217:, the concepts of credit and debt were closely linked to that of a person's character. Credit was not only determined based on a person's assets and income, but also their social status within the community and their adherence to the moral standards of the time. Going into debt was seen as a moral failure, not merely an economic circumstance, and it was punished accordingly. This system typically favoured the upper classes. It was more difficult for the working classes to obtain credit; and if they went into debt, the penalties they incurred were more severe than those issued to the upper classes. County court judges, who presided over debt and bankruptcy cases, often issued rulings based on the belief that the working classes defaulted on their debts deliberately. In contrast, the upper classes were seen as having an honest desire to repay their debt and were given more lenient treatment.
48:
196:. Approximately 10,000 people were imprisoned for debt each year during the nineteenth century. However, a prison term did not alleviate a person’s debt; typically, it was required that the creditor be repaid in-full before an inmate was released. Acts of Parliament in 1831 and 1861 had begun the process of reform in this area, but further reform was felt necessary. Among the advocates for debtor's reform was
224:
The
Debtors Act 1869 significantly reduced the ability of the courts to detain those in debt, although some provisions were retained. Debtors who had the means to repay their creditors but refused to do so could still be imprisoned, as could those who defaulted on payments to the court. Further
220:
Declaring bankruptcy allowed a debtor to avoid prison, but this was not an option available to everyone. Until 1861 it was limited to the merchant class. Furthermore, the cost of filing for bankruptcy was £10, which represented 10-20% of the average annual income for the common worker in the
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229:. These acts initially reduced the number of debtors sentenced to prison, but by the early twentieth century, the annual number had risen to 11,427, an increase of nearly 2,000 from 1869.
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An Act for the
Abolition of Imprisonment for Debt, for the punishment of fraudulent debtors, and for other purposes.
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192:
In
England, debtors owing money could be easily detained by the courts for indefinite periods, being kept in
539:
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60:
397:
Hunt, Aeron (June 2012). "The
Authoritative Medium: George Eliot, Ruin, and the Rationalized Market".
340:
119:
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581:
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1117:
226:
193:
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431:
Johnson, Paul (May 1996). "Creditors, Debtors and the Law in
Victorian and Edwardian England".
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Much of the act has been repealed, but some provisions, such as section 5 relating to the
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2708:
177:
17:
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214:
202:
200:, who, at the age of 12, saw his father sentenced to debtors' prison. Dickens’ novel
520:
446:
295:
Ware, Stephen J. (July 2014). "A 20th
Century Debate About Imprisonment for Debt".
98:
501:
481:
410:
362:
Andrews, Arlene B. (October 2012). "Charles
Dickens, Social Worker in His Time".
586:
267:
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207:
308:
383:
375:
516:
Rajak, Harry. (2008) "The culture of bankruptcy," in Omar (ed) (2008).
317:
181:
531:
535:
527:. The National Archives of United Kingdom. 13 August 1878.
206:
was written to encourage debt reform and was set in the
502:
International insolvency law: themes and perspectives.
180:
that aimed to reform the powers of courts to detain
27:
An Act of
Parliament from the United Kingdom in 1869
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was conferred on this Act by section 1 of this Act.
210:debtors' prison where his father was incarcerated.
151:
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112:
107:
97:
92:
82:
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59:
447:"Wages and Cost of Living in the Victorian Era"
1550:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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480:Office, Great Britain Home (1 January 1907).
8:
2750:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
35:
2786:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
178:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2833:
2810:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
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604:
554:
540:
532:
523:[41 & 42 Vict. c. 54 (1878)].
34:
486:. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 33–35.
316:
1548:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
256:
2912:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1869
483:Judicial Statistics, England and Wales
88:Does not extend to Scotland or Ireland
2798:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
146:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
2869:United Kingdom statutory instruments
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262:
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153:Revised text of statute as amended
25:
333:"In a nutshell: Debtors' Prisons"
297:American Journal of Legal History
53:Parliament of the United Kingdom
46:
2770:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
2874:Scottish statutory instruments
1:
2891:Church of England instruments
570:Pre-parliamentary legislation
601:the Kingdom of Great Britain
411:10.1080/13555502.2012.670370
399:Journal of Victorian Culture
225:reform followed through the
2928:
499:Omar, Paul J. (ed) (2008)
32:United Kingdom legislation
1229:Acts of Parliament of the
45:
40:
1546:of the United Kingdom of
1232:Kingdom of Great Britain
577:List of English statutes
84:Territorial extent
1015:Interregnum (1642–1660)
433:Working Paper No. 31.96
1209:Parliament of Scotland
279:The Debtors Act 1869,
18:Debtors' Act 1869
2861:Secondary legislation
1516:Parliament of Ireland
608:Parliament of England
309:10.1093/ajlh/54.3.351
2782:Acts of Senedd Cymru
2713:European Communities
582:Charter of Liberties
451:www.victorianweb.org
236:procedure, survive.
