354:
658:. For example, words that have pyro- as a root will almost always mean fire. However, the Sino-Korean root for fire, 화 (火), shares the same Hangul spelling with many other roots. As a result, many words as a whole are spelled identically in Hangul but vary widely in meaning. The sheer number of homonyms causes severe limitations to vocabulary acquisition when homophonous words are being transcribed entirely phonetically, and purely phonetic transcription reduces understanding and depth of knowledge of Sino-Korean words.
604:
rate of functional illiteracy to the lack of Hanja education in Korean public education system. This claim is somewhat substantiated by the fact that 60-70% of the Korean vocabulary is derived from Hanja, many of which appear more often in technical fields. Another Korean poll reports that 58% of college-aged
Koreans, most of whom have never been taught Hanja, have felt inconvenienced by their lack of knowledge of Hanja at some point in their lives.
476:: 한글專用 5個年 計劃案), which banned the use and teaching of Hanja in public schools, as well as forbade its use in the military. The plan aimed to eliminate hanja in writing by 1972 through legislative and executive means. However, in 1972, due to public backlash, Park's government allowed for the teaching of Hanja in special classes but maintained a ban on Hanja use in textbooks and other learning materials outside of the classes.
280:
739:. These were used to transcribe Korean grammatical particles to aid in reading in Classical Chinese texts. All three of these scripts were "mixed scripts". For example, Idu used either the pronunciation or the Korean native reading of the character to transcribe the grammatical particles, while kugyŏl used specialised marking characters based on simplifications of Hanja for the same purpose.
65:
24:
222:
167:
630:, proponents of Hangul exclusivity proposed the adaptation of more obscure native Korean words for homophonic Sino-Korean words or the creation of new words to disambiguate the language. Along with this proponents claim that Hangŭl exclusivity has made the language both more understandable and easier to comprehend.
603:
member states surveyed with a rate of 38%, much higher than the average of 22%. Almost three in four Korean adults had difficulty reading information necessary for their occupation or skill. Some Korean education experts, including those in favor of Hangul-Hanja mixed script, have attributed the high
594:
Another argument commonly made by mixed script advocates is that of functional literacy. Functional illiteracy concerns with reading skills above the basic level necessary to manage daily life and employment. It is different from pure illiteracy, the measure discussed above, which is the inability to
643:
Each character of Hanja conveys more information than each letter of Hangul as there are still many more Hanja characters than Hangul letters. The fact that Hanja conveys more information than Hangul has ramifications in the semantic meaning of each character. The word "일", for example, is composed
569:
Proponents of mixed script argue that literacy rates of a modern nation are not dependent on its writing system, but rather its access to education. For the first 500 years of Hangŭl's existence, Korea's literacy rates were not higher than that of other pre-industrialized states or even that of its
644:
of three Hangŭl letters ㅇ, ㅣ, and ㄹ. In only three letters, there is much ambiguity over the meaning of the Hangul block, as "일" could mean "one" (一) or "day" (日) in Sino-Korean vocabulary or a native Korean word for "work" (일). As shown, writing the Hanja makes it clear which "일" is in context.
515:
Nevertheless, due to a decline in Hanja use, most
Koreans who were educated during this period were unable to read and write in hanmun script, and the use of Hanja plummeted. In modern-day Korea, Hanja is now almost exclusively used for abbreviations in newspaper headlines, for clarification of
889:, "Artificial Intelligence"), it would be easily interpreted if the reader had an understanding of Hanja. As each Hanja character, unlike Hangul syllable blocks, carries its own unique meaning, the word would be interpreted as a combination of the two Hanja words '人工'("a person('s) work";
558:
For example, before the introduction of Hangŭl, most outside of Korea's elite class were illiterate. Hangŭl allowed for these people to learn to read and write in their language. Hangŭl also saves students time because they don't have to learn complex Hanja to be able to
669:
In addition to Sino-Korean words only used in Korean, many native Korean words are suggested to have originated from Sino-Korean words themselves, whose pronunciations have since deviated from their Hanja pronunciation. For instance, the word
416:을~). The debate also oftentimes centres around the education of Hanja in schools, the effects of which are also debated. It is a controversial debate which concerns the orthography, vocabulary, and other aspects of the written language.
