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kneels, holding out his book, and the patron is often surrounded by a group of courtiers, advertising his generosity in encouraging literature. These images generally focus on a single moment of the ritual, unlike written accounts, which offer a greater narrative range of actions. The public and ceremonial presentation of gifts from, but mostly to, the monarch or lord was a great feature of medieval court life, concentrated on the New Year. A high proportion of the surviving portraits of late medieval scholars and artists, and a significant proportion of those of the patrons, come from these miniatures, many of which show individualized features and were probably by artists who had had good opportunity to observe their subjects.
657:
336:
607:
362:
307:
48:
396:
684:
280:
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wall-paintings or mosaics in churches showing the person who commissioned the church holding a model of it. Ultimately they stretch back to scenes where classical rulers receive tribute, or those where a procession of Early
Christian martyrs carry their crowns to present Christ. The miniatures are often found in luxury books presented to the emperor or another major figure, which usually followed significant donations of land to the monastery concerned.
149:
himself, though some translators and even authors were also scribes. Now the text dedication to the patron, at this period often long and flowery, came to form part of the work itself, and at least the text was repeated in further copies. Such author's dedications, now far shorter, have remained part of the printed book. Sometimes presentation miniatures were also repeated in subsequent copies.
89:
164:
529:
626:
569:
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429:
The French royal family, including their
Burgundian cousins, led the fashion, which spread to England and elsewhere. Extensively illuminated books were also presented to royalty as diplomatic gifts, or by ambitious courtiers to the monarch, and these might include presentation miniatures. Sometimes
251:
In the High Middle Ages presentation miniatures in luxury copies of the main liturgical and devotional books, showing the book being presented, tended to be replaced by miniatures of the owner or donor at prayer, sometimes using a book which can be taken as the volume containing the miniature. These
493:'s copy illustrates the Norwegian story, but using up-to-date Burgundian costume and, it seems, the faces of the ducal family. Another variation was to show the patron visiting the author, or even the illuminator, as they worked, an indication in the rise in status of those producing manuscripts.
514:
in 1477, the book he presented to Edward was a special manuscript copied from the printed edition, with a presentation miniature, implying "that a printed book might not yet have been regarded as sufficiently distinguished for a formal gift of this kind". Some printed books continued the form in
228:
A large proportion of the portraits that survive of monastic scribes, who may also have been the artists for the miniatures, come from presentation miniatures, more typically showing presentations to either saints or other clergy who had commissioned books. Such scenes continue to appear in the
457:
medieval monarchs, had a large library and especially encouraged and commissioned translations of books into French, which were very often given a presentation miniature. He continues to be shown in dedication miniatures a century after his death. Louis de
Gruuthuse's copy of about 1470 of the
148:
works, often secular ones, are generally presented by their author or translator, though lavish copies of older texts may also still receive presentation miniatures. In these first cases the "offering" is usually the text itself, and the patron had presumably often paid for his own luxury copy
425:
As book culture increased in the Late Middle Ages, authors still relied on gifts from patrons to reward their efforts, and it is in this context that the dedication miniature revived. Very often the miniature was in the personal copy made by the patron for his library. The author or translator
201:, mostly not actually shown with the book, and a precedent for later rulers. In a continuation and intensification of late Carolingian trends, many miniatures contain miniatures depicting the donors of the manuscripts to a church, including bishops, abbots and abbesses, and also the emperor.
139:
In earlier manuscripts the recipient of the book may be a dead saint, the founder of a monastery or monastic order, for example, and the person handing over the book the abbot, or sometimes the scribe of the book. The genre is an extension of other forms of dedication portraits, for example
683:
212:
Abbey, who presents it to St Peter, who presents it to Christ, altogether taking up eight pages (with the facing illuminated tablets) to stress the unity and importance of the "command structure" binding church and state, on earth and in heaven. The
656:
39:
127:
is presented with a book, normally to be interpreted as the book containing the miniature itself. The miniature is thus symbolic, and presumably represents an event in the future. Usually it is found at the start of the volume, as a
361:
279:
143:
In the early period the manuscripts concerned are normally religious books, especially liturgical ones. The texts are old, and the "offering" represented is the creation of an expensive illuminated manuscript. In the late
306:
335:
155:
distinguishes between presentation miniatures, where the actual book containing the miniature passed between the parties shown, and dedication miniatures in subsequent copies made for other people.
