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grapefruit-sized probe was to punch through the soil and separate into two parts. The lower part, called the forebody, was designed to penetrate as far as 0.6 meters (2 ft 0 in) into the soil. It contained the primary science instrument on board, the
Evolved Water Experiment. The upper part of the probe, or aftbody, was designed to remain on the surface in order to transmit data through its
715:
1663:
691:
1697:
679:
382:
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Though the primary objective was to validate the technology, the probes also had goals for science analysis at Mars. These goals were “1) to derive the atmospheric density, pressure, and temperature throughout the entire atmospheric column, 2) to characterize the hardness of the soil and possibly the
566:
provides atmospheric pressure and temperature data at the landing site. This sensor was located on the back of the probe so that it would stay above the surface after impact. It was sampled and recorded by the telecommunications “which enables the acquisition of meteorological data in the event that
594:
Custom electronics and batteries were designed for the Deep Space 2 probes to survive extremely high accelerations on impact with the surface of Mars and the cold temperatures that it would experience once in operation. Both the electronics and the custom cells were required to survive an impact on
491:
The Deep Space 2 mission was intended to do an engineering validation of the concept of a penetrator probe, impacting the planet at high velocity, instead of slowing down for a soft landing as done by the probes conventionally used for planetary exploration. The penetrator concept is potentially a
612:
Due to the probe's form factor and the harsh survivability conditions, JPL used novel techniques to secure the onboard electronics. The techniques included chip-on-board (COB) technology to improve packing density. It also used a 1-meter flexible umbilical cable to connect the forebody penetrator
526:
Upon arrival near the south polar region of Mars on
December 3, 1999, the basketball-sized shells were released from the main spacecraft, plummeting through the atmosphere and hitting the planet's surface at over 179 m/s (590 ft/s). On impact, each shell was designed to shatter, and its
487:
Deep Space 2, also known as "Mars
Microprobe," was the second spacecraft developed under the NASA New Millennium Program to flight-test advanced technologies concepts for space missions. The purpose of the program was to do high-risk technology demonstration, with a motto "Taking risks to reduce
551:
The descent accelerometer was a commercially available sensor meant to measure accelerations from drag during descent. Its readings could “be used to derive a density profile of the
Martian atmosphere” based on the acceleration data combined with knowledge of the probe's speed and ballistic
703:
457:, the first explorers to reach the Earth's South Pole. Intended to be the first spacecraft to penetrate below the surface of another planet, after entering the Mars atmosphere DS2 was to detach from the Mars Polar Lander mother ship and plummet to the surface using only an
603:
Together with
Yardney Technical Products, JPL designed a battery with two non-rechargeable 6-14V cells using Lithium-Thionyl Chloride (LI-SOCl2) chemistry to survive the expected conditions. The batteries were impact tested and also thermally cycled during development.
741:
radar, which examined and analyzed the site from Mars' orbit and even determined that the area had water beneath its vast area of ice. Images which were obtained from MARSIS also determined that the water discovered beneath Planum
Australe was in fact
488:
future danger." The project was led and operated by the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, with contributions from The University of Arizona, New Mexico State, Northern Arizona University, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and others.
1385:"A Watery Lake Is Detected on Mars, Raising the Potential for Alien Life - The discovery suggests that watery conditions beneath the icy southern polar cap may have provided one of the critical building blocks for life on the red planet"
624:
A failure review board was commissioned to report on the failures of the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 probes. The review board was unable to identify a probable cause of failure, but suggested several possible causes:
1104:
Russell, P.G.; Carmen, D.; Marsh, C.; Reddy, T.B.; Bugga, R.; Deligiannis, F.; Frank, H.A. (1998). "Development of a lithium/thionyl chloride battery for the Mars
Microprobe Program". In Harvey A Frank; Eddie T Seo (eds.).
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A small sample collection system in the forebody would bring
Martian regolith into a heating chamber. The sample would then be heated to allow spectroscopy measurements on the resulting vapor using a miniaturized
535:
spacecraft in orbit around Mars. The Mars Global
Surveyor would act as a relay in order to send the data collected back to Earth. The two sections of the probe were designed to remain connected via a data cable.
3280:
621:
The probes reached Mars along with the Mars Polar Lander mission, apparently without incident, but communication was never established after impact. It is not known what the cause of failure was.
