247:). However, it is not an offence for overseas bodies to offer their own qualifications in Britain as long as it is made clear that these are not UK degrees. A list of "recognised bodies" that have degree awarding powers, "listed bodies" that offer courses leading to degrees from recognised bodies, and "recognised awards" is maintained by the British government. The government also maintains a list of educational institutions that are entitled to sponsor students for visas, although lack of inclusion on this list does not necessarily imply that an institution is 'bogus,' merely that they are not licensed to sponsor students for visas.
182:. The presiding judge noted that such degrees may be illegal and that purporting to offer such degrees could be deemed dishonest or unethical conduct. He also ruled that defamation occurs in the country where the material is downloaded from the Internet. In December 2005, the Court of Appeal said the defamation case could not go ahead. Newlands and Forrester had not shown it had a good arguable case that an act had been done in New Zealand for which damages could be claimed from a party outside New Zealand. Without their showing a good arguable case, New Zealand courts would not assume jurisdiction.
169:. Other unaccredited New Zealand institutions reported to be using the word "university" included the New Zealand University of Golf in Auckland, the online Tawa-Linden and Tauranga Universities of the Third Age, and the Southern University of New Zealand. Newlands owner Rochelle M. Forrester said she would consider removing the word "university" from the name of her institution in order to comply with the law.
216:
recognised as such. Non protected titles from private institutions are nevertheless common. The education offered by federal and cantonal universities is of higher quality than in private institutions, with rare exceptions. The names
University and University of Applied Sciences are protected by law and may only be used by publicly accredited institutions.
416:: Doctor of Psychology (Ps.D.), Doctor of Metaphysics (Ms.D.), Doctor of Divinity (D.D.), Doctor of Psychology (Ps.D.), Doctor of Mental Science (D.M.S.), Doctor of Universal Truth (U.T.D.), Degree of Master of Education (M.Ed), or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Education, and Doctor of Education (Ed.D.).
511:
According to CHEA, "...there is more and more pressure on individuals to earn degrees, not only bachelor's degrees, but master's and doctoral degrees as well. Jobs and promotions increasingly go to individuals with the greatest educational qualifications, even when individuals' work experience may be
160:
The New
Zealand Education Act prohibits the use of the terms "degree" and "university" by institutions other than the country's eight accredited universities. In 2004 authorities announced their intention to take action against unaccredited schools using the words "degree" and "university," including
1046:
degree mills are simply fraud, a way for unscrupulous hucksters to make money while providing no service. More substantive degree mills devalue college degrees by making them available without college-level work. This makes all degrees suspect and confuses employers and professional licensing boards
215:
authorities may supervise private institutions and/or authorise them to offer courses and issue degrees. This supervision means that private institutions are required to accept a certain amount of state control. They must undergo quality inspections if they wish to issue valid degrees that will be
142:
in accordance with the
Qualifications (Education and Training) Act (1999). It is illegal under the Universities Act (1997) for anybody offering higher education services to use the term "university" without the permission of the Minister for Education and Science. It is likewise illegal under the
95:
In
Australia, it is a criminal offence to use the term "university" or to purport to offer university degrees (Bachelors, Masters, Doctors) without government authorization. For government universities and some private institutions, this authorization is generally given in the form of an Act of a
1009:. Office of Degree Authorization, Oregon. Quotation: "Some states have lax standards that allow almost anyone to operate a “college”...Idaho, Hawaii, Montana, and California have either no meaningful standards, excessive loopholes or poor enforcement owing to local policy or insufficient staff."
289:—and to register with the state or to have other formal authorization in order to enroll students or issue degrees; however, these legal authorizations are not the same as educational accreditation. Some U.S. state laws allow authorities to shut down illegal operations of unaccredited schools or
151:
Dutch academic titles are legally protected and can only be used by graduates from accredited Dutch institutions of higher education. Illegal use is considered a misdemeanor and subject to legal prosecution. Holders of foreign degrees need special permission before being able to use a recognised
106:
Separate to this, there is also authorisation under the Higher
Education Funding Act to receive federal government funds for students; this is a separate process from authorisation to grant degrees, so some institutions are entitled to grant degrees but not to receive government funds to do so.
310:
Any degrees issued may or may not be valid for obtaining professional licenses or employment. Generally speaking, within academic and government circles, such degrees are rejected, but within the business world, they may be acceptable for certain purposes. Using a diploma from an unrecognized
293:. In others, particularly, Idaho, Hawaii, Montana, and California, the state permits anyone to claim to operate a college and issue degrees with essentially no oversight. Additionally, in 21 jurisdictions, unaccredited religious degree-granting schools are exempted from government oversight.