2687:Halsbury's Statutes
599:of states preceding
597:Acts of parliaments
343:on 12 December 2015
227:Bankruptcy Act 1883
37:
2693:Legislation.gov.uk
1544:Acts of Parliament
525:Legislation.gov.uk
521:"Debtors Act 1878"
2899:
2898:
2884:Acts of Adjournal
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2847:1972–2009/2015–16
2820:Orders in Council
2736:Church of England
2730:
2729:
1224:
1223:
1091:Habeas Corpus Act
1002:Petition of Right
511:978-0-7546-2427-1
505:London: Ashgate.
376:10.1093/sw/sws010
246:UK insolvency law
215:Victorian England
166:32 & 33 Vict.
158:
157:
126:41 & 42 Vict.
108:Other legislation
76:32 & 33 Vict.
41:Act of Parliament
16:(Redirected from
2919:
2879:Acts of Sederunt
2839:Northern Ireland
2834:
2707:relating to the
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339:. Archived from
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234:judgment summons
194:debtor's prisons
162:Debtors Act 1869
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168:c. 62) was an
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2015:
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1019:
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828:
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635:
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631:Temp. incert.
628:
626:
623:
621:
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613:
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598:
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338:
337:History Extra
334:
328:
325:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
291:
289:
285:
282:
276:
273:
269:
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247:
244:
243:
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237:
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222:
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211:
209:
205:
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203:Little Dorrit
199:
195:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
154:
150:
147:
143:
136:
127:
121:
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117:
115:
111:
106:
103:9 August 1869
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2828:1994 to date
2763:institutions
2722:1972 to date
2698:Short titles
2685:
1514:Acts of the
1013:
630:
524:
500:
482:
475:
470:Rajak, p.14.
466:
454:. Retrieved
450:
441:
432:
402:
398:
392:
367:
363:
357:
345:. Retrieved
341:the original
336:
327:
300:
296:
275:
231:
223:
219:
212:
201:
191:
161:
159:
99:Royal assent
29:
587:Magna Carta
364:Social Work
268:short title
221:mid-1860s.
2711:(formerly
494:References
456:7 December
347:7 December
318:1808/16081
208:Marshalsea
174:Parliament
113:Amended by
61:Long title
1534:1751–1800
1529:1701–1750
1325:1760–1764
1320:1755–1759
1315:1750–1754
1310:1745–1749
1305:1740–1744
1300:1735–1739
1295:1730–1734
1290:1725–1729
1285:1720–1724
1280:1715–1719
657:1422–1460
652:1413–1421
647:1399–1411
642:1377–1397
637:1327–1376
625:1308–1325
620:1275–1307
615:1225–1267
281:section 2
2906:Category
2761:devolved
2738:measures
384:23285830
240:See also
71:Citation
1524:to 1700
1216:to 1707
182:debtors
176:of the
172:of the
509:
382:
188:Detail
128:c. 54)
266:This
252:Notes
93:Dates
78:c. 62
2837:for
2803:List
2791:List
2784:and
2775:List
2745:List
2678:2024
2673:2023
2668:2022
2663:2021
2658:2020
2653:2019
2648:2018
2643:2017
2638:2016
2633:2015
2628:2014
2623:2013
2618:2012
2613:2011
2608:2010
2603:2009
2598:2008
2593:2007
2588:2006
2583:2005
2578:2004
2573:2003
2568:2002
2563:2001
2558:2000
2550:1999
2545:1998
2540:1997
2535:1996
2530:1995
2525:1994
2520:1993
2515:1992
2510:1991
