529:. Among these people was Nikolay Borisovich Jacobi, Senior Procurator to the Senate in the 1890s. Jacobi's widow, Elizaveta Karlovna, reportedly told Voitrov in 1913 that a Duke Stenbok-Fermor was disturbed by the attention which Tchaikovsky was paying to his young nephew. Stenbok-Fernor wrote a letter of accusation to the Tsar in the autumn of 1893 and gave the letter to Jacobi to deliver. Jacobi wanted to avoid a public scandal. He therefore invited all of Tchaikovsky's former schoolmates that he could locate in St. Petersburg—eight people altogether—to serve in a "court of honor" to discuss the charge. This meeting, held in Jacobi's study, lasted almost five hours. At the end of that time, Tchaikovsky rushed out, pale and agitated, without saying a word. Once everyone else had left, Jacobi told his wife that they had decided that Tchaikovsky should kill himself. Within a day or two of this meeting, news of the composer's illness was circulating in St. Petersburg.
118:
effect. While cholera actually attacked all levels of
Russian society, it was considered a disease of the lower classes. The resulting stigma from such a demise for a personage as famous as Tchaikovsky was considerable, to the point where its possibility was inconceivable for many people. The accuracy of the medical reports from the two physicians who had treated Tchaikovsky was questioned. The handling of Tchaikovsky's corpse was also scrutinised as it was reportedly not in accordance with official regulations for victims of cholera. This was remarked upon by, among others,
437:
had read in textbooks and medical journals. Poznansky cites Vasily
Bertenson as later admitting that he "had not had occasion to witness an actual case of cholera", despite saying the composer had contracted a "classic case" of the disease. Holden also questions whether Lev Bertenson's description of Tchaikovsky's condition came from his observation of the patient or from what he had once read. If the latter, it would mean he could have used the terminology in the wrong sequence in describing Tchaikovsky's diagnosis.
238:
212:. During the meal, Tchaikovsky ordered a glass of water. Due to an outbreak of cholera in the city, health regulations required water served in restaurants to be boiled before being served. Tchaikovsky was told by the waiter that no boiled water was then available. He then reportedly requested cold unboiled water, which was brought. Warned by others in his party not to drink it, the composer said he did not fear contracting cholera and drank the water anyway.
604:
composer's deathbed. It was exactly this circle of intimates, however, that Drigo accused of concealing the "truth", demanding false testimonies from authorities, physicians and priests. Only by swearing
Glazunov to the strictest secrecy would anyone in this circle have revealed the "truth". That Glazunov would then share this information with Mooser, Poznansky concludes, is virtually inconceivable since it would have compromised Glazunov entirely.
80:
408:
educated families because they observed the medical protocols forbidding the use or drinking of unboiled water. Moreover, this epidemic had begun waning with the arrival of the cold autumn weather. On 13 October, 200 cases of cholera were reported. By 6 November, the day of
Tchaikovsky's death, this number had been reduced to 68 cases, accompanied by "a sharp decline in mortality". Though these figures were taken from
2473:
24:
749:, who attended both performances, attributed the public's change in opinion to "the composer's sudden death ... stories about his presentiments of approaching demise (to which mankind is so prone), and a tendency to link these presentiments with the gloomy mood of the last movement of this splendid ... famed, even fashionable work." Diaghilev adds that NápravnĂk wept throughout the performance.
596:. According to their scenario, the composer had seduced the son of the caretaker of his brother Modest's apartment block. The plausibility of this story for many people was that Glazunov reportedly confirmed it. Mooser considered Glazunov a reliable witness, stressing his "upright moral character, veneration for the composer and friendship with Tchaikovsky." More recently the French scholar
461:. "There exists, as far as we can recollect, a binding decree that commercial establishments, eating houses, restaurants, etc., should have boiled water". Poznansky suggests the same lack of credibility holds true for Modest's story. It was also well known that Tchaikovsky preferred to drink mineral water. "Are we to suppose that Leiner's had run out of both mineral and boiled water?"
2483:
757:
strings, and a rather quiet, harmonised chorale emerges in the trombones. The trombone theme bears no relation to the music that either precedes or follows it. Calvin Dotsey with the
Houston Symphony states: "The brass intone a quotation of the Russian Orthodox chant “With thy saints, O Christ, give peace to the soul of thy servant,” a traditional prayer for the dead."
157:
446:
Modest's apartment during lunch on
Thursday. If so, what was a pitcher of unboiled water doing on the table? "t was right in the middle of our conversation about the medication he had taken that he poured a glass of water and took a sip from it. The water was unboiled. We were all frightened: he alone was indifferent to it and told us not to worry."
344:
558:." He suggested that people would have known that acute diarrhoea, dehydration and kidney failure resembled the manifestations of cholera. This would help bolster a potential illusion of the death as a case of cholera. The conclusion reached in the documentary leaned largely in favor of the "court of honor" theory.
