Word processor (electronic device)

504:

March, 1969) as "a production program which facilitates the editing and printing of 'finished' documents directly on the printer of a relatively small (64k) computer system. It features good performance, totally free-form input, very flexible formatting capabilities including up to eight columns per page, automatic capitalization, aids for index construction, and a minimum of nontext items." Input was normally on punched cards or magnetic tape, with up to 80capital letters and non-alphabetic characters per card. The limited typographical controls available were implemented by control sequences; for example, letters were automatically converted to lower case unless they followed a full stop, that is, the "period" character. Output could be printed on a typical line printer in all-capitals — or in upper and lower case using a special ("TN") printer chain — or could be punched as a paper tape which could be printed, in better than line printer quality, on a Flexowriter. A workalike program with some improvements, DORMAT, was developed and used at

570:

most executives without private secretaries. Instead one secretary would perform various administrative tasks for three or more secretaries." A 1971 article said that "Some see W/P as a career ladder into management; others see it as a dead-end into the automated ghetto; others predict it will lead straight to the picket line." The National Secretaries Association, which defined secretaries as people who "can assume responsibility without direct supervision", feared that W/P would transform secretaries into "space-age typing pools". The article considered only the organizational changes resulting from secretaries operating word processors rather than typewriters; the possibility that word processors might result in managers creating documents without the intervention of secretaries was not considered—not surprising in an era when few managers, but most secretaries, possessed keyboarding skills.

664:, and went on to successfully market its brand of word processors worldwide until its demise in the mid-1980s. Its first office product, the AES-90, combined for the first time a CRT-screen, a floppy-disk and a microprocessor, that is, the very same winning combination that would be used by IBM for its PC seven years later. The AES-90 software was able to handle French and English typing from the start, displaying and printing the texts side-by-side, a Canadian government requirement. The first eight units were delivered to the office of the then Prime Minister, 582:, Founder and President of Canadian company Automatic Electronic Systems (AES), introduced the world's first programmable word processor with a video screen. The real breakthrough by Dorsey's AES team was that their machine stored the operator's texts on magnetic disks. Texts could be retrieved from the disks simply by entering their names at the keyboard. More importantly, a text could be edited, for instance a paragraph moved to a new place, or a spelling error corrected, and these changes were recorded on the magnetic disk. 715: 42: 723: 252:, by mathematicians and scientists (for complex formulas and for citations in rare languages). They are also useful when fast startup times, small file sizes, editing speed, and simplicity of operation are valued, and when formatting is unimportant. Due to their use in managing complex software projects, text editors can sometimes provide better facilities for managing large writing projects than a word processor. 616: 737:, for example, was written for an insurance company that had hundreds of typists using Wang systems, and spread from there to other Wang customers. To adapt to the smaller, more generic PC keyboard, MultiMate used stick-on labels and a large plastic clip-on template to remind users of its dozens of Wang-like functions, using the shift, alt and 733:, released in December 1976, was the first word processor software for microcomputers. Software-based word processors running on general-purpose personal computers gradually displaced dedicated word processors, and the term came to refer to software rather than hardware. Some programs were modeled after particular dedicated WP hardware. 642:

roughly 20 pages of text, and could be "played back" (i.e., the text retrieved) by printing the contents on continuous-form paper in the 1200 typewriter's "print" mode. The stored text could also be edited, using keys on a simple, six-key array. Basic editing functions included Insert, Delete, Skip (character, line), and so on.

839:, Microsoft Word, and other word processing programs for the bit-mapped Apple Macintosh screen, introduced in 1984, were probably the first true WYSIWYG word processors to become known to many people until the introduction of Microsoft Windows. Dedicated word processors eventually became museum pieces. 1259:

reports introduction of "five new models of 'input word processing equipment', better known in the past as dictation equipment" and gives IBM's definition of WP as "the combination of people, procedures, and equipment which transforms ideas into printed communications". The machines described were of

595:

The competitive edge for Dorsey's Micom 2000 was that, unlike many other machines, it was truly programmable. The Micom machine countered the problem of obsolescence by avoiding the limitations of a hard-wired system of program storage. The Micom 2000 utilized RAM, which was mass-produced and totally

641:

In 1974, Koplow's interface program was developed into the Wang 1200 Word Processor, an IBM Selectric-based text-storage device. The operator of this machine typed text on a conventional IBM Selectric; when the Return key was pressed, the line of text was stored on a cassette tape. One cassette held

569:

The 1970s word processing concept did not refer merely to equipment, but, explicitly, to the use of equipment for "breaking down secretarial labor into distinct components, with some staff members handling typing exclusively while others supply administrative support. A typical operation would leave

556:

The "buzz word" for this year's show was "word processing", or the use of electronic equipment, such as typewriters; procedures and trained personnel to maximize office efficiency. At the IBM exhibition a girl typed on an electronic typewriter. The copy was received on a magnetic tape cassette which

485:

