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nine good turns as it were – my circumstances require that I should ask the hundredth." He sent the ten dollars. In 1809, she sent another petition to
Congress, asking that her pension as an invalid soldier be modified to start from her discharge in 1783. Had her petition been approved, she would have been awarded back pay of $ 960 ($ 48 a year for 20 years — approximately $ 13,800 in 2016). Her petition was initially denied, but when it came before Congress again in 1816 an award of $ 76.80 a year (about $ 1,100 in 2016) was approved. With this amount, she was able to repay all her loans and make improvements to the family farm.
462:, on April 7, 1785. After her discharge and marriage to Gannett, Sampson lived the first few years of her civilian life as a typical farmer’s wife. They were the parents of four children: Earl (b. 1786), Mary (b. 1788), Patience (b. 1790), and Susanna Baker Shepherd, whom they adopted after she was orphaned. They lived with Gannett's father on the Gannett family farm, but had limited success because it was smaller than average and the land had been overworked.
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434:, November 3 was set as the date for soldiers to muster out. When Dr. Binney asked Sampson to deliver a note to General Paterson, she correctly assumed that it would reveal her sex. In other cases, women who pretended to be men to serve in the army were reprimanded, but Paterson gave her a discharge, a note with some words of advice, and enough money to travel home. She was honorably discharged at
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successful; when her time as an indentured servant was over at age 18, Sampson made a living by teaching school during the summer sessions in 1779 and 1780. She worked as a weaver in the winter; Sampson was highly skilled and worked for the Sproat Tavern as well as the Bourne, Morton, and
Leonard families. During her time teaching and weaving, she boarded with the families that employed her.
250:, at the ancestral home of her grandparents, a house that still stands today. Her father's name was Jonathan Sampson (or Samson) and her mother's name was Deborah Bradford. Her siblings were Jonathan (b. 1753), Elisha (b. 1755), Hannah (b. 1756), Ephraim (b. 1759), Nehemiah (b. 1764), and Sylvia (b. 1766). Sampson's mother was the great-granddaughter of
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that every person with whom I have conversed about her, and it is not a few, speak of her as a woman with handsome talents, good morals, a dutiful wife, and an affectionate parent." On March 11, 1805, Congress approved the request and placed
Sampson on the Massachusetts Invalid Pension Roll at the rate of four dollars a month.
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On
February 22, 1806, Sampson wrote once more to Revere requesting a loan of ten dollars: "My own indisposition and that of my sons causes me again to solicit your goodness in our favor though I, with Gratitude, confess it rouses every tender feeling and I blush at the thought of receiving ninety and
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from 1770 to 1778. Although treated well, she was not sent to school like the Thomas children because Thomas was not a believer in the education of women. Sampson was able to overcome Thomas's opposition by learning from Thomas's sons, who shared their school work with her. This method was apparently
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with about 30 infantrymen from her unit combating with local band of Tories. Sampson was shot in her thigh and sustained a sword cut to her forehead. She begged her fellow soldiers not to take her to a doctor out of fear her sex would be discovered, but a soldier put her on his horse and took her to
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on
Sampson's behalf. A military pension had never been requested for a woman, but Revere wrote: "I have been induced to enquire her situation, and character, since she quit the male habit, and soldiers uniform; for the more decent apparel of her own gender... humanity and justice obliges me to say,
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A neighbor who as a boy knew
Sampson in her later years remarked that she was "a person of plain features." A descendant named Pauline Hildreth Monk Wise (1914–1994) was believed by relatives to have strongly resembled Sampson, based on comparison of Pauline's physical appearance to a 1797 portrait
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Four years after
Sampson's death, her husband Benjamin Gannett petitioned Congress for a pension as the spouse of a veteran. In 1837, the committee overseeing his petition decreed that the history of the Revolution "furnished no other example of female heroism, fidelity and courage." Gannett was
427:(1751–1787). After Sampson fell unconscious due to fever, Dr. Binney removed her clothes to treat her and discovered the cloth she used to bind her breasts. Without revealing his discovery to army authorities, he took her to his house, where his wife, daughters, and a female nurse cared for her.
