activists Gonzalo Abarca and
229:
If the assault has been committed by the parents, the guilty party will be deprived, in addition, of the rights and prerogatives that the Civil Code grants over the person and property of the offspring.
283:
A considerable increase in the visibility of LGBT people in Ecuador took place in the last decades of the 20th century, influenced by the waves of migration to the big cities that occurred during the
517:), and the Tolerancia group (formed by upper class LGBT people including actor Diego Mignone). Other activists included Milagros Torres, who was the only visible cisgender woman in the process.
2814:
1354:
717:(mayor of Cuenca) to gather their views on the case and ask if in their respective jurisdictions people had been prosecuted based on Article 516. Letters requesting views were also sent to
552:
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1257:
2504:
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Nevertheless, the decision was received as a huge success by the plaintiff organizations. After the verdict was announced, LGBT activists started a celebratory march in Quito along
655:, where they communicated that if the attacks did not stop, they would publish a list with all the names of police and political authorities who had hired transgender sex workers.
2251:
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Homosexuality is an option, a situation inherent to any person, a personal decision. Therefore, the criminalization of homosexuality is unconstitutional and against human rights.
443:
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that LGBT people seized streets and public spaces. One of these events was the first demonstration of LGBT people in the country, held on August 27, 1997, through the streets of
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to discuss the issue. Demands for decriminalization received support from several influential public figures and progressive sectors of the local press, including politician
2407:
Sotavento y Barlovento: el impacto de las interacciones societales y socio-estatales sobre los cambios legales relativos a la diversidad sexual en Perú y Ecuador (1980-2018)
2433:
627:, both of whom authored op-ed pieces denouncing discrimination based on sexual orientation. One of the most important supporters, according to activists of the time, was
174:
On November 25, 1997, the Constitutional Court unanimously decriminalized homosexuality in Ecuador. The ruling went into effect two days later with its publication in the
42:
1929:
2536:
682:
2. The criminalization of homosexuality contravenes constitutional rights, specifically Article 22 of the Constitution, which prohibited discrimination of any kind.
129:
by the police on the night of June 14, 1997. People arrested in the bar were abused, tortured and raped by police officers and other inmates during their detention.
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2701:
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2004:
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1996:
369:(ILGA), through discussions where they shared strategies for activism and started submitting complaints about abuses against people from the LGBT community.
635:"The homosexual man or woman does not lose humanity and, therefore, has all human rights and must be respected in their situation as any other human being."
2867:
1079:
1379:
210:
Homosexuality was criminalized in Ecuador for the first time in the Penal Code of 1871, promulgated during the government of the conservative president
254:
1. In cases of homosexuality that do not involve rape, the two parties shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term of four to eight years.
543:
Coccinelle promoted the first discussions among the communities and focused on defining the best method to achieve decriminalization. FEDAEPS and the
373:
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held the first public demonstration of LGBT people in its history, as part of the signature collection process. Other demonstrations were held in
160:
On September 24, 1997, the petition was filed along with 1400 supporting signatures, of which the allegations were based on three main arguments:
2104:
La marginalidad social frente a la construcción de la identidad de género de las mujeres trans en la ciudad de Quito, desde el año 2019 al 2020
1775:
1636:
458:
per unit. Amidst the attacks, one of the detainees suffered an epileptic seizure, but when they called for help, one of the guards responded: "
2862:
2471:
2375:
2517:
2115:
631:, bishop of Cuenca, who described as inhuman the criminalization of homosexuality both on television and in the written media and declared:
405:
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The same penalty as to the guilty parties shall apply to anyone who consented to or aided and abetted the crime or assault of this nature.
2804:
2362:
853:
556:
2261:
710:
564:
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Sistematización de la experiencia de conceptualización e implementación de la estrategia de RR.PP. del proyecto Zoom durante el 2019
2616:
2485:
1589:
551:. This first lobbying process won the support of some legislators, including Rosendo Rojas, deputy of the province of Azuay for the
1294:
2361:(2019). "Desde la vergüenza hacia el orgullo. El trayecto que nos permitió dejar de ser delincuentes y empezar a ser ciudadanos".
