274:
218:, however, the Court acknowledged that the mere process of execution, including making sure that the sentence is carried out justly, "seems inevitably to provide lengthy delays, and the associated psychological trauma. This cast doubt on whether the risk of execution after extradition, as a whole, could be compatible with the principles of fundamental justice.
156:, remarked that the onset of insanity while awaiting execution of a death sentence is not a rare phenomenon. Often, the death row phenomenon, being a result of a prolonged stay on death row, is an unintentional result of the long procedures used in the attempt to ensure the death penalty is applied only to the guilty.
214:, expressed skepticism about the legal argument regarding the phenomenon, writing that the stress was not as severe a punishment as the execution itself, and writing that the prisoners themselves choose to appeal their sentences, thus being responsible for the prolonged stay on death row. In
100:. They live in cells the size of parking spaces. Living in this kind of condition can amplify the effects of isolation. Most of the inmates stay in their cells for more than twenty hours a day. This kind of isolation and waiting for execution causes many inmates to die naturally.
55:
are two concepts that are gaining recognition. The death row syndrome is a distinct concept, which is the enduring psychological effects of the death row phenomenon, which merely refers to the triggers of the syndrome. There are also those sentenced to death in countries with a
235:, who had made reference to the death row phenomenon. The judges opined that the prisoners had been on death row for too long, and too many appeals were allowed to the prisoners, who were forced by instinct to attempt to appeal and were thus confined to death row for too long.
141:
should mean that a fugitive should not be extradited to the US unless the US agreed it would not execute the fugitive if the individual were convicted. Additionally, the number of years that the fugitive would be on death row was considered problematic. The case is known as
79:
Death row syndrome is a psychological disorder that inmates on death row can go through when they are put in isolation. Inmates affected by death row syndrome may display suicidal tendencies and psychotic delusions. According to some
191:
892:
182:
cited the death row phenomenon, along with a few other concerns about execution, to declare the risk of a prisoner being executed after extradition to another country to be a breach of
175:
agreed to be executed in 2005, his decision sparked controversy over whether he could legally agree to such a thing, as the death row phenomenon might have contributed to his decision.
349:
84:, the results of being confined to death row for an extended period of time, including the effects of knowing one will be killed and the living conditions, can fuel
825:
250:
that the delay and waiting on death row was a factor making capital punishment unconstitutional as a cruel and unusual punishment. Their views were rejected by
549:
164:
As of 2013, arguments about the death row phenomenon have never been successful in avoiding the death penalty for any person in the United States, but the
103:
The suicide rate of death row inmates was found by Lester and
Tartaro to be 113 per 100,000 for the period 1976–1999. This is about ten times the rate of
262:, who said that this long delay was caused by the convicts themselves because of their repeated appeals and by Justices opposed to the death penalty.
897:
297:
232:
210:
195:
928:
872:
626:
566:
902:
517:
343:
Harrison, K. and Tamony, A. (2010). "Death Row
Phenomenon, Death Row Syndrome and their Effect on Capital Cases in the US". November 2010.
342:
409:
524:– Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.
165:
36:
542:
96:
in a form that is dangerous. Prisoners wait years for execution on death row and while waiting the prisoners go through painful
877:
134:
111:
820:
60:
on executions, for whom no term has been theorized, but for which there are also a number of psychological ramifications.
104:
923:
747:
535:
149:
110:
Since the re-institution of the death penalty in 1976 to
January 1, 2017, 145 prisoners have waived their appeals and
370:
887:
584:
144:
35:. Concerns about the ethics of inflicting this distress upon prisoners have led to some legal concerns about the
71:
is the consequent manifestation of psychological illness that can occur as a result of death row phenomenon.
690:
179:
596:
453:
374:
227:
204:
199:
717:
705:
579:
317:
845:
685:
126:
48:
130:
era, four states (Connecticut, New Mexico, Oregon, and
Pennsylvania) have executed only volunteers.
722:
710:
639:
183:
882:
794:
650:
558:
251:
247:
172:
514:
24:
675:
670:
660:
591:
433:
120:
97:
57:
857:
774:
521:
353:
259:
239:
107:
as a whole and about six times the rate of suicide in the general U.S. prison population.