626:
as intensely autobiographical. According to this theory, Tchaikovsky realised the full extent of his feelings for Bob, plus the unlikelihood of their physical fulfillment. He supposedly poured his misery onto this one last great work as a conscious prelude to suicide, then drank unboiled water in the
468:
recalls: "Various myths soon sprang up about the death of
Tchaikovsky. Some said he caught cholera by drinking a glass of tap water at the Restaurant Leiner. Certainly, we used to see Pyotr Ilyich eating there almost every day, but nobody at that time drank unboiled water, and it seemed inconceivable
407:
True to its reputed form, the cholera outbreak that had begun in the summer of 1893 in St. Petersburg had been confined primarily to the city's slums, where the poor "lived in crowded, insanitary conditions without observing elementary medical conditions." The disease did not affect more affluent and
294:
volunteered to pay the costs of the composer's funeral himself and instructed the
Directorate of the Imperial Theatres to organise the event. According to Poznansky, this action showed the exceptional regard with which the Tsar regarded the composer. Only twice before had a Russian monarch shown such
282:
Poznansky counters Brown's views by saying that, despite Rimsky-Korsakov's comment, there was nothing odd about what went on. He writes that, despite lingering prejudice, the prevailing medical opinion was that cholera was less contagious than previously supposed. Though public gatherings for cholera
272:
In despair I rushed out of the house, and although I realized
Tchaikovsky had died of cholera I made straight for Malaya Morskaya, where he lived. The doors were wide open and there was no one to be found.... I heard voices from another room, and on entering I saw Pyotr Ilyich in a black morning coat
569:
and would not have needed an intermediary to deliver a letter to his own employer. As for the supposed threat to the reputation of the St
Petersburg School of Jurisprudence represented by Tchaikovsky's homosexual affairs, Poznansky depicts the school as a hotbed of all-male debauchery which even had
248:
Tchaikovsky biographer David Brown argues that, even before the doctors' accounts on the composer's death had appeared, what happened at his brother Modest's flat had been totally inconsistent with standard procedures for a death from cholera. Regulations stipulated the corpse was to be removed from
511:
of London by its then veteran medical specialist, Dr. Thomas Stuttaford. While Holden admits no further evidence supports this theory, he asserts that had it actually been the case, Tchaikovsky and Modest would have both gone to great pains to conceal the truth. They could have staged Tchaikovsky's
436:
Holden maintains that, since cholera was rarely encountered in the upper echelons in which they practiced, it is possible that physicians Vasily and Lev Bertenson had never treated or even seen a case of cholera previous to the composer's case. All they might have known of the disease was what they
756:
as his own requiem, many others, notably Milton Cross, David Ewen and Michael Paul Smith, accord it credence. The musical clues include one in the development section of the first movement, where the rapidly progressing evolution of the transformed first theme suddenly "shifts into neutral" in the
648:
Roland John Wiley writes, "The polemics over death have reached an impasse ... Rumor attached to the famous die hard ... As for illness, problems of evidence offer little hope of satisfactory resolution: the state of diagnosis; the confusion of witnesses; disregard of long-term effects of smoking
532:
Orlova suggests this court of honor could have been convened on 31 October. This is the only day during which nothing is known about Tchaikovsky's activities until evening. Brown suggests that perhaps it is significant that Modest records his brother's last days from that evening, when Tchaikovsky
512:
drinking unboiled water at Leiner's by mutual agreement for the sake of family, friends, admirers and posterity. Since Tchaikovsky was an almost sacred national figure by this time in his life, Holden suggests the doctors involved with the composer's case might have gone along with this deception.
445:
If Tchaikovsky did contract cholera, it is unknown precisely when or how he became infected. Newspapers printed accounts given by confused relatives of Tchaikovsky's drinking a glass of unboiled water at Leiner's restaurant. Modest, by contrast, suggests that his brother drank the fateful glass at
497:
Another factor Pozansky mentions is that Tchaikovsky, already in gastric distress Thursday morning, drank a glass of the alkaline mineral water "Hunyadi János" in an attempt to ease his stomach. The alkaline in the mineral water would have neutralised the acid in Tchaikovsky's stomach. This would
482:
Poznansky does not rule out Tchaikovsky's contracting cholera from drinking contaminated water. He ventures that Tchaikovsky could have possibly drunk it before the Wednesday supper at Leiner's, as the composer habitually drank cold water at meals. On this point, he and Holden concur. Holden adds
419:
reported that the composer was scrupulous in his personal hygiene. In the hope of avoiding doctors, Laroche writes, "he relied above all on hygiene, of which he seemed (to my layman's view) to be a true master". The media noted this as they questioned the composer's death. "How could Tchaikovsky,
717:
Tchaikovsky began conducting with the baton held tightly in his fist ... in his usual manner. But when the final sounds of the symphony had died away and Tchaikovsky slowly lowered the baton, there was dead silence in the audience. Instead of applause, stifled sobs came from various parts of the
603:
However, Poznansky counters, Glazunov could not have confirmed the suicide story unless he were absolutely certain of its truth. The only way that could have been possible, though, was if he had been told by someone in Tchaikovsky's innermost circle—in other words, someone who was present at the
220:
to no avail. Three days later, he developed signs of cholera. His condition worsened, but he still refused to see a doctor. A doctor was finally sent for but was not home, so another one was called. The diagnosis of cholera was finally made by Dr. Lev Bertenson. In the meantime, Tchaikovsky
449:
The incubation period for cholera is between one and three days according to some authorities, and from two hours to five days according to others. Tchaikovsky reportedly started showing symptoms early Thursday morning. If the one-to-three-day interval is taken as 24 to 72 hours, the latest the
287:
stated that Tchaikovsky had died from a subsequent blood infection, not from the disease itself. (The disease had reportedly been arrested on Friday, 3 November, three days before the composer's passing.) According to Poznansky, with the added precaution of constant disinfectant to the lips and
117:
The timeline between Tchaikovsky's drinking unboiled water and the emergence of symptoms was brought into question, as well as the composer's procurement of unboiled water, in a reputable restaurant (according to one account), in the midst of a cholera epidemic with strict health regulations in
722:
This would seem to contradict descriptions of this event by other biographers. Holden, for example, writes that the work had been greeted with respectful applause for its composer but general bewilderment about the work itself. However, Diaghilev apparently confirms Volkov's account. Though he
561:
Other well-respected studies of the composer have challenged Orlova's statements in detail and concluded that the composer's death was due to natural causes. Among other challenges to Orlova's thesis, Poznansky revealed that there was no Duke Stenbok-Fermor, but there was a count of that name.