873:
For instance, without additional context, "수도" can have 12 different meanings as it has 12 different corresponding Hanja words, such as 首都("capital city"), 手刀("hand knife"), 水都("water city", such as Venice or Suzhou), or 修道("spiritual
800:
Furthermore, mixed script proponents use the fact that Hangŭl exclusivity had been enacted under dictatorships. In South Korea, Hangŭl exclusivity was brought upon by the government of Park Chung Hee who came to power from a
455:
However, as literary
Chinese declined in use, mixed script and Hangŭl exclusive writing started being used concurrently. Mixed script was commonly found in non-fiction writing and newspapers. In 1968, South Korean president
591:, which are all users of Chinese characters, have higher or near equal (in the case of China, this can still be appreciated due to its vast size and numerous ethnic non-Han Chinese-speaking minorities) literacy rates.
717:. This argument is used as a call to action against mixed script. As, if true, it would be a legacy of the Japanese colonial past and an embarrassment on the part of Korea for upholding Japan's legacy of oppression.
487:
administration actively promoted Hanja use by placing Hanja letters on signs on the road, at bus stops, and in subways. In 1999, hanmun was reintroduced as a school elective, and in 2001 the Hanja
Proficiency Test
554:
and refer to them as a display of Hangŭl's success. Using Hangŭl exclusively drastically simplifies the language down to the use of the 24 aforementioned letters of the alphabet and allows for everyone to
640:
It is estimated that up to 60% of the Korean vocabulary is composed of Sino-Korean words; according to these estimates, native Korean words form a minority of the vocabulary in the spoken Korean language.
663:
Many Korean speakers cannot tell apart Sino-Korean words from “pure” Korean words, many Sino-Korean words are of Korean coinage, and many so-called “pure” Korean words were originally Sino-Korean words.
353:
647:
Similarly, when comparing the words 전부/全部 ("entirety") and 전쟁/戰爭 ("war"), the "전" in both words describe the pronunciation of two completely different Hanja characters with different meanings.
1230:
Hannas 1997: 67. "According to Ko Yong-kun, Kim went on record as early as
February 1949, when Chinese characters had already been removed from most DPRK publications, as advocating their
185:
82:
37:
1136:
405:: 한글專用) are still hotly contested topics to this day in Korea and garners the attention of many, as it is an issue which concerns education from its earliest years to university.
793:
Mixed script advocates sometimes point out that Hangŭl itself was standardized under the
Japanese colonial administration by Japanese collaborators who sought to make
1182:
43:
727:
Arguments against the notion that mixed script was a
Japanese creation include the fact that the concept of a "mixed script" predates Hangŭl in the forms of
452:
declared all texts in the Korean code of law to be written primarily in Hangul with a hanmun translation as reference, and optionally through mixed script.
698:
Attempting to completely replace Hanja with native words has been done before; these attempts have ultimately returned to the use of Sino-Korean vocabulary.
1207:
666:
There is a large quantity of Sino-Korean words that are unique/exclusive to Korean or differ drastically in usage in comparison to
Chinese or Japanese.
129:
101:
651:
695:
The use of Hanja allows easier interpretation of complex terms, as it is more helpful for the reader to assume an unknown vocabulary in context.
108:
1120:
1084:
1140:
115:
713:
Supporters of Hangŭl exclusivity argue that mixed script is an invention that was made and forced upon the Korean people by the
Japanese
97:
1169:
340:
322:
261:
243:
203:
148:
51:
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The debate itself is a question as to whether Korean should be written with Hanja mixed into the text, or purely in Hangŭl (e.g.
619:
Proponents of Hangul exclusivity argue that it is a thorough understanding of the text, acquired through reading experience and
303:
290:
232:
1250:
86:
1186:
714:
846:
177:
122:
1110:
742:
Mixed script has been in continual use since the introduction of Hangŭl. The Songs of
Dragons Flying to Heaven (
623:, that determines one's ability to accurately interpret the meaning of a word, not the writing system itself.