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as scheduled. Inquiries by the company commander revealed that
Sampson had been recognized by a local resident at the time she signed her enlistment papers. Her deception uncovered, she repaid the portion of the bonus that she had not spent, but she was not subjected to further punishment by the
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The town of Sharon memorializes
Sampson with a statue in front of the public library, the Deborah Sampson Park, and the "Deborah Sampson Gannett House", which is privately owned and not open to the public. The farmland around the home is protected to ensure no development occurs on the historic
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about her wartime service. After extolling the virtues of traditional gender roles for women, she left the stage, returned in her army uniform, then proceeded to perform a complicated and physically taxing military drill and ceremony routine. She performed both to earn money and to justify her
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After
Sampson's father abandoned the family her mother was unable to provide for her children, so she placed them in the households of friends and relatives, a common practice in 18th-century New England, and Sampson was placed in the home of a maternal relative. When her mother died shortly
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Sampson was approximately five feet seven inches (1.70 m) to five feet eight inches (1.73 m) tall, above average when compared to the average male of her day, who was around 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m), and the average woman, who was about 5 feet
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of Sampson, contemporary descriptions of Sampson's features and height, and Pauline's height, which at 6 feet (1.8 m) was taller than most men. Sampson's appearance – tall, broad, strong, and not delicately feminine – contributed to her success at pretending to be a man.
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duties for units on the move. Because she joined an elite unit, Sampson's disguise was more likely to succeed, since no one was likely to look for a woman among soldiers who were specially chosen for their above average size and superior physical ability.
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afterwards, she was sent to live with Reverend Peter Thatcher's widow Mary Prince Thatcher (1688–1771), who was then in her eighties. Historians believe Sampson learned to read while living with Widow Thatcher, who might have wanted Sampson to read
408:, but some of the shot was too deep to reach. As described in her later applications for a pension, her leg never fully healed. On April 1, 1783, she was reassigned to new duties, and spent seven months serving as a waiter to General
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An official record of Deborah Sampson Gannet's service as "Robert Shirtliff" from May 20, 1782, to October 25, 1783, appears in the "Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War" Volume 14 p. 164.
275:, but it is uncertain whether this individual was Sampson's father because the case never went to trial, so no details about the defendant are known. Jonathan Sampson died in Maine some time after 1807.
383:. Light Infantry Companies were elite troops, specially picked because they were taller and stronger than average. Their job was to provide rapid flank coverage for advancing regiments, as well as
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enlistment, but even with these speaking engagements, her husband and she were unable to pay all the family's expenses. She frequently had to borrow money from her family and from her friend
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named Martha, with whom he had at least two children, and returned to Plympton in 1794 to attend to a property transaction. In 1770, a man named Jonathan Sampson was indicted for murder in
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In January 1792, Sampson petitioned the Massachusetts State Legislature for pay that the army had withheld because she was a woman. The legislature granted her petition and Governor
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church to which she belonged learned of her actions and withdrew its fellowship, meaning that its members refused to associate with her unless she apologized and asked forgiveness.
210:– sometimes spelled Shurtleff or Shirtleff. She was in uniform for 17 months before her sex was revealed in 1783 when she required medical treatment after contracting a fever in
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222:, Sampson met and married Benjamin Gannett in 1785. In 1802, she became one of the first women to go on a lecture tour to speak about her wartime experiences. She died in
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323:(1.5 m). Her biographer, Hermann Mann, who knew her personally for many years, implied that she was not thin, writing in 1797 that "her waist might displease a
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who were protesting delays in receiving their pay and discharges. During the summer of 1783, Sampson became ill in Philadelphia and was cared for by Doctor
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502:. Revere also wrote letters to government officials on her behalf, requesting that she be awarded a pension for her military service and her wounds.
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367:, under the name "Robert Shirtliff" (also spelled in some sources as "Shirtliffe" or "Shurtleff"). She joined the Light Infantry Company of the
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a hospital. A doctor treated her head wound, but she left the hospital before he could attend to her leg. She removed the ball herself with a
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signed it. The legislature awarded her 34 pounds plus interest back to her 1783 discharge. A biography by Herman Mann was published in 1797,
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Sampson's family was told that her father died in a shipwreck, but evidence indicates that he actually abandoned the family and migrated to
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with a linen cloth to hide them during her years in uniform. Mann wrote that "the features of her face are regular; but not what a
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such as producing milking stools and winter sleds. She was also experienced with fashioning wooden tools and implements including
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Historian and journalist Alison Leigh Cowan presented "Deborah Sampson: Continental Army soldier," a biographical talk at
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Deborah Sampson Gannett House, East Street, Sharon, Mass., August 7, 1930. Leon Abdalian Collection, Boston Public Library
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As of 2000, the town flag of Plympton incorporates Sampson as the Official Heroine of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
226:, in 1827. She was proclaimed the Official Heroine of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on May 23, 1983, and in 1985 the
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610:(1959) is a play by Charles Emery that made its debut at the Camden Hills Theatre, Camden, Maine, on February 19, 1959.