403:
Even with these numbers, the attribution of Tchaikovsky's death to cholera was as surprising to many as the suddenness of his demise. While cholera touched all levels of society, it was largely considered a disease of the poor. This stigma made cholera a vulgar and socially demeaning manner of
635:
Without strong evidence for any of these cases, it is possible that no definite conclusion may be drawn and that the true nature of the composer's end may never be known. Conclusive evidence, Holden suggests, would mean exhuming Tchaikovsky's corpse for tests to determine the presence of
394:
Holden adds that, according to contemporary Russian medical records, the specific epidemic which claimed Tchaikovsky's life began on 14 May 1892 and ended on 11 February 1896. During this time, 504,924 people contracted cholera. From that number, 226,940 (44.9 percent) died from it.
506:
Referencing cholera specialist Dr. Valentin Pokovsky, Holden mentions another way Tchaikovsky could have contracted cholera—the "faecal-oral route", from less-than-hygienic sexual practices with male prostitutes in St. Petersburg. This theory was advanced separately in
114:, most probably contracted through drinking contaminated water several days earlier. This explanation was accepted by many biographers of the composer. However, even at the time of Tchaikovsky's death, there were many questions about this diagnosis.
788:
in the 19th century, and information sources used in the article sometimes report dates as old style rather than new style. Dates in the article are taken verbatim from the source and therefore are in the same style as the source from which they
314:
Tchaikovsky's funeral took place on 9 November 1893 in St. Petersburg. Kazan Cathedral holds 6,000 people, but 60,000 people applied for tickets to attend the service. Finally, 8,000 people were crammed in. The composer was interred in
283:
victims had previously been discouraged, the Central Medical Council in the spring of 1893 specifically allowed public services and rituals in connection with the funerals of cholera victims. Also, the medical opinion printed by the
520:
Another theory was first broached publicly by Russian musicologist Alexandra Orlova in 1979 when she emigrated to the West. The key witness for Orlova's account was Alexander Voitrov, a pupil at the School of Jurisprudence before
215:
The next morning, at Modest's apartment, Pyotr was not in the sitting room drinking tea as usual, but in bed complaining of diarrhea and an upset stomach. Modest asked about calling a doctor. Tchaikovsky refused, instead taking
277:
were arranging a table to put him on. We lifted the body of Tchaikovsky, myself holding the feet, and laid it on the table. The three of us were alone in the flat, for after Tchaikovsky's death the whole household had
268:, was at that time a university student in St. Petersburg and had met and occasionally conversed with the composer, to whom he was distantly related by marriage. On hearing of Tchaikovsky's death, Diaghilev recalls,
249:
the scene of death immediately in a closed coffin. Instead, Tchaikovsky's body was displayed in Modest's flat, and the flat freely opened to visitors wishing to pay their last respects. Among the guests, composer
1370:
627:
hope of contracting cholera. In this way, as with his wading into the Moscow river in 1877 in frustration over his marriage, Tchaikovsky could commit suicide without bringing disgrace upon his family.
486:
Poznansky also says that the cholera bacillus was more prevalent in the St. Petersburg water supply than anyone had imagined before Tchaikovsky's death. Weeks after the composer's passing, both the
600:
has confirmed Glazunov's confession. Lischke's father was a student of the composer in Petrograd in the 1920s. Glazunov confided the story to Lischke's father, who in turn passed it to his son.
550:, which investigated various theories regarding Tchaikovsky's death. Among those interviewed were Orlova, Brown and Poznansky, along with various experts on Russian history. Dr John Henry of
2456:
2517:
904:
Diaghilev's step-mother's sister, the soprano Aleksandra Panayeva-Kartsova, married Georgy Kartsov, the son of Tchaikovsky's first cousin Aleksandra Petrovna Kartsova née Tchaikovskaya.
554:, an expert witness working in the British National Poison Unit at the time, concluded in the documentary that all the reported symptoms of Tchaikovsky's illness "fit very closely with
1697: – The passage discussed in last paragraph of the "Pathetique as a Requiem" section can be found shortly after rehearsal mark "K" in the score, or at 10:25 in the audio recording.
766:
2486:
428:
noted, "veryone is astounded by the uncommon occurrence of the lightning-fast infection with Asiatic cholera of a man so very temperate, modest, and austere in his daily habits."
612:
Another version holds that Tchaikovsky had been undergoing a severe personal crisis. This crisis was precipitated, according to some accounts, by his infatuation for his nephew,
253:
was seemingly bewildered by what he saw: "How strange that, although death had resulted from cholera, still admission to the Mass for the dead was free to all! I remember how
1722:
450:
composer could have been infected would have been Wednesday morning, earlier than either the dinner at Leiner's that evening or lunch at Modest's the following afternoon.