1869:
672:
2852:
2111:
1666:
754:
65:
1942:
520:
These groups came together on July 12, 1997, in what was the first national LGBT movement in Ecuador, under the name of the
365:
but also carried out activities on behalf of LGBT rights - strengthened its links with foreign organizations, including the
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occurred in the 1938 Penal Code, which changed the word "sodomy" to "homosexuality" and thus broadened the crime to cover
2809:
2710:
2687:
2414:
838:
2648:
2513:
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Al otro lado del espejo: representación y homosexualidad en el festival de cine LGBT "El Lugar sin límites" de Ecuador
843:
548:
2574:
1849:
1718:
722:
2538:
Reconstrucción de la historia del movimiento LGBTI+ en Cuenca en el periodo 1997-2017, a través de historias de vida
1632:"Ecuador: Fourteen men arrested during police rain in Cuenca; one is raped by other inmates while in police custody"
2009:
848:
197:
180:
1997:"La construcción del movimiento gay y sus manifestaciones sociales, culturales, y políticas en la ciudad de Quito"
791:
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and feared being recognized if they gave their signature, the majority of support came from heterosexual people.
175:
154:
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FEDAEPS found out about the events in Cuenca after being contacted by a member of the Cuenca-based organization
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2781:
2726:
2718:
424:
409:
401:
126:
1768:
Del silencio a la visibilidad: activismos, politización y derechos humanos de las mujeres lesbianas en Ecuador
1387:
718:
490:
211:
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2847:
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2746:
726:
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On September 24, 1997, the unconstitutionality claim against Article 516 was filed, which was registered as
628:
616:
2609:
Análisis de la interpretación de inconstitucionalidad de la penalización de la homosexualidad en el Ecuador
2563:
Archivo, imágenes y cuerpo en el vigésimo aniversario de la despenalización de la homosexualidad en Ecuador
506:
138:
2776:
2751:
2731:
1341:
833:
714:
299:
193:
103:
60:
446:, 14 people were arrested, whereas police superintendent and Patricio himself stated that there were 63.
2756:
2736:
2545:
1938:
1845:
1289:
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3. Rights to sexuality are human rights, which is why they asked the Court to explicitly recognize them.
1347:
Humberto Salvador: una escritura marginal en la vanguardia de la narrativa latinoamericana del siglo XX
234:
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took place in Cuenca, an event widely acknowledged as the catalyst for the decriminalization process.
2741:
690:
612:
396:
303:
624:
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Other strategies used during the campaign included the use of graffiti to promote messages such as "
431:, a popular LGBT establishment located in Vargas Machuca and Juan Jaramillo streets, in the city of
32:
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702:
694:
652:
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339:
2666:
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372:
On November 7, 1994, the organizations used the presence in the country of a delegation from the
206:
Homosexuality in Ecuador was criminalized in 1871, during the government of Gabriel García Moreno
73:
37:
671:
1. Homosexuality is neither a crime nor a disease, for which they presented statements from the
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640:
510:
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69:
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In the following days, the local press published news about the raid with headlines such as "
380:
de Janeiro - the association called for campaigns to decriminalize homosexuality in Ecuador,
597:
455:
432:
242:
202:
82:
2442:
1774:. Quito: Consejo Nacional para la Igualdad de Género. 2020. pp. 41, 50. Archived from
167:
That the existing law went against the constitutional principle of non-discrimination, and;
2506:
La despenalización de la homosexualidad en Ecuador: el legado de la acción colectiva LGBTI
494:
288:
276:
122:
99:
1581:
1084:
620:
757:, the entity received letters of support for the claim in about 18 different languages.
400:
criminalization of homosexuality, for which they held meetings with congressmen such as
271:
1816:
Hechos sobre la despenalización de la homosexualidad en Ecuador | CHRISTIAN POLO LOAYZA
811:
746:
307:
1877:
509:(created the same year in Quito to denounce police abuses against transgender women),
2831:
647:, who was among those able to collect the largest number of signatures in Guayaquil.
529:
1674:
898:
English: Ecuadorian Foundation of Action and Education for the Promotion of Health.
825:
706:
533:
311:
214:. Article 401 of this legislation criminalized male homosexuality (referred to as "
1574:
Balance y perspectivas de los derechos humanos de las personas LGBTI en el Ecuador
689:
Once the claim was approved, the Constitutional Court sent a series of letters to
639:
Another prominent figure who supported decriminalization was the then governor of
322:, members of the LGBT community, or any man with characteristics they considered "
423:
The night of June 14, 1997, members of the national police carried out a violent
1124:
474:
2679:
2385:
1814:
1320:
801:
323:
2481:
102:. However, this caused an increase in police repression, particularly during
593:
514:
385:
184:
in 1997, 62% of Ecuadorians were in favor of decriminalizing homosexuality.