IBM defined the term in a broad and vague way as "the combination of people, procedures, and equipment which transforms ideas into printed communications," and originally used it to include dictating machines and ordinary, manually operated Selectric typewriters. By the early seventies, however, the

219:

A text editor is a program that is used for typing, copying, pasting, and printing text (a single character, or strings of characters). Text editors do not format lines or pages. (There are extensions of text editors which can perform formatting of lines and pages: batch document processing systems,

1273:

through the window, then run over it with the company van. It seems that the instructor forgot to tell me a few things about doing multi-page documents ... To do any serious editing, I must use both tape drives, and, without a display, I must visualize and mentally track what is going onto the

1164:

Berezin diseñó el primer sistema central de reservas de United Airlines cuando trabajaba para Teleregister y otro similar para gestionar la contabilidad de la banca a nivel nacional. En 1968 empezó a trabajar en la idea de un ordenador que procesara textos, utilizando pequeños circuitos integrados.

339:

While many homes have a word processor on their computers, word processing in the home tends to be educational, planning or business related, dealing with school assignments or work being completed at home. Occasionally word processors are used for recreational purposes, e.g. writing short stories,

503:

In the late 1960s IBM provided a program called FORMAT for generating printed documents on any computer capable of running Fortran IV. Written by Gerald M. Berns, FORMAT was described in his paper "Description of FORMAT, a Text-Processing Program" (Communications of the ACM, Volume 12, Number 3,

255:

Word processing added to the text editor the ability to control type style and size, to manage lines (word wrap), to format documents into pages, and to number pages. Functions now taken for granted were added incrementally, sometimes by purchase of independent providers of add-on programs. Spell

1344:

Automated cordiality will be one of the services offered to physicians and dentists who take space in a new medical center.... The typist will insert the homey touch in the appropriate place as the Friden automated, programmed "Flexowriter" rattles off the form letters requesting payment... or

671:

The phrase "word processor" rapidly came to refer to CRT-based machines similar to the AES 90. Numerous machines of this kind emerged, typically marketed by traditional office-equipment companies such as IBM, Lanier (marketing AES Data machines, re-badged), CPT, and NBI. All were specialized,

645:

The labor and cost savings of this device were immediate, and remarkable: pages of text no longer had to be retyped to correct simple errors, and projects could be worked on, stored, and then retrieved for use later on. The rudimentary Wang 1200 machine was the precursor of the Wang Office

380:, which had two punched tape stations and permitted switching from one to the other (thus enabling what was called the "chain" or "form letter", one tape containing names and addresses, and the other the body of the letter to be sent). It did not wrap words, which was begun by IBM's 588:

In 1975, Dorsey started Micom Data Systems and introduced the Micom 2000 word processor. The Micom 2000 improved on the AES design by using the Intel 8080 single-chip microprocessor, which made the word processor smaller, less costly to build and supported multiple languages.

494:

product as a "speedier electronic typewriter", but went on to describe the product, which had no screen, as "a word processor rather than strictly a typewriter, in that it stores copy on magnetic tape or magnetic cards for retyping, corrections, and subsequent printout".

302:

programs were specifically designed with elaborate pre-formatted layouts for publication, offering only limited options for changing the layout, while allowing users to import text that was written using a text editor or word processor, or type the text in themselves.

531:) and later Mag Card Selectric (MCST) were early devices of this kind, which allowed editing, simple revision, and repetitive typing, with a one-line display for editing single lines. The first novel to be written on a word processor, the IBM MT/ST, was 76:

machine) with a simple dedicated computer processor for the editing of text. Although features and designs varied among manufacturers and models, and new features were added as technology advanced, the first word processors typically featured a

756:, were so compelling that personal computers and word processing software soon became serious competition for the dedicated machines. Word processing became the most popular use for personal computers, and unlike the spreadsheet (dominated by 109:, which still made them. Many older machines, however, remain in use. Since 2009, Sentinel has offered a machine described as a "word processor", but it is more accurately a highly specialised microcomputer used for accounting and publishing. 104:

became commonplace, and computer software applications for word processing became popular, most business machine companies stopped manufacturing dedicated word processor machines. As of 2009 there were only two U.S. companies, Classic and

565:

article, urged that "the concept of 'word processing' could be the answer to Women's Lib advocates' prayers. Word processing will replace the 'traditional' secretary and give women new administrative roles in business and industry."

832:

During the late 1980s and into the 1990s the predominant word processing program was WordPerfect. It had more than 50% of the worldwide market as late as 1995, but by 2000 Microsoft Word had up to 95% market share.

829:

and the ability to output to an external printer. They also got a name change, now being called "electronic typewriters" and typically occupying a lower end of the market, selling for under US$ 200.

744:

Other early word-processing software required users to memorize semi-mnemonic key combinations rather than pressing keys labelled "copy" or "bold". (In fact, many early PCs lacked cursor keys;

273:

assistance. (True indexing, as performed by a professional human indexer, is far beyond current technology, for the same reasons that fully automated, literary-quality machine translation is.)