1764:
1742:
494:
were found to be contaminated, and a special sanitary commission discovered that some restaurants mixed boiled and unboiled water to cool it more quickly for patrons.
1335:
As cited in Norton, Rictor, "Gay Love-Letters from Tchaikovsky to his Nephew Bob Davidof", The Great Queens of History, 19 October 2002, updated 5 November 2005 <
453:
The possibility of unboiled water available at a restaurant such as Leiner's was a surprise to some. "We find it extremely strange that a good restaurant could have
2507:
2181:
2153:
707:
2247:
2208:
2337:
391:
in 1888. By 1892, Russia was by far the worst hit of the 21 countries affected. In 1893, no fewer than 70 regions and provinces were combatting epidemics.
616:, who was frequently referred to by the nickname "Bob" by the Davydov family and the composer. This would reportedly explain the agonies expressed in the
376:
had hit the continent in 1818. Three others had followed and a fifth, which had begun in 1881, was raging. The disease had been imported by pilgrims from
1644:
Norton, Rictor, "Gay Love-Letters from Tchaikovsky to his Nephew Bob Davidof", The Great Queens of History, 19 October 2002, updated 5 November 2005 <
710:, a talented poet and fervent admirer of the composer, ran into the greenroom weeping and exclaiming, "What have you done, it's a requiem, a requiem!"
1694:
125:
Theories that Tchaikovsky's death was a suicide soon began to surface. Postulations ranged from reckless action on the composer's part to orders from
706:, was heard by at least some as the composer's artistic farewell to this world. After the last rehearsal of the symphony under its composer's baton,
404:
demise. The fact Tchaikovsky died from such a cause appeared to degrade his reputation among the upper classes and struck many as inconceivable.
257:, totally drunk ... kept kissing the deceased man's head and face." This passage was edited out of some later version of Rimsky-Korsakov's book.
2064:
1752:
1715:
578:
One other theory regarding Tchaikovsky's death is that it was ordered by Tsar Alexander III himself. This story was told by Swiss musicologist
2451:
2332:
1759:
197:
2176:
2171:
2166:
726:
Regardless of its initial reception, two weeks after Tchaikovsky's death, on 18 November 1893, the composer's longtime friend, conductor
2312:
2229:
1690:
420:
having just arrived in Petersburg and living in excellent hygienic conditions, have contracted the infection?" asked a reporter for the
1525:
2527:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2191:
2006:
2001:
1990:
33:
2522:
2476:
2421:
2109:
1747:
1708:
66:
741:"It is indeed a sort of swan song, a presentiment of impending death, and hence its tragic impression" wrote the reviewer for the
1965:
141:
2132:
308:
2441:
2426:
2081:
2017:
2032:
1463:"'I No Longer Feel Sorry for the Fact': Homosexuality and Identity Commitment in the Writings and Speeches of Claude Vivier"
723:
mentions "At the rehearsal opinions were greatly divided....", he adds: "The concert's success was naturally overwhelming."
738:. This was three weeks to the day after the composer had led the première in the same hall, before much the same audience.
307:
on the eve of his burial. Moreover, Alexander III gave special permission for Tchaikovsky's memorial service to be held at
2431:
2215:
2045:
785:
173:
91:
2512:
2051:
1955:
1950:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1881:
700:
617:
356:
95:
2038:
1849:
1821:
808:
Kornhauser, Pavle (April 1, 2010). ""The cause of P.I. Tchaikovsky's (1840-1893) death: cholera, suicide, or both?"".
229:, but the composer was too far gone to recognise what was going on around him. He died at 3 a.m. on 6 November 1893.
221:
would seem to improve but then would regress and get much worse. His kidneys began to fail. A priest was called from
2280:
669:), which would have advanced the theory of suicide at the orders of Alexander III. Vivier announced the project to
222:
2386:
2326:
2160:
2088:
185:
620:, as well as the mystery surrounding its program. Many analysts, working from this tangent, have since read the
37:
2286:
1731:
274:
161:
103:
483:
that Tchaikovsky may have even known he had contracted cholera before the dinner at Leiner's Wednesday night.
498:
have stimulated any cholera bacillus present by giving it a more favorable environment in which to flourish.
2116:
1842:
746:
566:
351:
291:
288:
nostrils of the body, even the drunken cellist kissing the face of the deceased had little cause for worry.
254:
250:
241:
129:
119:
44:
622:
84:
727:
1814:
244:
thought the proceedings immediately following Tchaikovsky's death to be strange for a victim of cholera.
303:
following the poet's fatal duel. Nicholas also came personally to pay his final respects to historian
2446:
2291:
2222:
2095:
1793:
1786:
296:
136:. Since 1979, one variation of the theory has gained some ground—a sentence of suicide imposed in a "
2436:
2123:
1365:
752:
Though some modern musicologists, such as David Brown, dispute the view that Tchaikovsky wrote the
579:
177:
169:
260:
Rimsky-Korsakov's own comments, however, would seem to conflict with his actions as later told by
237:
2398:
2360:
2319:
2025:
1484:
641:
593:
193:
133:
2404:
2102:
2058:
1438:
Henry, Dr. John, "Pride or Prejudice?" BBC Radio 3, 5 November 1993. As quoted in Holden, 399.