67:
An institution may not obtain or maintain accreditation for one of several reasons. As accreditation processes often require several years' work, a new institution may not yet have completed the initial accreditation process. A long-established institution may have lost accreditation due to
269:
on a national level; however, such terms are restricted by some states. The federal government does not accredit any institutions or programs, either inside or outside of the United States. Instead, it maintains a list of valid, reliable, independent accrediting agencies, including private
126:, regarding institutions without accreditation or an Act of Parliament, "It is emphasized that these fake institutions have no legal entity to call themselves as Universities (Hindi: विश्वविद्यालय) and to award ‘degrees’ which are not treated as valid for academic/employment purposes."
242:
can grant degrees, and courses leading to UK degrees can only be offered by these institutions or institutions validated by an institution with degree awarding powers (with the exception of a small number of "recognised awards" that are specifically designated by the
629:
1047:
that need to know whether a person has an appropriate educational background...Not all unaccredited colleges are necessarily degree mills in the traditional sense of the term. Some unaccredited colleges provide legitimate academic work."
550:
649:
Article 7.23, paragraph 3 of the Dutch Higher
Education and Scientific Research Act provides the Informatie Beheer Groep (now called DUO, i.e. the Service for Implementing the Education) with the possibility to grant such a
111:
392:
and the founding of many new colleges. This created a market for degrees, and fraudulent providers moved into the market to meet the demand. The first documented reference to degree mills was in 1876 when John Eaton, a
792:
429:
who prey on the goodwill and the wallets of emotionally disturbed people". Fishbein had written, "...there is not one state in the union with adequate legal standards stipulating
568:
531:
202:
According to Sri Lankan law, it is a criminal offense to use the term "university" or to purport to offer university degrees (Bachelors, Masters, Doctors) without government authorization in Sri Lanka.
1170:
554:
194:
had "broken up a crime ring selling bogus music diplomas from Russia, which helped many land university jobs and seats in orchestras." People who used these degrees were criminally charged.
409:
degrees" in 1903. John listed examples of counterfeit degrees offered: "Business psychologist, practitioner of truth, doctor of psychology, doctor of metaphysics, doctor of divinity".
1434:
526:
799:
256:
608:
307:
Some unaccredited institutions and programs provide significant, legitimate academic work. In others, the "college" is little more than a mailbox to which money is sent.
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more relevant to the job than is a degree. This creates pressures on individuals to obtain degrees, tempting some to take the easy route to a degree – the degree mill."
1136:
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100:
96:
State or
Federal Parliament, specifically referring to that institution. (Each state will recognize the institutions authorized under the law of the other states.)
430:
who may and who may not dispense psychologic advice." He identified "Doctor of
Psychology" and "Doctor of Metaphysics" as "
76:) choose not to participate in the accreditation process because they view it as a government infringement of their religious, academic, or political freedom.
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139:
270:
organizations and, for vocational schools, state accrediting agencies. The agency maintains a complete list of accredited institutions and programs online.
823:
381:
496:
In 2019, Bruce Thayer described "legitimate approaches to earning the social work doctorate on a parttime or nonresidential basis" and then identified "
394:
79:
In some countries, unaccredited institutions are not allowed to exist legally. Therefore any such schools will fall under the label of fraudulent
586:
178:
newspaper, the institution was given permission by the New
Zealand High Court to proceed to trial in its suit against the paper's publisher for
746:
297:
225:
143:
Institutes of
Technologies Acts (1992–2006) to use the term "institute of technology" or "regional technical college" without permission.
135:
311:
institution to obtain employment or for any other purpose is illegal in some states. Criminal penalties may apply should such a degree be
114:(the ESOS Act) - a student visa can only be issued to a student if they are studying at an institution with a valid CRICOS registration.
304:, through any government agency. It is legal for the school itself or other private entities to offer financial assistance to students.
211:
Switzerland does not require prior authorisation to offer higher education courses, organise examinations or issue degrees. Federal or
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During the latter part of the 19th century, the value of the degree increased substantially, as evidenced by the passage of the
17:
702:
437:
A 1960 study of doctorates unaccredited institutions offered for psychotherapists included a table with the following degrees:
659:
Informatie Beheer Groep (IB-Groep) is a service (now called DUO) of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science <
970:
50:
713:
1128:
1158:
123:
677:
955:
1218:
1223:. School Life: Official Organ of the United States Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior. pp. 245–246.
889:
1056:
329:
Unaccredited institutions of higher education may include legitimate religious institutions offering ordination or
56:
Educational institutions may not be legally required to obtain independent accreditation, depending on local laws.
421:
505:
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see accreditation issues as a government intrusion on religious freedom. Unaccredited bible colleges may offer
162:
64:
or other employers, depending on the local laws, the institution's reputation, and the industry standards.