825:

product range). Standalone word processors adapted by getting smaller and replacing their CRTs with small character-oriented LCD displays. Some models also had computer-like features such as

649:

The Wang was not the first CRT-based machine nor were all of its innovations unique to Wang. In the early 1970s Linolex, Lexitron and Vydec introduced pioneering word-processing systems with

646:

Information System (OIS), introduced in 1976. It was a true office machine, affordable by organizations such as medium-sized law firms, and easily learned and operated by secretarial staff.

1059:

Nonetheless, the text editors used in program development environments can provide much better facilities for managing large writing projects than their office word-processing counterparts.

453:

Terminal). These 1969 products preceded CRT display-based word processors. Text editing was done using a line numbering system viewed on a paper copy inserted in the Selectric typewriter.

260:

were some of the most popular add-ons for early word processors. Word processors are also capable of hyphenation, and the management and correct positioning of footnotes and endnotes.

596:

programmable. The Micom 2000 was said to be a year ahead of its time when it was introduced into a marketplace that represented some pretty serious competition such as IBM, Xerox and

1793:- A comprehensive history of early word processing concepts, hardware, software, and use. By Thomas Haigh, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 28:4 (October–December 2006):6-31. 561:

In 1971, a third of all working women in the United States were secretaries, and they could see that word processing would affect their careers. Some manufacturers, according to a

486:

term was generally understood to mean semiautomated typewriters affording at least some form of editing and correction, and the ability to produce perfect "originals". Thus, the

656:

editing. A Canadian electronics company, Automatic Electronic Systems, had introduced a product in 1972, but went into receivership a year later. In 1976, refinanced by the

157:

is the most widely used word processing software according to a user tracking system built into the software. Microsoft estimates that roughly half a billion people use the

478:

article referred to "the brave new world of Word Processing or W/P. That's International Business Machines talk ... I.B.M. introduced W/P about five years ago for its

319:

Within the business world, word processors are extremely useful tools. Some typical uses include: creating legal documents, company reports, publications for clients,

1526:

The New York Times December 6, 1978 p. D1: " Amy Wohl... said... 'Since then, the company has installed more of these systems than any other vendor in the business."

1380: 790:—What You See Is What You Get, to the extent that typographical features like bold and italics, indentation, justification and margins were approximated on screen. 752:

for navigation.) However, the price differences between dedicated word processors and general-purpose PCs, and the value added to the latter by software such as

523:(with a pause for the operator to manually type in the variable information), and when equipped with an auxiliary reader, could perform an early version of " 1721: 1141: 1830: 1408: 1285: 668:, in February 1974. Despite these predecessors, Wang's product was a standout, and by 1978 it had sold more of these systems than any other vendor. 311:

Word processors have a variety of uses and applications within the business world, home, education, journalism, publishing, and the literary arts.

1210: 212:

Word processors evolved dramatically once they became software programs rather than dedicated machines. They can usefully be distinguished from

1335: 459:

invented a Selectric-based word processor in 1969, and founded the Redactron Corporation to market the $ 8,000 machine. Redactron was sold to

585:

The AES machine was actually a sophisticated computer that could be reprogrammed by changing the instructions contained within a few chips.

147:

capability. Typical features of a modern word processor include multiple font sets, spell checking, grammar checking, a built-in thesaurus,

64:

The word processor was a stand-alone office machine developed in the 1960s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an

1860: 479: 527:". Circa 1970 it began to be feasible to apply electronic computers to office automation tasks. IBM's Mag Tape Selectric Typewriter ( 463:

in 1976, where the Redactron-II and -III were sold both as standalone units and as peripherals to the company's mainframe computers.

1678: 1658: 1438: 1038: 929: 786:

reviewed 57 different programs in one January 1986 issue. Development of higher-resolution monitors allowed them to provide limited

1755: 1476:“Will success spoil Steve Dorsey?”, Industrial Management magazine, Clifford/Elliot & Associates, May 1979, pp. 8 & 9. 2378: 2233: 1802: 657: 201: 634:

was hired by Wang Laboratories to program calculators. One of his programs permitted a Wang calculator to interface with an

364:

has also reduced the home role of the word processor as uses that formerly required printed output can now be done entirely

607:

and Dorsey grew Micom's sales position to number three among major word processor manufacturers, behind only IBM and Wang.

592:

Around this time, DeltaData and Wang word processors also appeared, again with a video screen and a magnetic storage disk.

151:, web integration, HTML conversion, pre-formatted publication projects such as newsletters and to-do lists, and much more. 1855: 1823: 1232: 863: 435: 793:

The mid-to-late 1980s saw the spread of laser printers, a "typographic" approach to word processing, and of true WYSIWYG

132: 1250: 985: 427: 1485:“Will success spoil Steve Dorsey?”, Industrial Management magazine, Clifford/Elliot & Associates, May 1979, p. 7. 135:("WYSIWYG") editing. Most are powerful systems consisting of one or more programs that can produce a combination of 2143: 1358: 557:

accepted corrections, deletions, and additions and then produced a perfect letter for the boss's signature ...