555:
551:
328:
320:
300:
2392:
2368:
1940:
1807:
1474:
681:
613:
597:
539:
534:
465:
316:
304:
261:
209:
189:
107:
1828:
205:
79:
1888:
1197:
1046:
Orlova, Alexandra, "Tchaikovsky: The Last Chapter", 128. As quoted in Holden, Anthony,
735:
718:
hall. The audience was stunned and Tchaikovsky stood there, motionless, his head bowed.
583:
416:
365:
332:
324:
265:
137:
1599:
2501:
2139:
1800:
1488:
674:
658:
588:
491:
217:
201:
145:
2146:
48:
1502:
372:
had arrived in Europe less than a century before Tchaikovsky's death. An initial
1835:
522:
388:
645:
487:
226:
649:
and alcohol. We do not know how Tchaikovsky died. We may never find out...."
1874:
1700:
1462:
132:, with the reporters ranging from Tchaikovsky's family members to composer
156:
148:. Nonetheless, the cause of Tchaikovsky's death remains highly contested.
1645:
1336:
373:
264:. Diaghilev, who would become known as the founder and impresario of the
2482:
891:
Diaghilev, Sergei, Memoirs (unpublished). As quoted in Buckle, Richard,
176:
20 October] (Wednesday) Tchaikovsky had gone to the theatre to see
1856:
1000:
637:
464:
Newspaper reporters were not the only ones questioning these accounts.
457:
unboiled water during an epidemic", wrote a reporter for the newspaper
369:
347:
319:
at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, near the graves of fellow-composers
111:
1479:
677:
in a 1983 homophobic hate crime before the opera could be completed.
670:
381:
377:
1021:(St. Petersburg, 1903), vol. 37a, 507–151. As quoted in Holden, 359.
525:
who had reportedly amassed much about the history and people of his
1601:
Secrets, Rumors, and Lies: Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 6, Pathétique
644:, since arsenic can remain in the human body even after 100 years.
343:
110:, at the age of 53. The official cause of death was reported to be
387:
The first reported cases in Russia from this pandemic occurred in
342:
236:
155:
122:
in his autobiography, though some editions censored this section.
78:
563:
126:
1704:
17:
914:
912:
910:
673:
music organizations and had begun writing a libretto, but
592:
to the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres, and the composer
2457:
International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians
699:
Volkov writes that even before Tchaikovsky's death, his
1072:, 217, note 81. As quoted in Holden, 474, footnote 36.
1013:
1011:
1009:
767:
Theory of attempted suicide by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
546:
In November 1993 the BBC aired a documentary entitled
94:
25 October], nine days after the premiere of his
1473:(1). Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal: 27–41.
570:
its own song hymning the delights of homosexuality.
295:
favor toward a fallen artistic or scholarly figure.
273:
stretched on a sofa. Rimsky-Korsakov and the singer
2414:
2379:
2352:
2304:
2240:
2200:
2073:
1983:
1898:
1866:
1778:
1059:
Orlova, 128, footnote 12. As quoted in Holden, 387.
1360:
1358:
1505:. Stanford Universities Libraries. March 29, 1995
926:
924:
856:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991), 481.
688:(1995), about Tchaikovsky's last days and death.
1669:(St. Petersburg, 1909), published in English as
942:, 26 October 1893. As quoted in Poznansky, 592.
2518:Infectious disease deaths in the Russian Empire
2154:Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem
1503:"Opening Night! Opera & Oratorio Premieres"
1236:
1234:
1188:, s.v. "kholera." As quoted in Poznansky, 582.
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
715:
270:
1390:
1388:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1716:
469:to us that Tchaikovsky should have done so".
384:, and from there crossed the Russian border.
8:
1620:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991).
1292:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1276:
582:, who supposedly learned it from two others—
1211:, 9 November 1893. As quoted in Poznansky,
1125:, 9 November 1893. As quoted in Poznansky,
1109:, 7 November 1893, as quoted in Poznansky,
713:As for the première itself, Volkov writes:
412:, Poznansky challenges them as inaccurate.
1723:
1709:
1701:
196:, and other friends to a restaurant named
47:. Please do not remove this message until
1695:International Music Score Library Project
1526:"Music: A few well-rounded suicide notes"
1478:
1313:(New York: Pegasus Books, 2007), 434–435.
1182:The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
1042:
1040:
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
1653:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1418:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1268:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1242:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1213:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1169:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1156:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1127:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1111:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
1032:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
841:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
828:Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man
140:" by Tchaikovsky's fellow alumni of the
43:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1618:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885–1893
1405:Tchaikovsky: The Story of the Inner Man
1070:Tchaikovsky's Suicide: Myth and Reality
854:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885–1893
800:
777:
661:had begun working on an opera entitled
184:. Afterwards, he went with his brother
2508:Deaths by person in the Russian Empire
1673:(New York: Knopf, 1925, 3rd ed. 1942).
1646:http://rictornorton.co.uk/tchaikov.htm
1559:(New York: The Free Press, 1995), 115.
1337:http://rictornorton.co.uk/tchaikov.htm
1266:, 84:200–201. As quoted in Poznansky,
964:(New York: The Free Press, 1995), 128.
657:In the early 1980s, Canadian composer
2452:International Tchaikovsky Competition
2437:Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory
1524:Williams, Nicholas (March 30, 1995).
816:(1): 145–172 – via EBSCO, DOAJ.