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1529:"Launching and Christening of S.S. Deborah Gannett, Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyards, Baltimore, Maryland, 04/10/1944"
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198:, (December 17, 1760 – April 29, 1827) was a Massachusetts woman who disguised herself as a man and served in the
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616:(1977) by Patricia Clapp is a fictional account of Sampson's early life and experience in the Revolutionary War.
595:(2620) was named in her honor. It was laid down March 10, 1944, launched April 10, 1944, and scrapped in 1962.
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371:, under the command of Captain George Webb. This unit, consisting of 50 to 60 men, was first quartered in
314:, spools for thread, and quills for weaving. She also produced pie crimpers, which she sold door to door.
1726:
Glory, Passion, and Principle: The Story of Eight Remarkable Women at the Core of the American Revolution
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1649:"Transcript of Meryl Streep's DNC Speech Calls For The "Grit And Grace" That Hillary Clinton Embodies"
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passengers on both sides of her family including William Bradford (mother) and Henry Samson (father)
1336:. Boston, Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers. p. 164 – via Internet Archive.
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The Female Review: Or, Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier in the War of the Revolution
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1231:"Deborah Sampson. How She Served as a Soldier in the Revolution—Her Sex Unknown to the Army"
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351:, under the name Timothy Thayer. She collected a bonus and then failed to meet up with her
214:. After her real identity was made known to her commander, she was honorably discharged at
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Sampson is depicted as Robert Shurtless, one of the comedic soldiers in The Rebel Mess in
580:, placed a boulder on the town green, with a bronze plaque inscribed to Sampson's memory.
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Women's Rights in the United States: A Comprehensive Review of Issues, Events, and People
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portrayed Sampson in "Deborah Sampson: Soldier of the Revolution" (2003), episode 34 of
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The Female Review: Life of Deborah Sampson: The Female Soldier in the War of Revolution
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The Female Review: Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier in the War of Revolution
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The Female Review: Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier in the War of Revolution
1812:, Massachusetts Women Veterans Network, Massachusetts Department of Veterans' Services
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893:"Susan, Linda, Nina and Cokie: The Extraordinary Story of the Founding Mothers of NPR"
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In 1906, the town of Plympton, Massachusetts, with the Deborah Sampson Chapter of the
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804:"The Woman Who Played the Man: Deborah Sampson, Soldier in the American Revolution"
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Upon Thatcher's death, Sampson was sent to live with the Jeremiah Thomas family in
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to send a contingent of soldiers under Paterson to Philadelphia to help quell a
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is a historical novel by Jan Lewis Nelson published by Massaemett Media, 2023.
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is a historical-fiction novel by Amy Harmon and published by Lake Union, 2023.
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1376:""She Bled in Secret": Deborah Sampson, Herman Mann and "The Female Review""
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254:, the second Governor of Plymouth Colony. Sampson's ancestry also included
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1152:
Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins, 5th ed
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1566:"NYC Verse Playwright Bromley to Stage American Revolution, July 4–24"
1350:
Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier
803:
717:
The Memoir of a Female Soldier: Deborah Sampson's American Revolution
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In early 1782, Sampson wore men's clothes and joined an Army unit in
1497:"Self Guided Walking Tour Of The Plympton Village Historic District"
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Massachusetts Office of the Secretary of State (February 17, 1896).
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posthumously honored "Deborah Samson" with the Commemorative Medal.
1104:
Roots and Branches, The Extended Family of Gertrude and Rodney Monk
327:." He also reported that her breasts were very small, and that she
1671:"Fifth Season of 'Drunk History' Starts on Comedy Central Jan. 23"
693:
is a book by Beth Anderson and published by Calkins Creek, 2022.