1695: 672:

dedicated, proprietary systems, priced around $ 10,000. Cheap general-purpose computers were still for hobbyists.

331:. Thus, modern word processors with layout editing and similar capabilities find widespread use in most business. 2029: 1785: 1734: 868: 505: 748:

famously used the E-S-D-X-centered "diamond" for cursor navigation, and modern vi-like editors encourage use of

2373: 2352: 2329: 1816: 1589:

Bergin, Thomas J. (Oct–Dec 2006). "The Origins of Word Processing Software for Personal Computers: 1976–1985".

810: 706:. For quicker "draft" printing, dot-matrix line printers were optional alternatives with some word processors. 446: 128: 1151: 279:

Management, editing, and positioning of visual material (illustrations, diagrams), and sometimes sound files.

2268: 2112: 2024: 1959: 1850: 883: 714: 411:

typewriter (a letter-quality printer), it may be considered the first-word processing program, but the term

294:"Styles", which automate consistent formatting of text body, titles, subtitles, highlighted text, and so on. 41: 1269:

Miller, Diane Fisher (1997) "My Life with the Machine": "By Sunday afternoon, I urgently want to throw the

426:

In 1969, two software based text editing products (Astrotype and Astrocomp) were developed and marketed by

2188: 2081: 1839: 1791:"Remembering the Office of the Future: Word Processing and Office Automation before the Personal Computer" 878: 579: 291:

Generation of document statistics (characters, words, readability level, time spent editing by each user).

241: 31: 1178: 1085: 1457:

CBC Television, Venture, "AES: A Canadian Cautionary Tale" Broadcast date February 4, 1985, minute 3:50.

665: 460: 177: 2203: 2158: 2044: 1954: 1911: 392: 327:. Businesses tend to have their own format and style for any of these, and additions such as company 173: 58: 1537: 873: 699: 695: 65: 1796: 1114: 2324: 2238: 2213: 2125: 1931: 1921: 1606: 1568: 1183: 680: 516: 377: 299: 270: 181: 116:

in office productivity, and was the most widely used application on personal computers until the

78: 1670: 1663: 1456: 1030: 1270: 675:

Some of the earliest CRT-based machines used cassette tapes for removable-memory storage until

165:(which dominated the market from the mid-1980s to early-1990s on computers running Microsoft's 2339: 1936: 1674: 1434: 1034: 925: 853: 826: 690:

Printing of documents was initially accomplished using IBM Selectric typewriters modified for

661: 623: 597: 113: 97: 73: 1628: 1345:

informing that the X-ray's of the patient (kidney) (arm) (stomach) (chest) came out negative.

1007: 948: 519:

had long been available; the Flexowriter allowed for operations such as repetitive typing of

1926: 1598: 1385: 1316: 818: 802: 653: 650: 638:

typewriter, which was at the time used to calculate and print the paperwork for auto sales.

396: 320: 169: 158: 101: 1494:

Thomas, David "Knights of the New Technology". Key Porter Books, 1983, p. 102 & p. 103.

1165:

Al año decidió dejar la empresa para crear la suya propia, que llamó Redactron Corporation.

2319: 2228: 2138: 2034: 1964: 1883: 1790: 1654: 1624: 1504: 730: 676: 124: 30:

This article is about stand-alone word processing machines. For the computer program, see

1717: 1467:

Thomas, David "Knights of the New Technology". Key Porter Books, 1983, p. 97 & p. 98.

679:

became available for this purpose - first the 8-inch floppy, then the 5¼-inch (drives by

1260:

course ordinary dictation machines recording onto magnetic belts, not voice typewriters.

17: 2286: 2258: 2218: 2039: 1891: 1336:"Computer a Help to 'Friendly Doc'; Automated Letter Writer Can Dispense a Cheery Word" 1023: 773: 537: 456: 361: 154: 148: 117: 90: 35: 1381:"The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?" 722: 172:, and still (2014) is favored for legal applications), Apple's Pages application, and 2367: 1780: 1751: 1730: 635: 631: 408: 349: 197: 161:

suite, which includes Word. Many other word processing applications exist, including

1610: 2193: 2096: 2091: 2065: 2006: 1304: 898: 532: 512: 356:

or desktop publishing programs specifically oriented toward home uses. The rise of

144: 420: 345: 2263: 2208: 2148: 2117: 2019: 2011: 1896: 1559:

Pea, Roy D. and D. Midian Kurland (1987). "Cognitive Technologies for Writing".