2389:
737:. Another response came from the country's Foreign Ministry, which noted:
1353:. Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. pp. 94–95. Archived from
745:
In response to international pressure in favor of decriminalization, the
643:, Felipe Vega de la Cuadra, as well as the chef and television presenter
578:
356:
Fundación Ecuatoriana de Acción y Educación para la Promoción de la Salud
319:
601:
315:
246:
86:
1838:
Aportes a la Memoria Histórica de los Movimientos LGBTI en el Ecuador
547:(INREDH) have been working to promote the idea of change through the
537:
451:
292:
275:
Police used to round up LGBT people at the door of the Circasiana in
215:
442:
Disagreements exist as to the number of detainees. According to the
367:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
381:
284:
270:
201:
150:
78:
81:
groups as a response to the police abuses usually experienced by
1285:"Las personas Glbti aún no tienen todos los derechos en Ecuador"
555:, who was very much in favor of decriminalization. However, the
524:, that led the process to decriminalize homosexuality. The name
436:
2683:
362:
17:
2615:(in Spanish). Derechos sexuales en el Ecuador. Archived from
361:- which was officially dedicated to preventing the spread of
287:, as well as the impact of international events such as the
1418:
1416:
1637:
Comisión Internacional Gay y Lesbiana de Derechos Humanos
760:
Simultaneously, the organizations that were part of the
563:
advised by Ernesto López, who had been president of the
330:
following Monday with discriminatory headlines such as "
318:
with government consent. Among the targeted groups were
907:
English: let him die, one less faggot, all the better.
298:
Police brutality intensified during the government of
444:
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
302:(1984-1988). In May 1985, Febres-Cordero created the
489:, which had been led by the then governor of Azuay,
2790:
2717:
1931:
Del personaje histórico al personaje ficcionalizado
1279:
1277:
943:
English: Regional Human Rights Advisory Foundation.
528:was chosen as a way to vindicate the figure of the
460:
déjenle que se muera, un maricón menos, mucho mejor
1711:""Terri" marcó el activismo LGBT sin darse cuenta"
1380:"10 momentos claves de la lucha LGBTI+ en Ecuador"
545:Fundación Regional de Asesoría en Derechos Humanos
2460:Travestismo urbano: género, sexualidad y política
2305:
2238:
2088:
2056:
1982:
1618:
1559:
1530:
1506:
1196:
1177:
1165:
1144:
1058:
1025:
1008:
981:Historia legal de la homosexualidad en el Ecuador
233:In 1933, the Ecuadorian psychoanalyst and writer
178:. According to a poll conducted by the newspaper
880:English: they fell because they were depraved.
310:police that committed systematic violations of
2364:Violencia, géneros y derechos en el territorio
2252:"Parcial despenalización de la homosexualidad"
889:English: they fell because they were faggots.
701:(president of the National Court of Justice),
611:" and even an invitation to interim president
2695:
2005:Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales
1809:
1807:
8:
2816:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1761:
1759:
1660:
1658:
1241:
1239:
1237:
439:throughout the three days he was detained.
170:That rights to sexuality were human rights.
31:It has been suggested that this article be
2702:
2688:
2680:
2671:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2597:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1923:
1921:
983:(in Spanish). Revista Novedades Jurídicas.
477:families from Cuenca among the detainees.
350:Beginning of the decriminalization process
250:contained the following three subsections:
64:took place on November 25, 1997, when the
1315:
1313:
1311:
974:
972:
970:
968:
374:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1697:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2293:
2281:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2151:
2134:
2071:
2044:
2032:
1965:
1912:
1864:
1862:
1798:
1750:
1738:
1542:
1518:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1407:
1228:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1046:
993:
964:
864:
553:Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement
121:, an LGBT establishment in the city of
117:It was in these circumstances that the
2664:
2590:
2162:
2160:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2128:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2067:
2065:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1665:Cervantes, Jeanneth (18 August 2020).
1213:
794:leading to Plaza de la Independencia.
395:in early 1997 and the installation of
1908:
1906:
1693:
1691:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1224:
1222:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1192:
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1188:
1186:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
705:(minister of government and police),
697:(president of the National Congress)
693:(Interim President of the Republic),
164:That homosexuality was not a disease.
7:
1897:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1004:
1002:
916:English: Homosexual joint shut down.
2560:Ramos Ballesteros, Paulino (2019).
925:English: Arrested for sodomy party.
854:Timeline of LGBT history in Ecuador
557:Permanent Assembly for Human Rights
391:After the destitution of President
2868:Decriminalization of homosexuality
2466:(1st ed.). Quito: Abya-Yala.