810:Acta medico-historica adriatica: AMHA
708:Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich
172:writes that on 1 November 1893 [
7:
1603:. Houston Symphony. January 3, 2020.
1590:(London: Faber & Faber, 1993) xv
1050:(New York: Random House, 1995), 387.
1019:Encyclopedia of Brogkauz & Efron
730:, led the second performance of the
640:, as has been done with the body of
516:Suicide ordered by "court of honor"
1678:St. Petersburg: A Cultural History
1557:St. Petersburg: A Cultural History
1311:Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music
962:St. Petersburg: A Cultural History
734:Symphony at a memorial concert in
299:had written a letter to the dying
14:
2182:Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major
2177:Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major
2172:Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major
2167:Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor
1680:(New York: The Free Press, 1995).
895:(New York: Athenum, 1979), 17–18.
335:would be buried nearby, as well.
331:; eventually Rimsky-Korsakov and
144:, as a censure of the composer's
2481:
2472:
2471:
1655:(New York: Schirmer Books, 1991)
1627:(New York: Pegasus Books, 2007).
142:Imperial School of Jurisprudence
22:
2264:String Quartet No. 2 in F major
2259:String Quartet No. 1 in D major
2002:Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major
1667:Letopis Moyey Muzykalnoy Zhizni
1641:(New York: Random House, 1995).
2442:Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra
2427:Tchaikovsky State House-Museum
1228:(New York: Athenum, 1979), 24.
1224:As quoted in Buckle, Richard,
667:Tchaikovsky, a Russian Requiem
562:However, he was an equerry to
1:
2432:Tchaikovsky Museum (Votkinsk)
2333:Grand Piano Sonata in G major
2209:Liturgy of St John Chrysostom
1339:>. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
1184:, 15th ed. (New York, 1987);
1003:: History: Origin and spread.
663:Tchaïkovski, un réquiem Russe
2052:Variations on a Rococo Theme
1324:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
1307:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
988:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
975:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
867:Tchaikovsky: The Final Years
743:Russkaya Muzykal'naya Gazeta
490:and the water supply of the
1138:As cited in Poznansky, 581.
574:Suicide ordered by the Tsar
441:The glass of unboiled water
415:Also, Tchaikovsky's friend
410:Novosti i Birzhevaya Gazeta
49:conditions to do so are met
2544:
2292:String Sextet in D minor (
2046:Violin Concerto in D major
1665:Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai,
1634:(New York: Athenum, 1979).
1373:. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
1371:"How did Tchaikovsky die?"
1264:Polnoe sobranie sochinenli
1186:Entsiklopedicheskii slovar
608:Suicide by reckless action
478:Cholera from tainted water
223:St. Isaac's Cathedral
160:One of the last photos of
85:Alexander Nevsky Monastery
83:Tchaikovsky's tomb at the
2528:Unsolved deaths in Russia
2467:
2387:Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky
2269:String Quartet No. 3 in E
2161:Festival Coronation March
2007:Piano Concerto No. 3 in E
1991:Piano Concerto No. 1 in B
1738:
1461:Rhéaume, Martine (2021).
1382:As quoted in Holden, 374.
1309:, 483–484; Brown, David,
1097:As quoted in Holden, 360.
354:bringing the cholera, in
90:On 6 November 1893 [
2523:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1732:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1639:Tchaikovsky: A Biography
1577:As quoted in Holden, 371
1167:As quoted in Poznansky,
1048:Tchaikovsky: A Biography
918:As quoted in Buckle, 23.
684:composed a short opera,
502:Cholera from other means
162:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
104:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
2338:Piano Sonata No. 2 in C
2281:Souvenir d'un lieu cher
1660:Tchaikovsky's Last Days
1352:by Alexander Poznansky.
1350:Tchaikovsky's Last Days
1198:WHO Fact Sheet: Cholera
784:Russia was still using
747:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
251:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
242:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
130:Alexander III of Russia
120:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
1658:Poznansky, Alexander,
1588:Tchaikovsky Remembered
720:
361:
280:
245:
190:Vladimir "Bob" Davydov
165:
87:
2287:Piano Trio in A minor
2248:Quartet Movement in B
2033:Sérénade mélancolique
1651:Poznansky, Alexander
1625:The Man and His Music
1107:Peterburgskaia gazeta
459:Son of the Fatherland
346:
240:
159:
82:
2447:Chaikovskij (crater)
2294:Souvenir de Florence
2192:Serenade for Strings
1743:List of compositions
1180:ed. Berkow, Robert,
940:Petersburgaia gazeta
432:Doctors not prepared
2513:Deaths from cholera
2110:Francesca da Rimini
1941:Symphony in B minor
1882:The Sleeping Beauty
1850:The Queen of Spades
1829:Mazepa (or Mazeppa)
1822:The Maid of Orleans
1366:The Daily Telegraph
1017:"Asiatic Cholera",
653:Depictions in media
580:Robert-Aloys Mooser
178:Alexander Ostrovsky
170:Alexander Poznansky
36:of this article is
2399:Antonina Miliukova
2320:Souvenir de Hapsal
2313:Scherzo Ă la russe
2026:Andante and Finale
642:Napoleon Bonaparte
631:No strong evidence
594:Alexander Glazunov
548:Pride or Prejudice
422:Petersburg Gazette
362:
285:Petersburg Gazette
246:
194:Alexander Glazunov
166:
134:Alexander Glazunov
88:
2495:
2494:
2405:Nadezhda von Meck
2103:Capriccio Italien
2059:Pezzo capriccioso
1976:
1676:Volkov, Solomon,
1637:Holden, Anthony,
1630:Buckle, Richard,
1555:Volkov, Solomon,
1480:10.7202/1076403ar
960:Volkov, Solomon,
878:Rimsky-Korsakov,
680:English composer
556:arsenic poisoning
339:Cholera in Russia
329:Modest Mussorgsky
321:Alexander Borodin
301:Alexander Pushkin
77:
76:
69:
2535:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2422:In popular media
2393:Vladimir Davydov
2369:The Music Lovers
2343:
2342:
2274:
2273:
2253:
2252:
2082:Romeo and Juliet
2074:Orchestral works
2019:Concert Fantasia
2012:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1956:No. 6 in B minor
1951:No. 5 in E minor
1936:No. 4 in F minor
1926:No. 3 in D major
1916:No. 2 in C minor
1910:Winter Daydreams
1906:No. 1 in G minor
1808:Vakula the Smith
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1693:: Scores at the
1605:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1458:
1452:
1449:New Grove (2001)
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:Holden, 374–375.