466:
translated into French for
Charles V has a miniature showing the king receiving the text, but with de Gruuthuse standing to the side (BnF, Ms. fr. 1090, fol. 1). The copy made about 1475 for
474:
himself hands the text to the translator, who bends a knee to receive it, and then down a passageway in the background the translator kneels to present it to two male figures.
217:
also has four pages of presentation scenes, with two each spread across a full opening, the left with a bowing offeror in near profile, the right with the enthroned receiver.
1236:
791:
Zentralbibliothek Codex U1 (ex-Cathedral
Treasury), folios 7v to 10r; Alexander, 89–90; Legner, Vol 2, B2, all eight pages illustrated on pp. 140–141; Dodwell, 134
30:
1251:
1021:
252:
often include the object of the prayer, Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint. Sometimes the owner is shown being "presented" to Christ or the Virgin by his
1170:
Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D: From the collections of the
National Museum of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy, Trinity College Dublin
204:
In some cases successive miniatures show a kind of relay: in the
Hornbach Sacramentary the scribe presents the book to his abbot, who presents it to St
880:
827:
477:
As here, dedication miniatures for old texts sometimes go well back in history, sometimes giving historic figures the features of contemporary ones.
510:
1182:
1043:
1039:
467:
674:
1137:
Christine de Pizan in Bruges: Le Livre de la Cité Des Dames as Het Bouc Van de Stede Der
Vrauwen (London, British Library, Add. 20698)
501:
116:
1221:
1159:
1119:
1060:
1031:
232:
The earliest surviving portrait of a reigning
English king (coins excepted) and the earliest English presentation miniature shows
1169:
593:
96:
1209:
1200:
1144:
1095:
1078:
1007:
248:; southern-based medieval English kings were always careful to pay due respect to Cuthbert, the great saint of the North.
588:
261:
218:
1174:
545:
312:
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47:
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120:
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A fictional author, "Foliant de Ionnal", presents his text to a fictional king, "Rudolph of Norway", in
395:
34:
617:
540:
497:
478:
270:
266:
1129:
450:
404:
168:
633:
489:"long, long ago", followed by a rediscovery of the manuscript text. The dedication miniature in
471:
431:
62:
766:
Brown, 102, places this revival in the 15th century, but 14th century examples are numerous, as
1217:
1204:
1196:
1178:
1155:
1140:
1115:
1091:
1074:
1056:
1048:
1035:
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767:
520:
245:
209:
152:
129:
901:
Erik Inglis, "A Book in the Hand: Some Late
Medieval Accounts of Manuscript Presentations,"
668:
647:
583:
579:
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490:
409:
400:
382:
198:
92:
485:("Advice for a Young Prince"), which he dressed up with a fictional origin in the court of
1012:
575:
535:
244:
containing it, probably in 934. This was presented by Æthelstan to the saint's shrine in
190:
690:
505:
377:
346:
316:
214:
172:
124:
57:
481:(1386–1462), a leading Burgundian nobleman, diplomat and traveller, wrote around 1440
417:, who was also a valet de chambre. Vaudetar was a nobleman, already in charge of the
1230:
1164:
705:
701:
697:
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560:
459:
74:
496:
The form survived the arrival of printed books, though they became much rarer. When
256:, as though at court, but these are not generally called "presentation miniatures".
17:
1112:
Illuminating the Renaissance – The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe
662:
430:
the presentation miniature might be the only one in a book; such was the case with
320:
253:
194:
133:
285:
273:
in about 1274, with two presentation scenes, though neither act as frontispieces.
233:
454:
414:
368:
342:
222:
163:
145:
1105:
372:
1102:
The Royal Image: Illustrations of the Grandes Chroniques de France, 1274–1422
788:
435:
80:
53:
88:
297:
237:
40:
Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good
693:
516:
801:
259:
The form did not die out, however. The earliest surviving copy of the
883:. Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 8 September 2015
830:. Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 8 September 2015
486:
418:
205:
470:
had a different image. This is a double presentation where firstly
132:
before the main text, but may also be placed at the end, as in the
881:"History by the Month: September and the Coronation of Æthelstan'"
861:
Kren & McKendrick, 180–181, 194–196, 227–229, 321–323, 371–373
828:"History by the Month: September and the Coronation of Æthelstan'"
394:
162:
100:
87:
68:
46:
29:
1053:
Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms
289:
189:
Royal presentation miniatures are especially a feature of Late
443:
167:
Two royal visits to respectively the author and translator of
300:, the earliest surviving portrait of a reigning English king.