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972:"Deborah Samson, Official Heroine of the State of Massachusetts"
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In June or July 1782, Sampson participated in a skirmish near
1442:
America's First Woman Warrior: The Courage of Deborah Sampson
206:. Born in Plympton, Massachusetts, she served under the name
1768:
All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies
538:
on April 29, 1827. She was buried at Rock Ridge Cemetery in
1414:"Vital records of Sharon, Massachusetts, to the year 1850"
1823:
Canton (Massachusetts) Historical Society Deborah Samson
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on October 25, 1783, after a year and a half of service.
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awarded a pension, but died before he could receive it.
1416:. Boston, Stanhope Press, F. H. Gilson Company. 1907
1267:. Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library. p. 15.
691:
Cloaked in Courage: Deborah Sampson, Patriot Soldier
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Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
379:with the rest of the regiment commanded by Colonel
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1472:"Deborah Sampson: American Revolutionary War Hero"
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363:In May 1782, Sampson enlisted again, this time in
246:Deborah Sampson was born on December 17, 1760, in
1182:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 163.
1810:Deborah Sampson: American Revolutionary War Hero
1789:The Secret Soldier: The Story of Deborah Sampson
614:I'm Deborah Sampson: A Soldier of the Revolution
454:Sampson married Benjamin Gannett (1757–1837), a
430:In September 1783, following the signing of the
1289:Soldiers and Sailors in the American Revolution
1264:Soldiers and Sailors in the American Revolution
1754:Soldier's Secret: The Story of Deborah Sampson
854:"National Women's History Museum: Biographies"
666:, along with other women who had made history.
530:Deborah Sampson's grave, Sharon, Massachusetts
415:On June 24, the President of Congress ordered
505:In 1804, Revere wrote to U.S. Representative
302:and mechanical aptitude. Her skills included
8:
1209:. New York, NY: William Abbatt. p. 21.
1128:. Bedford, MA: Applewood Books. p. 97.
649:(2014), a fictionalized account of her life.
1622:"Deborah Sampson: Continental Army soldier"
1552:Portrait of Deborah: A Drama in Three Acts
654:Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site
608:Portrait of Deborah: A Drama in Three Acts
31:
20:
1117:
1115:
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1834:. National Women's History Museum. 2015.
1770:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1999.
1749:. National Women's History Museum. 2015.
1446:. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House. pp.
1311:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. p. 51.
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228:United States Capitol Historical Society
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976:Canton Massachusetts Historical Society
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645:, a descendant of Sampson's, published
662:included Sampson in her speech at the
1669:Malone, Michael (November 28, 2017).
7:
1531:. United States Navy. April 10, 1944
1308:A Queer History of the United States
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578:Daughters of the American Revolution
16:Continental Army soldier (1760–1827)
1898:People from Plympton, Massachusetts
1883:People from Uxbridge, Massachusetts
1878:People from Plymouth, Massachusetts
1787:McGovern, Ann, and Harold Goodwin.
1149:Room, Adrian (September 20, 2012).
664:2016 Democratic National Convention
1903:Colonial American women in warfare
1791:. New York: Scholastic Inc, 1975.
1620:Cowan, Allison L. (July 7, 2016).
298:Sampson was also reported to have
14:
1873:People from Sharon, Massachusetts
1893:Women in the American Revolution
1806:Intended for juvenile audiences.
950:George Washington's Mount Vernon
891:Lucht, Tracy (October 2, 2021).
852:Price, Peggy (January 1, 2013).
737:
669:Sampson's story, as narrated by
335:would term the most beautiful."
1888:Women in the United States Army
1728:. New York: Atria Books, 2003.
1756:. New York: Henry Holt, 2009.
493:In 1802, Sampson began giving
421:rebellion of American soldiers
242:Deborah Sampson ancestral home
1:
1863:Female wartime cross-dressers
1424:– via Internet Archive.
909:10.1080/08821127.2021.1982578
704:A Girl Called Samson: A Novel
1715:Resources in other libraries
349:Middleborough, Massachusetts
1102:Myrick, Carolyn E. (2005).
808:Reviews in American History
602:Portrayals in art and media
1919:
1673:. Broadcasting & Cable
1176:Wayne, Tiffany K. (2015).