893: 848: 782: 765: 757: 738: 520: 233: 213: 162: 82: 69: 1805:

by CBC Television (Broadcast date: February 4, 1985, link updated Nov. 2, 2012)

2314: 2281: 2248: 2198: 1146: 1071: 908: 822: 814: 806: 798: 524: 328: 324: 257: 245: 106: 780:, and dozens of other word processing software brands competed in the 1980s; 2334: 2296: 2253: 2049: 1980: 1144:[Evelyn Berezin dies, creator of the first digital text processor]. 888: 858: 777: 734: 528: 471: 431: 381: 267:

Collaborative editing, allowing multiple users to work on the same document.

86: 615: 1808: 1320: 1072:"Information Control Systems Inc. (ICS) | Ann Arbor District Library" 285:

Version control of a document, permitting reconstruction of its evolution.

2273: 2243: 2153: 1916: 1602: 836: 753: 745: 450: 445:(4” reel) randomly accessible tape drives, and a modified version of the 248:, website designers, computer system administrators, and, in the case of 140: 127:

for document formatting, most modern word processors take advantage of a

1142:"Muere Evelyn Berezin, creadora del primer procesador digital de textos" 2168: 2163: 1878: 1572: 787: 769: 619: 604: 442: 353: 185: 1776: 352:, but many of these home publishing processes have been taken over by 2086: 1538:"NBI INC Securities Registration, Form SB-2, Filing Date Sep 8, 1998" 794: 365: 225: 166: 694:-character input. These were later replaced by application-specific 282:

Automatically managed (updated) cross-references to pages or notes.

236:, as well as programs that implement the paged-media extensions to 2291: 2223: 2130: 1972: 1901: 761: 741:

keys with the 10 IBM function keys and many of the alphabet keys.

721: 713: 691: 684: 614: 491: 438: 400: 357: 249: 229: 189: 136: 46: 40: 1233:"Is It a Boon for Secretaries—Or Just an Automated Ghetto?" 718:

Examples of standalone word processor typefaces c. 1980–1981

749: 703: 395:, written and improved between 1961 and 1962 by Steve Piner and 341: 263:

More advanced features found in recent word processors include:

237: 221: 1812: 1179:"Evelyn Berezin, 93, Dies; Built the First True Word Processor" 344:

or personal correspondence. Some use word processors to create

1906: 903: 416: 404: 193: 1777:

FOSS word processors compared: OOo Writer, AbiWord, and KWord

112:

Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the

1086:"Secretaries Get a Computer of their Own to Automate Typing" 123:

Although the early word processors evolved to use tag-based

552:, reporting on a 1971 business equipment trade show, said 61:) for text, composing, editing, formatting, and printing. 1524:

Schuyten, Peter J. (1978): "Wang Labs: Healthy Survivor"

1025:

Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology

1665:

Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer

1409:"Electric Typewriter Sales Are Bolstered by Efficiency" 1424: 1422: 1286:"Xerox Is Introducing a Speedier Electric Typewriter" 922:

Track Changes - A Literary History of Word Processing

726:

Brother WP-1400D editing electronic typewriter (1994)