1195:, ed. Elizabeth M. Tyler, 2000, Boydell & Brewer Ltd,
1167:. "Irish Art in the Romanesque and Gothic Periods". In:
1019:, Chapter 12 in Hellinga, Lotte, and Trapp, J. B., eds.,
221:
receives the book in the first pair, then presents it to
1150:
McKendrick, Scot; Lowden, John; Doyle, Kathleen, (eds),
136:, or at the start of a particular text in a collection.
1126:
Ornamenta Ecclesiae, Kunst und KĂĽnstler der Romanik.
523:in Paris joining the types of presenters depicted.
1189:
The Goldenes Rossl and the French Royal Collections
315:and his wife Hildegard of Flanders presenting the
1055:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Publications, 1994.
1000:Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work
27:Dedicatory illustration in Medieval manuscripts
1152:Royal Manuscripts, The Genius of Illumination
1104:(Berkeley: University of California Press)
1017:The Royal Library from Edward IV to Henry VII
616:, an advice book on good conduct actually by
421:palace, who was to progress further at court.
8:
1114:, Getty Museum/Royal Academy of Arts, 2003,
1022:The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain
632:A diplomatic gift; A Burgundian ambassador,
197:, providing a series of portraits of the
1110:Kren, T. & McKendrick, Scot (eds),
1088:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200
554:of 1370-80, which mixed sections of the
718:
525:
453:(r. 1338–1380), one of the first great
407:, presents the king with his gift of a
275:
1237:Iconography of illuminated manuscripts
726:
724:
722:
671:moralisé et translaté de rime en prose
511:Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers
802:"Art and Artifice in Ottonian Trier."
468:Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy
7:
1252:Arts in the court of Philip the Good
1071:Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages
1026:, 1999, Cambridge University Press,
850:Æthelstan: The First King of England
704:type that later became known as the
807:, Vol. 36, No. 1. (1997), pp 65–82.
1128:Catalogue of an exhibition in the
1073:. 1983, Cornell University Press,
502:Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers
25:
903:Journal of the Early Book Society
508:print his own translation of the
682:
655:
625:
605:
568:
528:
360:
334:
305:
278:
269:, who had compiled the text, to
171:'s work translated in French by
1135:Lie, Orlanda Soei Han, et al.,
614:L'Instruction d'un jeune prince
600:, probably the figure at left.
1216:, 2012, British Museum Press,
959:Kren & McKendrick, 235–237
950:Kren & McKendrick, 197–198
941:Kren & McKendrick, 246–247
696:(book shrine) is presented by
265:was presented by the monks of
1:
1193:Treasure in the Medieval West
1139:, 2015, Uitgeverij Verloren,
870:Hedeman, 11–17; figs. 3 and 4
483:L'Instruction de josne prince
350:
324:
180:
589:Grandes Chroniques de France
262:Grandes Chroniques de France
770:. Two are illustrated here.
288:presenting a manuscript of
219:Egbert, Archbishop of Trier
1268:
1175:Metropolitan Museum of Art
998:Alexander, Jonathan A.G.,
748:Kren & McKendrick, 197
538:(d. c. 1178) presents his
341:Abbess Hitda presents the
1154:, 2011, British Library,
371:, presenting his copy of
313:Dirk II, Count of Holland
768:Cynthia Stone points out
596:on January 1, 1457. By
519:, with printers such as
442:translated into French (
240:with the copy of Bede's
119:painting often found in
1100:Hedeman, Anne D. 1991.
464:De remediis fortuitorum
413:in 1372. Miniature by
121:illuminated manuscripts
708:. Irish, 14th century.
638:Charles VIII of France
422:
294:Life of Saint Cuthbert
242:Life of Saint Cuthbert
186:
109:presentation miniature
104:
85:
44:
1132:, Köln, 1985. 3 vols.
1024:, Volume 3; 1400–1557
646:by the king's cousin
643:Le Livre des tournois
558:with sections of the
446:, Ms Fr. 133, f 2r).
398:
166:
91:
50:
35:Rogier van der Weyden
33:
1124:Legner, Anton (ed).
700:to St Macartan in a
618:Guillebert de Lannoy
541:Historia scholastica
498:Edward IV of England
479:Guillebert de Lannoy
440:De mulieribus claris
113:dedication miniature
18:Dedication miniature
1069:Calkins, Robert G.