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186:
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the order of 80,000 g and operational temperatures as low at -80 °C. Additionally, as much as a 30,000 g difference in acceleration was possible between the forebody and aftbody.
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of the soil at depth.” The eventual goal for such probes was to deploy networks “around a planet using no more resources than a single landing under conventional assumptions.”
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802:
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945:
Smrekar, Suzanne; Catling, David; Lorenz, Ralph; MagalhĂŁes, Julio; Moersch, Jeffrey; Morgan, Paul; Murray, Bruce; Presley, Marsha; Yen, Albert; Zent, Aaron;
1527:"Water on Mars: discovery of three buried lakes intrigues scientists - Researchers have detected a group of lakes hidden under the red planet's icy surface"
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that would be displaced upon impact. Mechanical (non-functioning) models were impact tested before launch to determine if the structures would survive.
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468:. The mission was declared a failure on March 13, 2000, after all attempts to reestablish communications following the descent went unanswered.
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2001:
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presence of layers at a scale of tens of centimeters, 3) to determine if ice is present in the subsurface soil, and, 4) to estimate the
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lower-cost approach, and has a proposed advantage of giving access to the subsurface of the planet being studied (in this case, Mars.)
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690:
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3635:
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Arakaki, G.; D'Agostino, S. (March 1999). "New Millennium DS2 electronic packaging an advanced electronic packaging "sandbox"".
559:
The impact accelerometer was built with a range of ±120,000 g for the large expected acceleration on impact with Mars’ surface.
4010:
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3692:
3003:
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810:
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Twin platinum resistor temperature sensors would determine rates of cooling in the forebody once submerged in the surface.
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4025:
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3990:
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3285:
1266:"Testimony of Thomas Young, Chairman of the Mars Program Independent Assessment Team before the House Science Committee"
3357:
3179:
3014:
2882:
2827:
2171:
4005:
3815:
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998:"Microinstruments and Micro Electromechanical Systems in Support of Earth and Space Science in the New Millennium"
544:
The probes are each equipped with five instruments to enable analysis of the atmosphere, surface, and subsurface.
4000:
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2820:
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1948:
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Rutnakumar, B.; Frank, H.; Kindler, A.; Deligiannis, F.; Davies, E.; Blakevoort, J.; Surampudi, S. (1998-10-27).
113:
3944:
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3647:
3445:
3209:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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2121:
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737:, which served as their exploration target, would in later years be explored by European Space Agency's
461:
284:
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The probes may have landed on their sides, resulting in bad antenna performance or radio link geometry.
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The board concluded that the probes and their components were not tested adequately before launch.
450:
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950:
1634:(see page 10 of report (page 22 of this PDF) for the findings of the Deep Space 2 investigation)
1025:
Gavit, Sarah A.; Powell, George (1996). "The new Millennium Program's Mars Microprobe Mission".
863:
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1469:"Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data"
26:
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2709:
2704:
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1038:
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2443:
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1655:(see page 124 of report (page 1 of this PDF) for Deep Space 2 possible failure modes)
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1526:
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1468:
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Deep Space 2 project manager Sarah Gavit with the engineering hardware of the probe
400:
78:
768:– successful Mars lander carrying similar burrowing probe with temperature sensor
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1289:"'Could Not Have Survived': 20 Years Since NASA's Ill-Fated Mars Polar Lander"
586:. The Evolved Water Experiment was the primary instrument on board the probe.
1198:
1150:
1114:
1076:
1054:
997:
982:
515:
Each probe weighed 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) and was encased in a protective
503:
The probes were launched with the Mars Polar Lander on January 3, 1999, on a
313:
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1692:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
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1311:
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516:
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Despite the failures of Mars Polar Lander and the two Deep Space 2 probes,
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in January 1999. The probes were named "Scott" and "Amundsen", in honor of
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1268:(Press release). Draft #7 3/13/00. House Science and Technology Committee
974:
504:
170:
1696:
3735:
3512:
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2815:
2739:
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1234:"Report on the Loss of the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 Missions"
765:
1628:
Report of the Loss of the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 Missions
1163:
1089:
1010:
641:
The probes may simply have hit ground that was too rocky for survival.
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2379:
2336:
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1826:
1821:
886:"NASA's New Millennium Program: Taking Risks to Reduce Future Danger"
738:
196:
381:
1487:
1412:"Huge reservoir of liquid water detected under the surface of Mars"
1330:
629:
The probe radio equipment had a low chance of surviving the impact.