2307: 2181: 2105: 2074: 2058: 1999: 1992: 1947: 1871: 1797:"A Brief History of Word Processing (Through 1986)" 1662: 1452: 1450: 1305:"Description of FORMAT, a text-processing program" 1022: 603:In 1978, Micom partnered with Dutch multinational 1723:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 1115:"Computer Aided Typists Produce Perfect Copies" 821:word processor which was commercialised in the 797:displays with multiple fonts (pioneered by the 399:, was a text editing program that ran on a DEC 466:By 1971 word processing was recognized by the 216:, the category of software they evolved from. 89:. Later models introduced innovations such as 1824: 1629:"Electric Pencil, first micro word processor" 1584: 1582: 702:, which became a Xerox company, and later by 384:(later, Magnetic Card Selectric Typewriter). 8: 1359:"The word processor: cumbersome, but great" 93:programs, and improved formatting options. 1996: 1831: 1817: 1809: 57:is an electronic device (later a computer 1433:. Toronto: Key Porter Books. p. 94. 1226: 1224: 1720:(1992). "Word Processing (History of)". 622:JW-10, the first word processor for the 1591:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 1507:. University of Minnesota. May 18, 2007 1505:"1970–1979 C.E.: Media History Project" 1407:Smith, William D. (December 16, 1974). 1379:Kirschenbaum, Matthew (March 1, 2013). 1204: 1202: 1200: 941: 630:In the early 1970s, computer scientist 376:Word processors are descended from the 244:). Text editors are now used mainly by 228:and still available in such systems as 1669:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 1209:Smith, William D. (October 26, 1971). 1029:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 288:Non-printing comments and annotations. 68:with a recording unit, either tape or 1284:Smith, William D. (October 8, 1974). 1251:"IBM Adds to Line of Dictation Items" 1211:"Lag Persists for Business Equipment" 482:and other electronic razzle-dazzle." 120:rose to prominence in the mid-1990s. 96:As the more versatile combination of 81:and the ability to save documents on 7: 1231:Dullea, Georgia (February 5, 1974). 196:. Web-based word processors such as 1696:"Confessions of a naked programmer" 986:"Microsoft Office Is Right at Home" 434:Michigan). Both products used the 1694:Shrayer, Michael (November 1984). 1177:McFadden, Robert D. (2018-12-10). 1140:Pozzi, Sandro (12 December 2018). 480:Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter 382:Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter 143:and text, the latter handled with 25: 1803:"AES: A Canadian Cautionary Tale" 1733:. pp. 268–78. Archived from 1698:. Creative Computing. p. 130 1334:O'Kane, Lawrence (May 22, 1966). 1257:. September 12, 1972. p. 72. 1861:of early word processor programs 49:6016 Memorywriter Word Processor 1799:by Brian Kunde (December, 1986) 1561:Review of Research in Education 545:Effect on office administration 415:itself was only introduced, by 276:Creation of tables of contents. 256:checking, grammar checking and 204:are a relatively new category. 34:. For the general concept, see 2234:The First XLEnt Word Processor 1756:"It's a Word World, Or Is It?" 1055:UNIX Text Processing, O'Reilly 924:Harvard University Press 2016 660:, it returned to operation as 658:Canada Development Corporation 423:Laboratory in the late 1960s. 1: 1431:Knights of the New Technology 864:Comparison of word processors 436:Digital Equipment Corporation 1150:(in Spanish). Archived from 988:. Microsoft. January 8, 2009 975:StarLux Illumination catalog 133:what-you-see-is-what-you-get 428:Information Control Systems 2395: 1786:History of Word Processing 1729:. Vol. 49. New York: 1095:. January 1969. p. 59 805:word processing program), 407:. Since it could drive an 29: 2348: 1846: 1309:Communications of the ACM 1303:Berns, Gerald M. (1969). 1021:Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). 869:Content management system 811:graphical user interfaces 506:University College London 149:automatic text correction 2353:Category:Word processors 2330:IBM Displaywriter System 1093:Computers and Automation 920:Matthew G. Kirschenbaum 447:IBM Selectric typewriter 129:graphical user interface 18:Dedicated word processor 2149:MobiSystems OfficeSuite 2113:Atlantis Word Processor 1840:Word processor programs 1357:Rostky, Georgy (2000). 954:, June 1989, pp. 71-73. 884:List of word processors 131:providing some form of 1429:Thomas, David (1983). 1008:"InfoWorld Jan 1 1990" 879:Document collaboration 727: 719: 627: 580:Stephen Bernard Dorsey 515:equipment such as the 50: 32:Word processor program 2379:Computing terminology 1321:10.1145/362875.362877 817:innovation, with the 725: 717: 698:, first developed by 666:Pierre Elliot Trudeau 618: 541:, published in 1970. 