594:Guillaume Fillastre
500:'s brother in law,
451:Charles V of France
405:Charles V of France
367:The scribe Bebo of
229:Romanesque period.
177:Le Miroir historial
169:Vincent de Beauvais
1187:Stratford, Jenny,
914:Stratford, 126–133
852:, pp. 155–156
634:Louis de Gruuthuse
432:Louis de Gruuthuse
423:
399:Jean de Vaudetar,
187:
105:
99:from the monks of
86:
63:Vienna Dioscurides
45:
1203:, 9780952973485,
1183:978-0-8709-9164-6
1090:, 1993, Yale UP,
1040:978-0-521-57346-7
1002:, 1992, Yale UP,
689:A version of the
546:Guillaume of Sens
246:Chester-le-Street
236:presenting Saint
199:Ottonian emperors
103:in 845 (fol. 423)
16:(Redirected from
1259:
1130:SchnĂĽtgen Museum
1013:Backhouse, Janet
987:
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905:5 (2002), 57-97.
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675:Philip of Cleves
669:Roman de la Rose
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584:Charles the Bold
580:Chancellor Rolin
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551:Bible Historiale
532:
491:Charles the Bold
410:Bible Historiale
401:valet de chambre
383:Emperor Henry II
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1214:Anglo-Saxon Art
1210:Webster, Leslie
1147:, 9789087045395
1049:Brown, Michelle
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582:and the future
576:Philip the Good
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536:Petrus Comestor
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932:Alexander, 143
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521:Antoine VĂ©rard
506:William Caxton
392:
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385:, 11th century
378:Moralia in Job
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347:Saint Walpurga
340:
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317:Egmond Gospels
311:
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215:Egbert Psalter
173:Jean de Vignay
160:
159:Early medieval
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153:Michelle Brown
58:Anicia Juliana
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1120:9781903973288
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1084:Dodwell, C.R.
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1061:0-8923-6217-0
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706:Droste effect
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702:mise en abyme
699:
698:Saint Patrick
695:
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665:presents his
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648:René of Anjou
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561:Vulgate Bible
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75:Megalopsychia
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60:receives the
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1247:Portrait art
1242:Medieval art
1213:
1205:Google books
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1188:
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1065:google books
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1044:google books
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986:Stalley, 217
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885:. Retrieved
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832:. Retrieved
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739:Calkins, 116
735:
666:
663:Jean Molinet
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620:, c. 1468-70
613:
587:
586:accepts the
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448:
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428:
424:
408:
376:
321:Egmond Abbey
293:
260:
258:
254:patron saint
250:
241:
231:
227:
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195:Ottonian art
188:
176:
151:
142:
138:
134:Vivian Bible
130:frontispiece
112:
108:
106:
97:Vivian Bible
79:
73:
67:
61:
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38:
1106:online text
455:bibliophile
434:'s copy of
415:Jean Bondol
369:Seeon Abbey
354: 1020
343:Hitda Codex
267:Saint-Denis
223:Saint Peter
191:Carolingian
184: 1333
146:Middle Ages
1231:Categories
1201:0952973480
1145:9087045395
1096:0300064934
1079:0500233756
1008:0300056893
993:References
923:Lie, 34–35
730:Brown, 102
373:St Gregory
328: 975
271:Philip III
84:(folio 6v)
789:Solothurn
677:, c. 1500
636:presents
548:. From a
436:Boccaccio
286:Æthelstan
234:Æthelstan
117:miniature
81:Phronesis
1177:, 1977.
650:, 1489.
556:Historia
403:to King
298:Cuthbert
238:Cuthbert
210:Hornbach
54:patrikia
43:, c 1448
887:6 April
834:6 April
694:Cumdach
517:woodcut
66:from a
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848:Foot,
487:Norway
472:Seneca
419:Louvre
206:Pirmin
1191:, in
805:Gesta
714:Notes
592:from
578:with
449:King
115:is a
101:Tours
69:putto
1218:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1036:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1004:ISBN
889:2016
836:2016
504:had
462:"'s
290:Bede
193:and
78:and
51:The
673:to
667:Le
444:BnF
438:'s
381:to
375:'s
345:to
319:to
296:to
292:'s
175:as
111:or
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351:c.
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325:c.
323:,
181:c.
179:,
107:A
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