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863:
389:
365:
212:
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or other employers, though employment qualifications vary from state to state in the United States. Some
446:
166:
775:
952:
590:
441:
1019:
Oregon Student Assistance Commission Office of Degree Authorization (ODA): Religious Exempt Schools
134:
Legitimate higher education qualifications in Ireland are placed on, or formally aligned with, the
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754:
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84:
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Describing "$ 100 doctors" in 1940, Joseph Burton Vaschen listed the degree offerings of five
372:, or certificates. Seminary degree titles offered may be Doctor of Divinity (D.D. or D.Div.).
239:
1304:
265:
Unlike in some countries, the term "college" or "university" is not legally protected in the
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financial difficulties or other factors. Other institutions (for example, some longstanding
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60:
or other qualifications from such unaccredited institutions may or may not be accepted by
57:
1102:
1018:
571:. Australian Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Archived from
553:. Australian Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Archived from
730:
New Zealand Vows a Crackdown on Diploma Mills in the wake of Unusual Defamation Lawsuit
231:
174:
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1344:
1057:
College Accreditation FAQs: "Will an unaccredited degree be accepted as legitimate?"
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710:
361:
353:
286:
266:
235:
80:
69:
61:
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the University of Newlands, an unaccredited distance-learning provider based in the
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911:
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501:
413:
334:
301:
290:
38:
1399:
1129:"Canceling Accreditation of Faith-Based Schools Would Destroy Religious Education"
967:
1383:
406:
352:
Some unaccredited religious institutions may award degrees that are accepted by
338:
932:
172:
After the University of Newlands was listed as a "wannabe" or "degree mill" by
274:
179:
152:
Dutch title, but they are free to use their own foreign title (untranslated).
46:
1407:
1368:
1329:
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1159:"ABA and AALS Accreditation: What's "Religious Diversity" Got to Do With It?"
103:
for authorisation to offer recognised higher education diplomas and degrees.
497:
426:
330:
333:
based on religious training, but most other unaccredited institutions are
431:
419:
A review of Morris Fishbein's 1949 article, "Beware the Mind-Meddler" in
369:
357:
73:
42:
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1250:
296:
Students studying at an unaccredited institution are never eligible for
277:
require degree-issuing higher education institutions to obtain a basic
34:
1360:
1092:"Important Questions about "Diploma Mills" and "Accreditation Mills""
968:
The Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs
312:
191:
532:
List of unrecognized higher education accreditation organizations
425:, highlighted the need for legislative action "to restrain those
500:
social work" programs offering degrees in sex therapy, clinical
18:
Degrees offered by unaccredited institutions of higher education
589:. Indian Ministry of Human Resource Development. Archived from
281:—the same simple paperwork required of any business, such as a
953:
Accreditation in the United States: Overview of Accreditation
753:. Vol. 32, no. 2. 2 September 2004. Archived from
864:"Check if a university or college is officially recognised"
234:, only institutions with degree-awarding powers awarded by
1384:"Predatory Doctoral Programs: Warnings for Social Workers"
1251:""$ 100 Doctors": The Facts on Today's Degree Mill Racket"
933:"New York State Limited Liability Company Law Section 204"
569:"Fake Degrees and Unaccredited Higher Education Providers"
1099:
Council for Higher Education Accreditation, Fact Sheet 6
1042:. Office of Degree Authorization, Oregon. Quotation: "
348:
Degrees offered by unaccredited religious institutions
711:
Application for a recognized Dutch title (in English)
527:
List of unaccredited institutions of higher education
27:
Educational institutions without formal accreditation
315:
presented in lieu of one from an accredited school.
1343:Brophy, Alfred L.; Durfee, Richard A. (June 1960).
700:
Application for a recognized Dutch title (in Dutch)
257:
Higher education accreditation in the United States
1303:
1249:
1188:"Degree Mills: an Old Problem & a New Threat"
474:Master of Psychology and Scientific Truth (ScTM)
397:, called them a disgrace to American education.
386:
587:"Brief Write - Fake Universities/institutions"
376:Historical perspectives: diploma mill degrees
31:Unaccredited institutions of higher education
8:
1435:Unaccredited institutions of higher learning
747:""University" cleared to sue for defamation"
607:(in Dutch). Wetten.overheid.nl. 2009-10-21.
140:National Qualifications Authority of Ireland
892:. UK Visas and Immigration. 21 October 2016
912:"New York State Education Law Section 224"
460:Doctor of Philosophy in Metaphysics (PhDM)
382:Council for Higher Education Accreditation
1035:
1033:
890:"Register of licensed sponsors: students"
504:, metaphysical hypnosis, natural health,
138:. This framework was established by the
1322:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1949.3.1.162
776:South Korea - Bogus diploma ring busted
551:"The Role of the Australian Government"
542:
463:Doctor of Divinity in Metaphysics (DDM)
395:United States Commissioner of Education
1345:"Mail-order training in psychotherapy"
1226:
822:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
815:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1182:
1180:
1139:from the original on January 29, 2022
1074:
1072:
7:
1198:from the original on August 15, 2022
1173:from the original on March 21, 2020.