461:Burroughs Corporation 178:OpenOffice.org Writer 176:applications such as 44: 2204:Atari Word Processor 2159:Scientific WorkPlace 2092:Nisus Writer Express 1603:10.1109/MAHC.2006.76 696:daisy wheel printers 393:Expensive Typewriter 59:software application 1154:on 12 December 2018 1121:. November 13, 1968 874:CPT Word Processors 66:electric typewriter 2325:Friden Flexowriter 2239:IBM Lotus Symphony 2214:Bank Street Writer 2126:IBM Lotus Word Pro 1760:The New York Times 1413:The New York Times 1340:The New York Times 1290:The New York Times 1255:The New York Times 1237:The New York Times 1215:The New York Times 1184:The New York Times 827:floppy disk drives 728: 720: 681:Shugart Associates 628: 550:The New York Times 517:Friden Flexowriter 511:Electromechanical 378:Friden Flexowriter 300:desktop publishing 182:LibreOffice Writer 98:personal computers 79:monochrome display 51: 2361: 2360: 2177: 2176: 2118:Corel WordPerfect 2012:Corel WordPerfect 1718:Eisenberg, Daniel 1540:. secdatabase.com 952:Popular Mechanics 854:Authoring systems 683:and diskettes by 624:Japanese language 598:Wang Laboratories 499:Mainframe systems 490:headlined a 1974 114:personal computer 27:Electronic device 16:(Redirected from 2386: 2135: 2122: 2097:Nisus Writer Pro 2016: 1997: 1985: 1977: 1969: 1927:Collabora Online 1888: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1810: 1764: 1763: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1740:on May 21, 2019. 1739: 1728: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1668: 1655:Freiberger, Paul 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1625:Freiberger, Paul 1621: 1615: 1614: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1454: 1445: 1444: 1426: 1417: 1416: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1281: 1275: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1228: 1219: 1218: 1206: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1090: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1028: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1004: 998: 997: 995: 993: 982: 976: 973: 967: 961: 955: 946: 760:) and database ( 677:floppy diskettes 574:Dedicated models 513:paper-tape-based 397:L. Peter Deutsch 170:operating system 159:Microsoft Office 72:(as used by the 21: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2374:Word processors 2364: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2344: 2320:CPT Corporation 2303: 2229:Electric Pencil 2219:Cut & Paste 2173: 2139:Microsoft Works 2133: 2121:(since v. 10.0) 2120: 2101: 2070: 2054: 2035:Kingsoft Writer 2014: 1988: 1983: 1975: 1967: 1943: 1886: 1867: 1842: 1837: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1726: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1659:Swaine, Michael 1653: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1342:. p. 348. 1333: 1332: 1328: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1264: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1208: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1157: 1155: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1010:. January 1990. 1006: 1005: 1001: 991: 989: 984: 983: 979: 974: 970: 962: 958: 949:"TECHNOWRITERS" 947: 943: 938: 917: 845: 731:Electric Pencil 712: 613: 611:Software models 576: 547: 501: 441:mini computer, 413:word processing 390: 374: 362:social networks 337: 323:, and internal 317: 315:Use in business 309: 210: 208:Characteristics 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2287:OpenOffice.org 2284: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2259:Perfect Writer 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2040:Microsoft Word 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2015:(up to v. 9.0) 2009: 2003: 2001: 2000:Cross-platform 1994: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1978: 1970: 1968:(since v. 3.x) 1962: 1957: 1955:Adobe Buzzword 1951: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1892:Calligra Words 1889: 1887:(up to v. 2.x) 1881: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1783: 1772: 1771:External links 1769: 1766: 1765: 1754:(2000-09-21). 1752:Brinkley, Joel 1743: 1709: 1686: 1679: 1646: 1627:(1982-05-10). 1616: 1578: 1551: 1529: 1517: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1446: 1439: 1418: 1399: 1371: 1349: 1326: 1315:(3): 141–146. 1295: 1276: 1262: 1242: 1220: 1196: 1169: 1132: 1119:Computer World 1106: 1077: 1063: 1046: 1039: 1013: 999: 977: 968: 963:Mark Newhall, 956: 940: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 916: 913: 912: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 844: 841: 774:Microsoft Word 711: 710:WYSIWYG models 708: 612: 609: 575: 572: 559: 558: 546: 543: 500: 497: 468:New York Times 457:Evelyn Berezin 389: 386: 373: 370: 350:greeting cards 336: 333: 316: 313: 308: 305: 296: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 268: 220:starting with 209: 206: 155:Microsoft Word 118:World Wide Web 91:spell-checking 55:word processor 36:Word processor 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2391: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059:Classic MacOS 2057: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960:Atlantis Nova 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1781:Bruce Byfield 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1680:0-07-135892-7 1676: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440:0-919493-16-5 1436: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415:. p. 57. 1414: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1292:. p. 57. 1291: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1239:. p. 32. 1238: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217:. p. 59. 