467:
489:
799:
695:
665:
601:
255:
243:
917:
850:
700:
287:
169:
44:
40:
611:
115:
81:
840:
680:
655:
645:
606:
273:
804:
768:
762:
757:
752:
742:
468:"BAZE et al. v. REES, COMMISSIONER, KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al"
279:
269:
862:
835:
737:
292:
32:
867:
779:
238:
United States
Supreme Court Justices opposing the death penalty, such as
168:
has been aware of the theory and has mentioned it in its decisions. When
138:
93:
85:
789:
784:
732:
727:
616:
574:
222:
133:
The theory of the death row phenomenon may be traced to 1989, when the
89:
527:
118:
in Utah brought the ten-year national moratorium to a halt following
28:
830:
531:
208:(2001). Earlier, in 1991, some Supreme Court justices had, in
395:"Suicide on death row", David Lester and Christine Tartaro,
231:, the death penalty was overturned for two prisoners by the
893:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United
Nations
440:, second edition, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 228.
16:
Emotional distress often felt by prisoners on death row
67:
as the harmful effects of death row conditions, while
399:, ISSN 0022-1198, 2002, vol. 47, no 5, pp. 1108–1111
813:
625:
565:
51:with death row inmates, death row phenomenon and
47:and other countries. In relation to the use of
148:. Earlier, however, in 1950, a justice of the
543:
515:Death Row Phenomenon: Death Penalty Worldwide
8:
137:agreed that poor conditions on death row in
371:Killer's Fate May Rest on New Legal Concept
550:
536:
528:
92:tendencies in an individual and can cause
246:, have at multiple times argued in their
254:from more conservative justices such as
898:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
448:
446:
309:
298:List of United States death row inmates
233:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
211:Kindler v. Canada (Minister of Justice)
196:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
112:asked that the execution be carried out
438:Textbook on International Human Rights
365:
363:
361:
7:
903:Capital punishment for homosexuality
228:Pratt v Attorney General for Jamaica
14:
826:Most recent executions by country
272:
878:Religion and capital punishment
490:"GLOSSIP et al. v. GROSS et al"
345:Internet Journal of Criminology
135:European Court of Human Rights
1:
821:Enforcement or use by country
166:Supreme Court of that country
929:Psychopathological syndromes
397:Journal of Forensic Sciences
114:; most notably, the case of
105:suicide in the United States
748:Hanged, drawn and quartered
150:United States Supreme Court
63:Harrison and Tamony define
945:
145:Soering v. United Kingdom
567:Current judicial methods
180:Supreme Court of Canada
454:United States v. Burns
410:"deathpenaltyinfo.org"
375:Santa Clara University
205:United States v. Burns
200:Constitution of Canada
414:DeathPentaltyInfo.org
190:a legal right under
65:death row phenomenon
49:solitary confinement
21:death row phenomenon
711:Republican marriage
640:Damnatio ad bestias
386:Inglis-Arkell, 2014
252:concurring opinions
184:fundamental justice
160:Legal ramifications
154:Solesbee v. Balkcom
924:Capital punishment
883:Wrongful execution
795:Suffocation in ash
651:Blowing from a gun
559:Capital punishment
520:2014-04-07 at the
377:, 1 February 2005.