3471:
2902:
2184:
1661:
478:
1107:
Thirteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances
3795:
3507:
2110:
442:
427:
258:
64:
53:
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3220:
2079:
68:
590:
New Technologies: High Impact and Low Temperature Electronics
2284:
2276:
2268:
1467:
Lauro, Sebastian Emanuel; et al. (28 September 2020).
696:
Visualization of Deep Space 2 as deployed after penetration
777:
List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries
471:
The Deep Space 2 development costs were US$ 28 million.
155:
20:21:10, January 3, 1999 (UTC)
3932:
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2213:
2147:
2140:
1312:"Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars"
519:. They rode to Mars aboard another spacecraft, the
346:
291:
279:
265:
257:
234:
226:
221:
202:
192:
179:
166:
151:
146:
127:
119:
109:
104:
84:
74:
60:
49:
35:probe with heatshield and mounting attached to the
3028:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
2873:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
1077:"Mars Microprobe Project Instrumentation Package"
844:. NASA - National Space Science Data Center. 2000
1703:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
801:Davis, Phil; Munsell, Kirk (January 23, 2009).
567:the microcontroller failed during the impact.”
238:20:00, December 3, 1999 (UTC)
572:Soil Thermal Conductivity Temperature Sensors:
3945:Deep Space 4/Space Technology 4 (Champollion)
3870:
3232:
2091:
1601:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
918:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
803:"Missions to Mars: Deep Space 2 - Key Dates"
437:. It included two highly advanced miniature
19:
3940:Deep Space 3/Space Technology 3 (StarLight)
1525:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (28 September 2020).
1183:1999 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings
951:"Deep Space 2: The Mars Microprobe Mission"
16:Failed NASA impactor mission to Mars (1999)
3877:
3863:
3855:
3239:
3225:
3217:
3058:
2954:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
2941:
2765:
2682:
2299:
2144:
2098:
2084:
2076:
343:
18:
2989:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
1486:
1347:
1329:
1259:
1257:
1162:
1088:
1009:
1310:Orosei, R.; et al. (25 July 2018).
955:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
632:The batteries may have failed on impact.
4016:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
884:Redd, Nola Taylor (February 12, 2019).
832:
830:
828:
796:
794:
792:
788:
650:
1440:"Liquid water 'lake' revealed on Mars"
635:The probes may have bounced on impact.
3377:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
2858:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
1228:
1226:
1176:
1174:
1144:
1142:
7:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
940:
938:
936:
934:
1625:(original website no longer exists)
3389:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
2132:List of artificial objects on Mars
866:. The Associated Press. 1999-12-08
14:
3779:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3726:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3145:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
1623:Archived JPL Deep Space 2 website
1185:. Vol. 2. pp. 205–213.
864:"Mars Polar Lander Mission Costs"
3844:Space Flight Operations Facility
3636:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
2833:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
2057:
2037:
2019:
1999:
1981:
1960:
1942:
1924:
1904:
1886:
1868:
1852:
1836:
1820:
1802:
1784:
1764:
1746:
1695:
1684:, overlaid with the position of
1264:Young, Thomas (March 14, 2000).
1243:. March 22, 2000. Archived from
996:Hecht, Michael H. (1996-01-15).
713:
701:
689:
677:
665:
653:
380:
25:
3693:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
3004:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
2810:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
1594:"Press Kit: 1998 Mars Missions"
911:"1998 Mars Missions Press Kit"
123:2.4 kg (5.3 lb) each
1:
3996:Derelict landers (spacecraft)
3773:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2959:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1151:"DS2 Mars Microprobe Battery"
1047:10.1016/S0094-5765(96)00145-2
3839:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
3699:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
3383:Soil Moisture Active Passive
3286:Atmospheric infrared sounder
672:Deep Space 2 surface element
159:1999-01-03T20:21:10Z
3358:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2883:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
2828:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
2804:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
2172:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
4047:
3816:Table Mountain Observatory
1541:10.1038/d41586-020-02751-1
1109:. IEEE. pp. 341–346.
1075:Blue, R. C. (1998-04-27).