1216: 1212: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1094: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1040:9781573565219 1036: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1003: 1000: 987: 981: 978: 972: 969: 966: 960: 957: 953: 950: 945: 942: 935: 931: 930:9780674417076 927: 923: 919: 918: 914: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 842: 840: 838: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 801:computer and 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 736: 732: 724: 716: 709: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 673: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 652: 647: 643: 639: 637: 636:IBM Selectric 633: 632:Harold Koplow 625: 621: 617: 610: 608: 606: 601: 599: 593: 590: 586: 583: 581: 573: 571: 567: 564: 555: 554: 553: 551: 544: 542: 540: 539: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 498: 496: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409:IBM Selectric 406: 402: 398: 394: 388:IBM Selectric 387: 385: 383: 379: 371: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 334: 332: 330: 326: 322: 314: 312: 307:Typical usage 306: 304: 301: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 265: 264: 261: 259: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 217: 215: 207: 205: 203: 199: 198:Office Online 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 119: 115: 110: 108: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 71: 67: 62: 60: 56: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 2224:davka writer 2194:Apple Writer 2182:Discontinued 2066:Nisus Writer 2007:Adobe InCopy 1759: 1746: 1735:the original 1722: 1712: 1700:. Retrieved 1689: 1664: 1649: 1637:. Retrieved 1635:. p. 12 1632: 1619: 1597:(4): 32–47. 1594: 1590: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1542:. Retrieved 1532: 1525: 1520: 1509:. Retrieved 1499: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1430: 1412: 1402: 1390:. Retrieved 1384: 1374: 1363:. Retrieved 1352: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1312: 1308: 1298: 1289: 1279: 1265: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1214: 1188:. Retrieved 1182: 1172: 1163: 1156:. Retrieved 1152:the original 1145: 1135: 1125:10 September 1123:. Retrieved 1118: 1109: 1097:. Retrieved 1092: 1080: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1024: 1016: 1002: 990:. Retrieved 980: 971: 964: 959: 951: 944: 921: 899:Office suite 835: 831: 792: 781: 743: 729: 689: 674: 670: 648: 644: 640: 629: 602: 594: 591: 587: 584: 577: 568: 562: 560: 549: 548: 536: 533:Len Deighton 521:form letters 510: 502: 487: 484: 475: 467: 465: 455: 425: 412: 403:computer at 391: 375: 338: 318: 310: 297: 262: 254: 218: 214:text editors 211: 153: 145:type-setting 122: 111: 95: 83:memory cards 63: 54: 52: 2264:SpeedScript 2209:AtariWriter 2082:Apple Pages 2020:Google Docs 1932:LibreOffice 1897:GNU TeXmacs 1872:Open-source 1567:: 277–326. 1158:13 December 1099:5 September 894:Microwriter 849:Amstrad PCW 783:PC Magazine 766:WordPerfect 764:) markets, 758:Lotus 1-2-3 335:Use in home 246:programmers 234:Ghostscript 202:Google Docs 174:open source 163:WordPerfect 70:floppy disk 2368:Categories 2315:AlphaSmart 2282:StarOffice 2249:Magic Desk 2199:AppleWorks 2134:(enhanced) 1993:Commercial 1976:(standard) 1937:OpenOffice 1856:Comparison 1511:2008-03-29 1365:2006-05-29 1190:2018-12-11 992:August 14, 936:References 915:Literature 909:Typography 823:Xerox Star 815:Xerox PARC 807:PostScript 799:Xerox Alto 525:mail merge 474:". A 1974 329:letterhead 258:mail merge 107:AlphaSmart 2335:IBM MT/ST 2297:NeoOffice 2254:PaperClip 2144:Nota Bene 2050:TextMaker 2045:Scrivener 1981:TextMaker 1633:InfoWorld 1361:. EETimes 1271:Xerox 800 965:Farm Show 889:IBM MT/ST 859:Canon Cat 813:(another 778:pfs:Write 735:MultiMate 578:In 1972, 472:buzz word 432:Ann Arbor 421:Böblingen 87:diskettes 2308:Hardware 2274:WordStar 2244:MacWrite 2189:1st Word 2154:PolyEdit 2030:Ichitaro 1948:Freeware 1917:TextEdit 1702:March 6, 1661:(2000). 1639:March 5, 1611:18895790 1392:March 2, 843:See also 837:MacWrite 754:VisiCalc 746:WordStar 662:AES Data 451:IBM 2741 354:web apps 271:Indexing 141:graphics 102:printers 2278:Writer 2169:XyWrite 2164:WordPad 2106:Windows 1879:AbiWord 1671:186–187 1573:1167314 1544:May 14, 1274:tapes." 1147:El País 788:WYSIWYG 770:XyWrite 654:display 620:Toshiba 605:Philips 443:DECtape 372:History 346:résumés 321:letters 186:AbiWord 2269:Sprint 2087:Mellel 2025:Hangul 1984:(2008) 1922:Writer 1731:Dekker 1677: 1609: 1571: 1437: 1037: 928: 809:, and 795:bitmap 700:Diablo 626:(1978) 538:Bomber 470:as a " 366:online 298:Later 226:RUNOFF 192:, and 167:MS-DOS 137:images 125:markup 2292:Go-oo 2131:Jarte 2075:macOS 1973:Jarte 1902:KWord 1738:(PDF) 1727:(PDF) 1607:S2CID 1569:JSTOR 1386:Slate 1089:(PDF) 819:Gypsy 803:Bravo 762:dBase 692:ASCII 685:Dysan 563:Times 529:MT/ST 492:Xerox 488:Times 476:Times 449:(the 439:PDP-8 401:PDP-1 358:email 342:poems 325:memos 250:LaTeX 230:LaTeX 190:KWord 47:Xerox 2340:Wang 1965:Bean 1884:Bean 1851:List 1704:2011 1675:ISBN 1641:2011 1546:2018 1435:ISBN 1394:2013 1160:2018 1127:2013 1101:2020 1035:ISBN 994:2010 926:ISBN 750:hjkl 739:ctrl 704:Qume 360:and 348:and 240:and 238:HTML 232:and 224:and 222:TJ-2 100:and 74:Wang 1912:Ted 1907:LyX 1779:by 1599:doi 1317:doi 1031:256 904:TeX 687:). 651:CRT 535:'s 419:'s 417:IBM 405:MIT 242:CSS 200:or 194:LyX 85:or 2370:: 1758:. 1673:. 1657:; 1631:. 1605:. 1595:28 1593:. 1581:^ 1565:14 1563:. 1449:^ 1421:^ 1411:. 1383:. 1338:. 1313:12 1311:. 1307:. 1288:. 1253:. 1235:. 1223:^ 1213:. 1199:^ 1181:. 1162:. 1117:. 1091:. 1057:. 1033:. 776:, 772:, 768:, 600:. 508:. 368:. 188:, 184:, 180:, 139:, 53:A 45:A 1832:e 1825:t 1818:v 1762:. 1706:. 1683:. 1643:. 1613:. 1601:: 1575:. 1548:. 1514:. 1443:. 1396:. 1368:. 1323:. 1319:: 1193:. 1129:. 1103:. 1074:. 1043:. 996:. 430:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.