369:4th Massachusetts Regiment
204:American Revolutionary War
157:Benjamin Gannett (m. 1785)
148:American Revolutionary War
138:4th Massachusetts Regiment
1858:Continental Army soldiers
1827:Retrieved April 15, 2012.
1724:Bohrer, Melissa Lukeman.
1710:Resources in your library
1380:Early American Literature
1347:Young, Alfred F. (2005).
1070:Young, Alfred F. (2005).
373:Bellingham, Massachusetts
290:, where she worked as an
30:
1599:. Simon & Schuster.
1438:; Bond, Alma H. (1992).
1374:Hiltner, Judith (1999).
802:Lombard, Anne S (2004).
673:, was re-enacted in the
460:Stoughton, Massachusetts
375:, and later mustered at
136:Light Infantry Company,
1752:Klass, Sheila Solomon.
1550:Emery, Charles (1959).
1261:Anderson, Dale (2006).
870:10.1108/RR-02-2013-0045
621:The American Revolution
466:Life after the military
365:Uxbridge, Massachusetts
248:Plympton, Massachusetts
188:Deborah Sampson Gannett
60:Plympton, Massachusetts
1766:Leonard, Elizabeth D.
1122:Mann, Hermann (1916).
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1626:National Park Service
1554:. Samuel French, Inc.
1203:Mann, Herman (1916).
1076:. New York: Vintage.
820:10.1353/rah.2004.0069
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540:Sharon, Massachusetts
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476:Sharon, Massachusetts
474:Statue of Sampson at
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456:Sharon, Massachusetts
265:Lincoln County, Maine
241:
224:Sharon, Massachusetts
115:Years of service
88:Sharon, Massachusetts
86:Rock Ridge Cemetery,
76:Sharon, Massachusetts
1591:Myers, Alex (2014).
436:West Point, New York
318:Physical description
897:American Journalism
687:portraying Sampson.
397:Tarrytown, New York
1628:. Mount Vernon, NY
1239:The New York Times
778:Agustina de Aragón
773:Eleonore Prochaska
570:
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292:indentured servant
244:
1832:"Deborah Sampson"
1747:"Deborah Sampson"
1696:Library resources
1360:978-0-679-76185-3
1353:. Vintage Books.
1274:978-0-8368-5929-4
1242:. October 8, 1898
1189:978-1-61069-214-4
1162:978-0-7864-4373-4
1106:. Carolyn Myrick.
946:"Deborah Sampson"
858:Reference Reviews
625:Kirk Wood Bromley
417:George Washington
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57:December 17, 1760
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1830:Michals, Debra.
1745:Michals, Debra.
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763:Mary Ludwig Hays
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745:Biography portal
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685:Evan Rachel Wood
656:on July 7, 2016.
534:Sampson died of
478:, public library
252:William Bradford
208:Robert Shirtliff
200:Continental Army
190:, also known as
109:Continental Army
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37:Frontispiece of
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212:Philadelphia
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144:Battles/wars
71:(1827-04-29)
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1848:1760 births
1677:January 23,
1481:October 16,
573:homestead.
500:Paul Revere
300:woodworking
267:. He had a
202:during the
1842:Categories
1073:Masquerade
789:References
712:1542039746
643:Alex Myers
623:(1999) by
440:Henry Knox
356:Army. The
329:bound them
234:Early life
216:West Point
95:Allegiance
53:1760-12-17
1654:March 11,
1576:March 18,
1513:March 11,
1392:0012-8163
955:April 10,
925:244731681
917:0882-1127
878:0950-4125
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560:Memorials
385:rearguard
377:Worcester
308:carpentry
257:Mayflower
220:discharge
154:Spouse(s)
118:1782–1783
1804:13190829
1783:40543151
1741:52097551
1632:March 6,
1570:Playbill
1476:Mass.gov
1420:March 6,
1400:25057161
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731:See also
495:lectures
450:Marriage
402:penknife
325:coquette
179:Lecturer
162:Children
103:Service/
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683:, with
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1396:JSTOR
1234:(PDF)
921:S2CID
832:S2CID
591:S.S.
522:Death
281:Bible
273:Maine
1800:OCLC
1793:ISBN
1779:OCLC
1772:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1737:OCLC
1730:ISBN
1679:2018
1656:2017
1634:2018
1601:ISBN
1578:2019
1537:2016
1515:2017
1483:2022
1452:ISBN
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