2505:1990
2500:1989
2495:1988
2490:1987
2485:1986
2480:1985
2475:1984
2470:1983
2465:1982
2460:1981
2455:1980
2450:1979
2445:1978
2440:1977
2435:1976
2430:1975
2425:1974
2420:1973
2415:1972
2410:1971
2405:1970
2400:1969
2395:1968
2390:1967
2385:1966
2380:1965
2375:1964
2370:1963
2365:1962
2360:1961
2355:1960
2350:1959
2345:1958
2340:1957
2335:1956
2330:1955
2325:1954
2320:1953
2315:1952
2310:1951
2305:1950
2300:1949
2295:1948
2290:1947
2285:1946
2280:1945
2275:1944
2270:1943
2265:1942
2260:1941
2255:1940
2250:1939
2245:1938
2240:1937
2235:1936
2230:1935
2225:1934
2220:1933
2215:1932
2210:1931
2205:1930
2200:1929
2195:1928
2190:1927
2185:1926
2180:1925
2175:1924
2170:1923
2165:1922
2160:1921
2155:1920
2150:1919
2145:1918
2140:1917
2135:1916
2130:1915
2125:1914
2120:1913
2115:1912
2110:1911
2105:1910
2100:1909
2095:1908
2090:1907
2085:1906
2080:1905
2075:1904
2070:1903
2065:1902
2060:1901
2055:1900
2047:1899
2042:1898
2037:1897
2032:1896
2027:1895
2022:1894
2017:1893
2012:1892
2007:1891
2002:1890
1997:1889
1992:1888
1987:1887
1982:1886
1977:1885
1972:1884
1967:1883
1962:1882
1957:1881
1952:1880
1947:1879
1942:1878
1937:1877
1932:1876
1927:1875
1922:1874
1917:1873
1912:1872
1907:1871
1902:1870
1897:1869
1892:1868
1887:1867
1882:1866
1877:1865
1872:1864
1867:1863
1862:1862
1857:1861
1852:1860
1847:1859
1842:1858
1837:1857
1832:1856
1827:1855
1822:1854
1817:1853
1812:1852
1807:1851
1802:1850
1797:1849
1792:1848
1787:1847
1782:1846
1777:1845
1772:1844
1767:1843
1762:1842
1757:1841
1752:1840
1747:1839
1742:1838
1737:1837
1732:1836
1727:1835
1722:1834
1717:1833
1712:1832
1707:1831
1702:1830
1697:1829
1692:1828
1687:1827
1682:1826
1677:1825
1672:1824
1667:1823
1662:1822
1657:1821
1652:1820
1647:1819
1642:1818
1637:1817
1632:1816
1627:1815
1622:1814
1617:1813
1612:1812
1607:1811
1602:1810
1597:1809
1592:1808
1587:1807
1582:1806
1577:1805
1572:1804
1567:1803
1562:1802
1557:1801
1505:1800
1500:1799
1495:1798
1490:1797
1485:1796
1480:1795
1475:1794
1470:1793
1465:1792
1460:1791
1455:1790
1450:1789
1445:1788
1440:1787
1435:1786
1430:1785
1425:1784
1420:1783
1415:1782
1410:1781
1405:1780
1400:1779
1395:1778
1390:1777
1385:1776
1380:1775
1375:1774
1370:1773
1365:1772
1360:1771
1355:1770
1350:1769
1345:1768
1340:1767
1335:1766
1330:1765
1275:1714
1270:1713
1265:1712
1260:1711
1255:1710
1250:1709
1245:1708
1240:1707
1200:1706
1195:1705
1190:1704
1185:1703
1180:1702
1175:1701
1170:1700
1165:1698
1160:1697
1155:1696
1150:1695
1145:1694
1140:1693
1135:1692
1130:1691
1125:1690
1113:1689
1108:1688
1103:1685
1098:1680
1086:1679
1081:1678
1076:1677
1071:1675
1066:1672
1061:1670
1056:1667
1051:1666
1046:1665
1041:1664
1036:1663
1031:1662
1026:1661
1021:1660
1009:1640
997:1627
992:1625
987:1623
982:1620
977:1609
972:1606
967:1605
962:1603
957:1601
952:1597
947:1592
942:1588
937:1586
932:1584
927:1580
922:1575
917:1572
912:1571
907:1566
902:1562
897:1558
892:1557
887:1555
882:1554
877:1553
872:1551
867:1549
862:1548
857:1547
852:1546
847:1545
842:1543
837:1542
832:1541
827:1540
822:1539
817:1536
812:1535
807:1534
802:1533
797:1532
792:1531
787:1530
782:1529
777:1523
772:1515
767:1514
762:1513
757:1512
752:1511
747:1509
742:1503
737:1496
732:1495
727:1491
722:1488
717:1487
712:1485
707:1483
702:1482
697:1477
692:1474
687:1472
682:1468
677:1467
672:1464
667:1463
662:1461
507:ISBN
458:2015
380:PMID
349:2015
160:The
407:doi
372:doi
313:hdl
305:doi
213:In
170:Act
2908::
449:.
419:^
403:17
401:.
378:.
368:57
366:.
335:.
311:.
301:54
299:.
287:^
259:^
184:.
2715:)
555:e
548:t
541:v
513:.
460:.
435:.
413:.
409::
386:.
374::
351:.
321:.
315::
307::
164:(
124:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.