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1004:
997:
991:
984:
978:
971:
965:
958:
952:
949:
943:
937:
931:
928:
919:
916:
905:
902:
896:
889:
883:
876:
870:
863:
857:
850:
844:
837:
831:
824:
818:
817:
805:
790:
782:
728:Eduard NápravnĂk
682:Michael Finnissy
614:Vladimir Davydov
535:Anton Rubinstein
357:Le Petit Journal
317:Tikhvin Cemetery
305:Nikolay Karamzin
262:Sergei Diaghilev
210:Saint Petersburg
182:The Ardent Heart
108:Saint Petersburg
72:
65:
61:
58:
52:
26:
25:
18:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2463:
2410:
2375:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2300:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2216:All-Night Vigil
2196:
2069:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1894:
1862:
1843:The Enchantress
1774:
1765:Belyayev circle
1734:
1729:
1687:
1671:My Musical Life
1613:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1121:
1117:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
994:
985:
981:
972:
968:
959:
955:
950:
946:
938:
934:
930:Poznansky, 592.
929:
922:
917:
908:
903:
899:
890:
886:
880:My Musical Life
877:
873:
864:
860:
851:
847:
838:
834:
825:
821:
807:
806:
802:
798:
793:
786:old style dates
783:
779:
775:
763:
701:Symphony No. 6
697:
675:he was murdered
655:
633:
610:
586:, composer and
576:
518:
504:
480:
475:
443:
434:
424:. A writer for
417:Hermann Laroche
401:
399:A social stigma
341:
309:Kazan Cathedral
235:
233:After the death
206:Nevsky Prospekt
192:, the composer
154:
73:
62:
56:
53:
42:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2065:Cello Concerto
2062:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2004:
1999:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1920:Little Russian
1913:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1889:The Nutcracker
1885:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1685:External links
1683:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1623:Brown, David,
1621:
1616:Brown, David,
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1586:Brown, David,
1579:
1570:
1561:
1548:
1539:
1516:
1494:
1453:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1384:
1375:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1298:
1284:
1272:
1255:
1246:
1230:
1217:
1209:Syn otechestva
1201:
1190:
1173:
1160:
1140:
1131:
1123:Russkaia zhizn
1115:
1099:
1090:
1074:
1061:
1052:
1036:
1023:
1005:
992:
979:
966:
953:
951:Poznansky, 594
944:
932:
920:
906:
897:
884:
871:
858:
852:Brown, David,
845:
832:
819:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
762:
759:
736:St. Petersburg
696:
690:
654:
651:
632:
629:
618:Sixth Symphony
609:
606:
584:Riccardo Drigo
575:
572:
552:Guy's Hospital
517:
514:
503:
500:
479:
476:
474:
471:
442:
439:
433:
430:
400:
397:
366:Anthony Holden
340:
337:
333:Mily Balakirev
325:Mikhail Glinka
275:Nikolay Figner
266:Ballets Russes
234:
231:
225:to administer
153:
150:
138:court of honor
96:Sixth Symphony
75:
74:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2540:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:Chamber music
2239:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:1812 Overture
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:Valse-Scherzo
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1966:Symphony in E
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:Eugene Onegin
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:The Oprichnik
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:Musical style
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1528:. Independent
1527:
1520:
1517:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:Tolstoi, L.,
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
989:
983:
980:
976:
970:
967:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
941:
936:
933:
927:
925:
921:
915:
913:
911:
907:
901:
898:
894:
888:
885:
881:
875:
872:
868:
862:
859:
855:
849:
846:
842:
836:
833:
829:
823:
820:
815:
811:
804:
801:
795:
787:
781:
778:
772:
768:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
750:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
719:
714:
711:
709:
705:
704:
694:
691:
689:
687:
686:Shameful Vice
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Claude Vivier
652:
650:
647:
643:
639:
630:
628:
625:
624:
619:
615:
607:
605:
601:
599:
598:André Lischke
595:
591:
590:
589:kapellmeister
585:
581:
573:
571:
568:
567:Alexander III
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
541:
540:Die Maccabäer
536:
530:
528:
524:
515:
513:
510:
501:
499:
495:
493:
492:Winter Palace
489:
484:
477:
472:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
451:
447:
440:
438:
431:
429:
427:
423:
418:
413:
411:
405:
398:
396:
392:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
292:Alexander III
289:
286:
279:
276:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
255:Verzhbilovich
252:
243:
239:
232:
230:
228:
224:
219:
218:cod liver oil
213:
211:
207:
203:
202:Kotomin House
200:, located in
199:
195:
191:
188:, his nephew
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
158:
151:
149:
147:
146:homosexuality
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
123:
121:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
86:
81:
71:
68:
60:
50:
46:
40:
39:
35:
29:
20:
19:
16:
2367:
2359:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2293:
2279:
2230:Six Romances
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2185:
2159:
2152:
2147:Marche slave
2145:
2138:
2133:The Voyevoda
2131:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2057:
2050:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2018:
1975:(unfinished)
1959:
1944:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1787:The Voyevoda
1785:
1769:
1691:6th symphony
1677:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1546:Volkov, 115.