75:
432:, or by scholars in mixed script, most notably in translations of Chinese text. Literary Chinese, known as
627:
512:: 한글專用에 關한 法律) was repealed as well. In 2013, all elementary schools in Seoul started teaching hanja.
573:
Countries that also use alphabetic scripts but have more letters have higher literacy rates. Russia's
1012:
992:
864:
The Hanja Sino-Korean roots 化, 和, 貨, 話, 華, 花, 畵, 禾, 禍, and 靴 can all be expressed as "화" in Hangul.
374:
358:
1088:
236:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
968:
1165:
1116:
955:
620:
577:
has 66 letters (upper and lower case) and has a higher literacy rate than that of South Korea.
830:
e.g. 中 for China, 北 for North Korea, 韓 for South Korea, 美 for the United States, 日 for Japan
425:
574:
505:
500:: 漢字能力檢定試驗) was introduced. In 2005, an older law, the Law Concerning Hangul Exclusivity (
493:
469:
449:
398:
382:
1255:
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1244:
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369:
There has been much debate over the use of Chinese characters (domestically known as
484:
1164:(Section 1.5.3 "Korean vocabulary", pp. 12–13), Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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Park's Hanja ban was not formally lifted until 1992 under the government of
389:: 漢字混用). The questions surrounding the use and relevance of the format over
1013:"Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - China | Data"
732:
655:
429:
939:
Seoul National University Department of Korean Language and Literature
883:
For example, even if one did not know the meaning of the word '人工智能'(
671:
588:
390:
993:"Education in South Korea » Diversity and Access to Education"
851:
841:
810:
790:), are all pioneering Hangŭl works written in Korean mixed script.
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958:. (in Korean). 새국어생활 제6권 제2호. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
233:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
448:) was used in most formal writing. In November 1894, King
373:(漢字) in Korea), in Korean orthography, otherwise known as
298:
239:
595:
read at all. In a 2005 study, South Korean adults had
550:
Proponents of Hangŭl exclusive policies commonly cite
778:), and A Vernacular Translation of the Lotus Sutra (
924:. (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. October 9, 2014.
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
893:) and '智能'("knowing ability"; "ability to know";
424:During the early years following its creation by
180:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
520:, or for stylistic use, such as the 辛 used on
307:that contextualizes different points of view.
293:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
8:
884:
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779:
773:
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761:
755:
749:
743:
687:
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675:
531:
525:
443:
437:
1112:Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
98:"Debate on the use of Korean mixed script"
341:Learn how and when to remove this message
323:Learn how and when to remove this message
262:Learn how and when to remove this message
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
916:
914:
599:rate of functional illiteracy out of 22
935:개화기의 한국 어문운동 : 국한문혼용론과 한글전용론을 중심으로
910:
823:
941:(서울대학교 국어국문학과). 2000. (Retrieved from
797:that could be consumed by all Koreans.
626:To combat the homophonic ambiguity of
428:, Hangul only saw limited use by the
7:
855:: 理事長; "Chairman", "Chief Director")
87:adding citations to reliable sources
652:Latin roots in the English language
1085:"한국 '실질문맹률' OECD 바닥권 - munhwa.com"
692:) has its origins in a Hanja word.
466:hangŭl jŏnyong ogaenyŏn gyehuik an
462:5 Year Plan for Hangŭl Exclusivity
361:on the July 16, 1937 issue of the
14:
1183:"금감원, '봐도 모르는' 한자·일본식 금융용어 실태 점검"
1137:""상쇄를 상세" "현재를 현제" 漢字 모르니 맞춤법 엉망"
33:This article has multiple issues.
1061:"Taiwan Literacy - Demographics"
969:"Russia Literacy Rate 1989-2021"
278:
220:
165:
63:
22:
1037:"Japan Literacy - Demographics"
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
1115:. Cambridge University Press.
885:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
688:
682:
676:
532:
526:
502:hangŭl jŏnyonge gwahak pŏmnyul
444:
438:
1:
1185:. 2013-12-04. Archived from
1139:. 2015-03-29. Archived from
1087:. 2015-03-29. Archived from
490:hanja nŭngryŏk gŏmjŏng sihŏm
813:after taking power in 1949.
1272:
609:Vocabulary and information
570:character-using neighbors.
1109:Choo, Miho (2008-05-22).
809:, Hangŭl exclusivity was
922:'한글 전용' 대 '한자 혼용'…끝없는 논란
1234:abandonment (1989:25)."
1214:(in Korean), 2020-04-24
933:Go, Younggeun (고영근).
420:History of mixed script
811:enacted by Kim Il-Sung
628:Sino-Korean vocabulary
366:
357:An article written in
242:by rewriting it in an
1251:Korean writing system
954:Jung, Donghwan(정동환).
356:
301:by rewriting it in a
803:military coup d'état
650:As another example,
83:improve this article
1162:The Korean Language
973:www.macrotrends.net
920:Im, Gichang (임기창).
715:during World War II
375:Korean mixed script
359:Korean mixed script
1065:www.indexmundi.com
1041:www.indexmundi.com
1017:data.worldbank.org
708:Hangŭl exclusivity
614:Hangŭl exclusivity
545:Hangŭl exclusivity
367:
244:encyclopedic style
231:is written like a
184:You can assist by
1212:위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전
1122:978-1-139-47139-8
754:), Sŏkbosangjŏl (
621:literary analysis
575:Cyrillic alphabet
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472:: 한글전용 5개년 계획안;
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430:Korean peasantry
426:Sejong the Great
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508:: 한글전용에 관한 법률;
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1208:"한글 맞춤법 통일안"
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895:intelligence
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722:Mixed script
635:Mixed script
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564:Mixed script
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496:: 한자능력검정시험;
489:
485:Kim Dae-Jung
478:
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313:October 2023
310:
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291:undue weight
288:
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252:October 2023
249:
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194:October 2023
191:
178:copy editing
176:may require
175:
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93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
807:North Korea
597:the highest
522:Shin Ramyŏn
1245:Categories
1218:2021-02-15
1193:2021-02-15
1147:2021-02-15
1095:2021-02-15
1070:2021-02-15
1046:2021-02-15
1022:2021-02-15
998:2021-02-15
978:2021-02-15
905:References
891:artificial
839:e.g. 이 사장(
795:propaganda
518:homophones
363:Donga Ilbo
186:editing it
139:March 2021
109:newspapers
38:improve it
847:President
845:: 李 社長; "
818:Footnotes
737:Hyangchal
44:talk page
956:문자생활과 한글
703:Politics
680:) from (
656:homonyms
540:Literacy
401:: 한글전용;
385:: 한자혼용;
1232:gradual
943:S-Space
412:을~ vs.
297:Please
238:Please
123:scholar
1168:
1119:
784:;
772:;
760:;
748:;
735:, and
733:Kugyŏl
686:;
672:kimchi
589:Taiwan
587:, and
530:;
506:Korean
494:Korean
470:Korean
450:Gojong
442:;
434:hanmun
399:Korean
391:Hangŭl
383:Korean
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118:
111:
104:
96:
1256:Hanja
852:hanja
842:hanja
787:法華經諺解
781:법경화언해
751:龍飛御天歌
745:용비어천가
585:Japan
581:China
559:read.
555:read.
510:Hanja
498:Hanja
474:Hanja
403:Hanja
387:Hanja
371:Hanja
289:lend
130:JSTOR
116:books
1166:ISBN
1117:ISBN
886:인공지능
775:月印釋譜
769:월인석보
763:釋譜祥節
757:석보상절
601:OECD
414:대한민국
410:大韓民國
102:news
729:Idu
533:辛拉麵
527:신라면
85:by
1247::
1210:,
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945:).
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897:).
731:,
689:沈菜
683:침채
677:김치
583:,
504:,
492:,
468:,
445:漢文
439:한문
397:,
381:,
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