630:"Art. 435 Sr (translated by Google)"
226:Bogus colleges in the United Kingdom
136:National Framework of Qualifications
674:"DUO – IB-Groep/Diploma assessment"
671:More information on legislation on
844:. 15 September 2016. Bogus degrees
405:in 1937 that he first learned of "
261:Diploma mills in the United States
99:Private institutions may apply to
25:
1310:American Journal of Psychotherapy
1127:Berry, Kelle (January 22, 2021).
734:The Chronicle of Higher Education
611:from the original on 18 July 2010
477:Master of Psychic Science (MPsSc)
110:There is also registration under
1388:Journal of Social Work Education
1302:Sigrist, Joseph (January 1949).
508:, and transpersonal counseling.
480:Licentiate in Hypnotherapy (LHy)
1080:Diploma Mills and Accreditation
632:(in Dutch). Translate.google.nl
1382:Thyer, Bruce A. (2019-01-02).
1268:10.1080/00098655.1940.11473050
1248:Vasché, Joseph Burton (1940).
1078:U.S. Department of Education,
986:"Diploma Witness Won’t Talk",
190:In March 2006, prosecutors in
1:
1400:10.1080/10437797.2018.1517624
1233:: CS1 maint: date and year (
977:U.S. Department of Education.
457:Doctor of BioPsychology (BPD)
124:India Department of Education
956:U.S. Department of Education
1451:
1101:. May 2003. Archived from
471:Doctor of Naturatics (NaD)
322:
254:
223:
1305:"Beware the Mind-Meddler"
51:educational accreditation
49:which do not have formal
1217:John, Walter C. (1937).
506:transpersonal psychology
401:Walter C. John wrote in
988:Los Angeles Mirror News
838:"Recognised UK degrees"
454:Doctor of Psychotherapy
698:Application forms via
486:Metaphysical Counselor
422:Woman's Home Companion
399:
390:Morrill Land Grant Act
1349:American Psychologist
447:Doctor of Metaphysics
384:(CHEA) has reported,
323:Further information:
255:Further information:
1163:Marquette Law Review
489:Master Metaphysician
442:Doctor of Psychology
1220:Counterfeit Degrees
757:on 30 December 2004
751:AUS Tertiary Update
366:associate's degrees
85:accreditation mills
1286:– via JSTOR.
1256:The Clearing House
1062:2011-04-23 at the
1024:2011-02-21 at the
1005:2015-04-08 at the
990:, October 23, 1957
973:2009-07-16 at the
716:2010-11-24 at the
705:2010-07-14 at the
522:Accreditation mill
467:Doctor of Divinity
245:Secretary of State
238:or by or under an
1108:on March 31, 2010
1066:(20 January 2010)
958:. (25 April 2011)
736:, August 26, 2004
451:Doctor of Science
240:act of parliament
122:According to the
16:(Redirected from
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593:on 2006-10-09.
578:
575:on 2005-05-25.
560:
557:on 2005-07-17.
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1040:Diploma Mills
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1000:Diploma Mills
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805:on 2017-01-09
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1394:(1): 5–10.
1169:: 427–479.
1112:October 17,
407:counterfeit
403:School Life
339:counterfeit
207:Switzerland
186:South Korea
156:New Zealand
1202:August 15,
1143:2022-08-02
896:22 October
874:21 October
848:22 October
809:2017-01-08
684:2009-01-05
650:permission
636:2010-07-08
615:2010-07-08
538:References
492:Ordination
434:degrees".
427:charlatans
358:seminaries
224:See also:
180:defamation
165:suburb of
163:Wellington
74:seminaries
43:seminaries
1416:150751783
1408:1043-7797
1369:1935-990X
1330:0002-9564
1276:0009-8655
1229:cite book
1044:Mail drop
938:29 August
917:29 August
498:predatory
337:offering
198:Sri Lanka
91:Australia
1429:Category
1284:30182277
1196:Archived
1192:CHEA.org
1171:Archived
1137:Archived
1060:Archived
1022:Archived
1003:Archived
971:Archived
818:cite web
761:11 April
714:Archived
703:Archived
609:Archived
516:See also
370:diplomas
213:cantonal
167:Newlands
35:colleges
342:degrees
230:In the
130:Ireland
81:diploma
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868:Gov.uk
842:Gov.uk
275:states
112:CRICOS
45:, and
1412:S2CID
1280:JSTOR
1106:(PDF)
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796:(PDF)
432:quack
285:or a
273:Most
192:Seoul
118:India
101:TEQSA
1404:ISSN
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1326:ISSN
1272:ISSN
1235:link
1204:2022
1114:2010
940:2013
919:2013
898:2016
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824:link
763:2019
709:and
380:The
360:and
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