1115:Cervantes, Jeanneth (2017-11-15).
14:
2514:Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar
2370:(1 ed.). Quito: Abya-Yala.
1995:Mancero, Cristina (2007-08-20).
1247:"Dictamen del Caso N. 111-97-TC"
1078:Galárraga, Alicia (2020-08-16).
818:
804:
673:American Psychiatric Association
513:(the first LGBT organization in
22:
2413:. FLACSO México. Archived from
2112:Universidad Central del Ecuador
1870:"Mi proceso de despenalización"
952:English: Decriminalization now.
774:Constitutional Court's veredict
723:Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference
711:León Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra
467:Clausuran antro de homosexuales
408:party. During this period, the
104:León Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra
2441:(masterThesis). Archived from
1322:Documental: "En Primera Plana"
77:of a claim filed by different
1:
2711:LGBT rights in South America
2863:LGBTQ rights in the Americas
2260:. 1997-11-26. Archived from
2114:. p. 64. Archived from
2008:. p. 48. Archived from
1941:. p. 41. Archived from
1876:. 2022-07-05. Archived from
1848:. p. 83. Archived from
1717:. 2019-06-22. Archived from
1386:. 2020-06-23. Archived from
1293:. 2017-11-27. Archived from
1256:. 1997-11-27. Archived from
979:Aguilar Román, Juan (2018).
839:Same-sex marriage in Ecuador
699:Carlos Solórzano Constantine
2647:. Guayaquil. Archived from
2101:Logacho, Estefanía (2021).
1254:Registro Oficial de Ecuador
1080:"¡Descansa en paz, Pachis!"
844:LGBT rights in the Americas
540:to single out homosexuals.
2884:
2535:González, Daniela (2021).
2432:Montoya, Cristina (2015).
1667:"Nadie muere para siempre"
849:LGBT literature in Ecuador
713:(mayor of Guayaquil), and
481:Decriminalization campaign
471:Presos por fiesta sodomita
198:LGBT literature in Ecuador
191:
48:Proposed since March 2024.
1835:González, Wilmer (2022).
934:English: Andean Triangle.
767:Plaza de la Independencia
677:World Health Organization
659:Unconstitutionality claim
454:to the inmates for 5,000
2606:Salgado, Judith (2005).
2503:Garrido, Rafael (2017).
2306:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
2239:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
2089:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
2057:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1983:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1928:Lalaleo, Andrés (2016).
1619:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1584:. 2014. pp. 33–35.
1560:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1531:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1507:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1197:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1178:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1166:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1145:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1117:"Terri (Jaime Terreros)"
1059:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1026:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
1009:Ramos Ballesteros (2019)
773:
491:Felipe Vega de la Cuadra
61:homosexuality in Ecuador
2645:Universidad Casa Grande
2573:. Quito. Archived from
2457:Páez, Carolina (2010).
871:English: Mobile squads.
727:Luis Alberto Luna Tobar
629:Luis Alberto Luna Tobar
565:Constitutional Tribunal
66:Constitutional Tribunal
2853:LGBT rights in Ecuador
2634:Valdez, David (2019).
1640:. 1997. Archived from
1449:, p. 117-119, 122
834:LGBT rights in Ecuador
743:
715:Fernando Cordero Cueva
687:
637:
354:During the 1990s, the
336:cayeron por maricones.
332:cayeron por depravados
280:
264:
231:
207:
194:LGBT rights in Ecuador
2546:Universidad de Cuenca
2404:Cardona, Luz (2019).
1939:Universidad de Cuenca
1846:Universidad de Cuenca
1342:Serrano Sánchez, Raúl
739:
719:José Mario Ruiz Navas
669:
633:
609:Despenalización ahora
274:
252:
220:
212:Gabriel García Moreno
205:
188:Historical background
59:decriminalization of
2858:LGBT rights case law
2843:1997 in LGBT history
755:Constitutional Court
617:Julio César Trujillo
572:Signature collection
304:Escuadrones volantes
1715:Entorno inteligente
792:10 de Agosto Avenue
721:, president of the
300:León Febres-Cordero
237:published the book
2392:on 6 February 2021
1601:on 3 November 2018
735:right to sexuality
709:(mayor of Quito),
665:Case No. 111-97-TC
293:May 1968 in France
281:
208:
38:Case No. 111-97-TC
2825:
2824:
2797:other territories
2473:978-9978-67-229-7
2420:on 20 August 2021
2377:978-9942-09-633-3
2181:, p. 265-266
1753:, p. 260-261
1473:, p. 119-121
1425:, pp. 52–75.