352:2011-07-13 at the
318:"Years in the Row"
173:Michael Bruce Ross
69:death row syndrome
53:death row syndrome
911:
910:
888:Botched execution
492:. law.cornell.edu
470:. law.cornell.edu
324:. 18 January 2022
37:constitutionality
23:is the emotional
936:
597:Nitrogen hypoxia
592:Lethal injection
552:
545:
538:
529:
502:
501:
499:
497:
486:
480:
479:
477:
475:
464:
458:
450:
441:
434:Rhona K.M. Smith
431:
425:
424:
422:
420:
406:
400:
393:
387:
384:
378:
367:
356:
340:
334:
333:
331:
329:
314:
282:
277:
276:
189:
121:Gregg v. Georgia
944:
943:
939:
938:
937:
935:
934:
933:
914:
913:
912:
907:
873:List of methods
858:Final statement
809:
630:
628:
621:
561:
556:
522:Wayback Machine
511:
506:
505:
495:
493:
488:
487:
483:
473:
471:
466:
465:
461:
451:
444:
432:
428:
418:
416:
408:
407:
403:
394:
390:
385:
381:
368:
359:
354:Wayback Machine
341:
337:
327:
325:
316:
315:
311:
306:
278:
271:
268:
240:Justice Stevens
202:. The case was
188: —
187:
178:In Canada, the
162:
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
942:
940:
932:
931:
926:
916:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
854:
853:
848:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:
814:Related topics
811:
810:
808:
807:
802:
800:Upright jerker
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
714:
713:
703:
698:
696:Disembowelment
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
666:Breaking wheel
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
635:
633:
629:Post-classical
623:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
577:
571:
569:
563:
562:
557:
555:
554:
547:
540:
532:
526:
525:
510:
509:External links
507:
504:
503:
481:
459:
442:
426:
401:
388:
379:
369:Avi Salzman, "
357:
335:
322:Prison Insider
308:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
284:
283:
267:
264:
260:Justice Thomas
256:Justice Scalia
244:Justice Breyer
225:, in the case
161:
158:
124:. In the post-
76:
73:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
941:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
852:
851:Scharfrichter
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
702:
701:Dismemberment
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
641:
637:
636:
634:
632:
624:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Electrocution
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
533:
530:
523:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
491:
485:
482:
469:
463:
460:
456:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
427:
415:
411:
405:
402:
398:
392:
389:
383:
380:
376:
372:
366:
364:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
346:
339:
336:
323:
319:
313:
310:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Death anxiety
286:
285:
281:
275:
270:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:
224:
219:
217:
213:
212:
207:
206:
201:
197:
193:
185:
181:
176:
174:
171:
170:serial killer
167:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
146:
140:
136:
131:
129:
128:
123:
122:
117:
113:
108:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:psychiatrists
74:
72:
70:
66:
61:
59:
54:
50:
46:
45:United States
42:
41:death penalty
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
785:Slow slicing
767:
638:
585:firing squad
494:. Retrieved
484:
472:. Retrieved
462:
452:
437:
429:
417:. Retrieved
413:
404:
396:
391:
382:
344:
338:
326:. Retrieved
321:
312:
237:
226:
220:
215:
209:
203:
177:
163:
153:
143:
132:
125:
119:
116:Gary Gilmore
109:
102:
78:
68:
64:
62:
52:
20:
18:
841:Executioner
681:Crucifixion
656:Brazen bull
646:Blood eagle
627:Ancient and
607:Gas chamber
918:Categories
805:Waist chop
769:Mazzatello
763:Ishikozume
758:Impalement
753:Immurement
743:Guillotine
691:Decimation
304:References
280:Law portal
75:Phenomenon
58:moratorium
863:Last meal
836:Death row
738:Gibbeting
612:Beheading
293:Death row
192:Section 7
98:isolation
86:delusions
33:death row
29:prisoners
868:Penology
780:Scaphism
718:Elephant
706:Drowning
686:Crushing
580:Shooting
518:Archived
496:July 25,
474:July 25,
419:June 22,
350:Archived
266:See also
248:dissents
139:Virginia
94:insanity
90:suicidal
27:felt by
25:distress
790:Stoning
733:Garrote
728:Flaying
723:Falling
676:Burning
661:Boiling
631:methods
617:Stoning
575:Hanging
457:(2001).
223:Jamaica
198:in the
194:of the
43:in the
39:of the
775:Sawing
671:Burial
328:14 May
127:Furman
831:Crime
216:Burns
152:, in
846:list
498:2017
476:2017
421:2017
330:2024
258:and
242:and
88:and
19:The
373:",
221:In
31:on
920::
445:^
436:,
412:.
360:^
320:.
551:e
544:t
537:v
500:.
478:.
423:.
347:.
332:.
186:
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.