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1497:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1394:Holden, 374.
1378:
1364:
1349:
1344:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:Holden, 391.
1249:
1241:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1088:Holden, 360.
1069:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1031:
1026:
1018:
995:
987:
982:
974:
969:
961:
956:
947:
939:
935:
900:
892:
887:
879:
874:
866:
861:
853:
848:
840:
835:
827:
822:
813:
809:
803:
780:
753:
751:
742:
740:
731:
725:
721:
716:
712:
702:
698:
692:
685:
679:
666:
662:
656:
646:Musicologist
634:
621:
611:
602:
587:
577:
560:
547:
545:
538:
531:
526:
519:
508:
505:
496:
485:
481:
463:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
435:
426:Russian Life
425:
421:
414:
409:
406:
402:
393:
386:
368:writes that
363:
355:
313:
290:
284:
281:
271:
259:
247:
214:
181:
167:
124:
116:
99:
89:
63:
54:
32:
15:
2372:(1971 film)
2364:(1970 film)
2361:Tchaikovsky
2327:The Seasons
2305:Piano music
2201:Vocal music
2089:The Tempest
1984:Concertante
1836:Cherevichki
1568:Holden, 371
1416:Polyansky,
1403:Poznansky,
1348:See, e.g.,
1296:Holden, 391
1282:Holden, 390
1240:Poznansky,
1154:Poznansky,
1068:Poznansky,
1030:Poznansky,
839:Poznansky,
826:Poznansky,
523:World War I
389:Vladivostok
364:Biographer
168:Biographer
2502:Categories
2353:Portrayals
2186:Mozartiana
1960:Pathétique
1899:Symphonies
1753:Symphonies
1034:, 596–597.
843:, 579–589.
796:References
754:Pathétique
732:Pathétique
703:Pathetique
695:as Requiem
693:Pathétique
623:Pathétique
527:alma mater
488:Neva River
297:Nicholas I
227:last rites
152:Final days
100:Pathétique
34:neutrality
2389:(brother)
2117:The Storm
1875:Swan Lake
1632:Diaghilev
1532:March 31,
1509:March 31,
1489:236686971
1451:, 25:169.
1226:Diaghilev
893:Diaghilev
537:'s opera
533:attended
509:The Times
466:Diaghilev
57:July 2024
45:talk page
2477:Category
2407:(patron)
2395:(nephew)
2341:♯
2272:♭
2251:♭
2233:(Op. 38)
2010:♭
1994:♭
1969:♭
1760:The Five
761:See also
473:Theories
374:pandemic
278:fled....
198:Leiner's
180:'s play
106:died in
38:disputed
2415:Related
1945:Manfred
1867:Ballets
1857:Iolanta
1611:Sources
1447:Wiley,
1322:Brown,
1305:Brown,
1001:cholera
986:Brown,
973:Brown,
865:Brown,
638:arsenic
370:cholera
348:Drawing
112:cholera
2401:(wife)
2380:People
2223:Moscow
2096:Hamlet
1930:Polish
1794:Undina
1779:Operas
1487:
1467:Circut
1420:, 333.
1407:, 606.
1326:, 484.
1270:, 583.
1244:, 583.
1215:, 597.
1171:, 582.
1158:, 582.
1129:, 597.
1113:, 597.
990:, 487.
977:, 486.
882:, 340.
869:, 481.
830:, 579.
671:UNESCO
665:(lit.
455:served
382:Arabia
378:Bombay
186:Modest
98:, the
2487:Audio
2344:minor
2275:minor
2254:major
2125:Fatum
2013:major
1997:minor
1972:major
1770:Death
1648:>.
1485:S2CID
789:come.
773:Notes
352:Death
1534:2017
1511:2017
999:See
564:Tsar
327:and
174:O.S.
127:Tsar
92:O.S.
31:The
1475:doi
380:to
350:of
204:at
2504::
1483:.
1471:31
1469:.
1465:.
1387:^
1369::
1357:^
1287:^
1275:^
1233:^
1143:^
1077:^
1039:^
1008:^
923:^
909:^
812:.
745:.
543:.
323:,
311:.
208:,
102:,
2296:)
2188:)
2184:(
1962:)
1958:(
1947:)
1943:(
1932:)
1928:(
1922:)
1918:(
1912:)
1908:(
1724:e
1717:t
1710:v
1662:.
1536:.
1513:.
1491:.
1477::
814:8
360:.
164:.
70:)
64:(
59:)
55:(
51:.
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