1360:on 14 August 2017
1049:, p. 255-257
592:On September 17,
549:National Congress
419:Bar Abanicos raid
406:Popular Democracy
267:Police repression
235:Humberto Salvador
176:Official Registry
132:What happened at
70:landmark decision
55:
54:
50:
2875:
2817:
2805:Falkland Islands
2719:Sovereign states
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2568:
2556:
2554:
2548:. Archived from
2543:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2516:. Archived from
2511:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:on 9 August 2021
2490:
2484:. Archived from
2465:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2388:. Archived from
2369:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2272:
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2269:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:, p. 37, 39
2200:
2194:
2188:
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2176:
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2054:
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2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
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1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1673:. Archived from
1662:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1594:. Archived from
1579:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
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1281:
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1251:
1243:
1232:
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1217:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1123:. Archived from
1112:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1088:. Archived from
1075:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1012:
1006:
997:
991:
985:
984:
976:
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
917:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
890:
887:
881:
878:
872:
869:
828:
823:
822:
821:
814:
809:
808:
807:
781:Official Gazette
762:Triángulo Andino
725:, and to bishop
526:Triángulo Andino
522:Triángulo Andino
340:Machángara River
243:sexual diversity
145:and Tolerancia.
127:violently raided
83:sexually diverse
46:
26:
25:
18:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2838:1997 in Ecuador
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2798:
2796:
2786:
2713:
2708:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2474:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2367:
2359:Buendía, Silvia
2357:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:, p. 29-30
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:, p. 41-43
2292:
2288:
2284:, p. 24-29
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2241:, p. 39-40
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2154:, p. 37-38
2150:
2141:
2137:, p. 32-33
2133:
2126:
2118:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2078:
2074:, p. 36-37
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1985:, p. 33-35
1981:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1915:, p. 30-31
1911:
1904:
1900:, p. 84-85
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1700:, p. 64-66
1698:González (2021)
1696:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1562:, p. 37-39
1558:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:, p. 26-27
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:, p. 19-20
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1231:, p. 19-21
1227:
1220:
1216:, p. 20-21
1212:
1203:
1195:
1184:
1180:, p. 33-34
1176:
1172:
1164:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1061:, p. 29-30
1057:
1053:
1045:
1032:
1028:, p. 18-19
1024:
1015:
1011:, p. 23-25
1007:
1000:
992:
988:
978:
977:
966:
961:
956:
951:
947:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
893:
888:
884:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
824:
819:
817:
810:
805:
803:
800:
776:
661:
619:, or academics
574:
495:Orlando Montoya
487:La Pájara Pinta
483:
421:
352:
289:Stonewall riots
277:Parque El Ejido
269:
200:
190:
100:Stonewall Riots
95:
85:individuals in
51:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Law of Ecuador
2845:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2631:
2603:
2557:
2555:on 2022-04-19.
2532:
2500:
2472:
2454:
2429:
2401:
2376:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:Garrido (2017)
2334:
2330:Cardona (2019)
2322:
2318:Salgado (2005)
2310:
2298:
2294:Garrido (2017)
2286:
2282:Salgado (2005)
2274:
2243:
2231:
2227:Garrido (2017)
2219:
2215:Cardona (2019)
2207:
2203:Garrido (2017)
2195:
2191:Cardona (2019)
2183:
2179:Cardona (2019)
2171:
2167:Cardona (2019)
2156:
2152:Garrido (2017)
2139:
2135:Garrido (2017)
2124:
2121:on 2022-07-18.
2093:
2076:
2072:Garrido (2017)
2061:
2049:
2045:Buendía (2019)
2037:
2033:Garrido (2017)
2025:
1987:
1970:
1966:Cardona (2019)
1958:
1917:
1913:Garrido (2017)
1902:
1890:
1858:
1855:on 2022-05-24.
1827:
1803:
1799:Cardona (2019)
1791:
1755:
1751:Cardona (2019)
1743:
1739:Montoya (2015)
1731:
1702:
1687:
1654:
1623:
1611:
1590:
1564:
1547:
1543:Cardona (2019)
1535:
1523:
1519:Montoya (2015)
1511:
1499:
1495:Garrido (2017)
1487:
1483:Garrido (2017)
1475:
1471:Buendía (2019)
1463:
1459:Cardona (2019)
1451:
1447:Buendía (2019)
1439:
1435:Garrido (2017)
1427:
1423:Montoya (2015)
1412:
1408:Cardona (2019)
1400:
1371:
1333:
1307:
1273:
1233:
1229:Salgado (2005)
1218:
1201:
1182:
1170:
1149:
1137:
1102:
1063:
1051:
1047:Cardona (2019)
1030:
1013:
998:
994:Buendía (2019)
986:
963:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
829:
815:
812:Ecuador portal
799:
796:
775:
772:
747:United Nations
691:Fabián Alarcón
675:(APA) and the
660:
657:
625:César Montúfar
613:Fabián Alarcón
573:
570:
532:, used during
500:The events at
482:
479:
420:
417:
397:Fabián Alarcón
393:Abdalá Bucaram
351:
348:
308:special forces
268:
265:
239:Esquema sexual
189:
186:
172:
171:
168:
165:
153:and ending at
112:Abdalá Bucaram
94:
91:
74:Case 111-97-TC
53:
52:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2880:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2810:French Guiana
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2654:on 2021-04-12
2650:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2622:on 2018-11-02
2618:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2580:on 2021-04-27
2576:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2523:on 2021-02-14
2519:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2445:on 2021-04-27
2444:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:, p. 268
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2264:on 2014-12-04
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:, p. 264
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2193:, p. 266
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2169:, p. 265
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2047:, p. 124
2046:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2015:on 2020-07-10
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:, p. 263
1967:
1962:
1959:
1948:on 2020-03-19
1944:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1880:on 2022-07-06
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:, p. 261
1800:
1795:
1792:
1781:on 2021-04-29
1777:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:, p. 59.
1740:
1735:
1732:
1721:on 2022-07-03
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
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1677:on 2020-09-23
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1670:
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1582:El Telégrafo
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1147:, p. 29
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1121:La Periódica
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1090:the original
1085:El Telégrafo
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826:LGBTQ portal
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707:Jamil Mahuad
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621:Raúl Vallejo
608:
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587:Plaza Grande
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534:World War II
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521:
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502:Bar Abanicos
501:
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493:. Activists
486:
484:
470:
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429:Bar Abanicos
428:
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411:Bar Abanicos
410:
402:José Cordero
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314:and acts of
312:human rights
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155:Plaza Grande
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1898:Páez (2010)
1437:, p. 6
1384:Radio Cocoa
1290:El Comercio
475:upper class
320:sex workers
258:offspring.
2832:Categories
2658:2021-04-12
2626:2021-06-27
2584:2021-04-27
2544:. Cuenca:
2527:2021-04-12
2495:2021-08-09
2449:2021-08-03
2424:2021-08-20
2396:2021-04-12
2386:1110088345
2268:2021-02-06
2019:2021-04-13
1952:2022-05-24
1937:. Cuenca:
1884:2022-07-18
1844:. Cuenca:
1822:2023-04-04
1785:2022-07-03
1725:2022-07-17
1681:2021-04-12
1648:2022-07-17
1605:2021-04-13
1394:2021-04-13
1328:2023-04-04
1301:2021-02-06
1267:2021-06-28
1131:2021-04-12
1096:2021-02-06
959:References
568:approval.
507:Coccinelle
324:effeminate
192:See also:
139:Coccinelle
2782:Venezuela
2727:Argentina
2667:cite book
2593:cite book
2512:. Quito:
2482:641692060
2110:. Quito:
1874:ArmoníaTV
1580:. Quito:
594:Guayaquil
515:Guayaquil
404:, of the
386:Nicaragua
358:(FEDAEPS)
137:FEDAEPS,
68:issued a
2772:Suriname
2762:Paraguay
2747:Colombia
1344:(2005).
798:See also
579:closeted
511:Famivida
143:Famivida
93:Overview
2777:Uruguay
2752:Ecuador
2732:Bolivia
679:(WHO).
602:Machala
536:by the
452:condoms
316:torture
247:lesbian
87:Ecuador
43:Discuss
2757:Guyana
2737:Brazil
2571:FLACSO
2480:
2470:
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1588:
1364:10 Aug
598:Cuenca
469:" or "
456:sucres
433:Cuenca
334:" or "
262:years.
216:sodomy
125:, was
123:Cuenca
33:merged
2742:Chile
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860:Notes
641:Azuay
382:Chile
285:1970s
151:Quito
79:LGBTQ
35:with
2767:Peru
2673:link
2599:link
2478:OCLC
2468:ISBN
2382:OCLC
2372:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1366:2020
751:ILGA
623:and
600:and
538:Nazi
437:sash
425:raid
413:raid
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