3955:Earth Observing 3 (GIFTS)
3829:
3731:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
3642:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
3321:Large Binocular Telescope
3248:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3207:
2940:
2681:
2266:
2190:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
2117:
1682:global topography of Mars
1497:10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6
1241:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1155:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1081:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1002:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
579:Evolved Water Experiment:
379:
370:
365:
361:Water detection apparatus
360:
353:
342:
338:
253:
249:
217:
213:
142:
138:
114:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
100:
96:
45:
24:
3821:Solar System Ambassadors
3648:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
3140:Mars Exploration Program
2122:List of missions to Mars
1199:10.1109/AERO.1999.793162
1115:10.1109/bcaa.1998.653891
838:"Deep Space 2 (DEEPSP2)"
807:Solar System Exploration
772:List of missions to Mars
708:DS2 functional animation
3806:NASA Deep Space Network
3654:Spitzer Space Telescope
3574:Mars Exploration Rovers
3365:Mars Science Laboratory
3292:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2230:Mars Science Laboratory
1582:Deep Space 2 Fact Sheet
1349:10.1126/science.aar7268
660:Deep Space 2 penetrator
366:Soil conductivity probe
4011:New Millennium Program
3886:New Millennium Program
3371:Microwave limb sounder
2599:Mars Exploration Rover
2289:
2281:
2273:
1743:
809:. NASA. Archived from
564:Meteorological sensor:
549:Descent accelerometer:
484:
435:New Millennium Program
393:New Millennium program
3789:Related organizations
2794:(2024, flyby in 2025)
2786:(2024, flyby in 2025)
2365:(2023, flyby in 2026)
2356:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
2288:
2280:
2272:
2127:List of Mars orbiters
1678:Interactive image map
1665:
608:Electronics Packaging
557:Impact accelerometer:
507:7425 Launch Vehicle.
482:
371:Descent accelerometer
242:1999-12-03T20:00Z
105:Spacecraft properties
3834:JPL Science Division
3568:Mars Global Surveyor
3536:Mars Climate Orbiter
3150:Mars Next Generation
3109:Permanent settlement
2999:Mars Surveyor Lander
2465:Mars Climate Orbiter
2451:Mars Global Surveyor
1586:NSSDC Data Archive,
975:10.1029/1999JE001073
961:(E11): 27013–27030.
842:NSSDC Master Catalog
720:DS2 probe components
684:DS-2 entry aeroshell
533:Mars Global Surveyor
498:thermal conductivity
355:Impact accelerometer
266:Spacecraft component
4026:Impactor spacecraft
4021:Attached spacecraft
3991:1999 in spaceflight
2107:Spacecraft missions
1879:Mars Polar Lander ↓
1738:Mars Memorials list
1340:2018Sci...361..490O
1287:Evans, Ben (2019).
1219:. Cat. No.99TH8403.
1191:1999aero....2..205A
1039:1996AcAau..39..273G
967:1999JGR...10427013S
756:Exploration of Mars
584:tunable diode laser
540:Science Instruments
451:Robert Falcon Scott
309: /
21:
3970:Space Technology 9
3965:Space Technology 8
3960:Space Technology 7
3924:Space Technology 6
3919:Space Technology 5
3135:Mars Scout Program
2974:Mars 4NM & 5NM
2898:Mars Micro Orbiter
2888:Mars Geyser Hopper
2290:
2282:
2274:
1744:
1603:. December 8, 1998
1390:The New York Times
485:
441:that were sent to
287:, December 3, 1999
230:Failure in transit
133:Li-SOCl2 batteries
4006:NASA space probes
3978:
3977:
3950:Earth Observing-2
3914:Earth Observing-1
3852:
3851:
3811:Goldstone Complex
3766:Canceled missions
3745:Proposed missions
3562:Mars Polar Lander
3214:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3174:The Case for Mars
3084:Atmospheric entry
3048:
3047:
2979:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
2936:
2935:
2913:Next Mars Orbiter
2821:Rosalind Franklin
2757:
2756:
2677:
2676:
2532:Mars Polar Lander
2264:
2263:
2158:2001 Mars Odyssey
2069:
2051:
2031:
2013:
1993:
1975:
1954:
1952:Rosalind Franklin
1936:
1918:
1898:
1880:
1862:
1846:
1830:
1814:
1796:
1778:
1758:
1701:Clickable image:
1599:(Press release).
1324:(6401): 490–493.
1027:Acta Astronautica
813:on April 20, 2009
521:Mars Polar Lander
447:Mars Polar Lander
421:
420:
414:Mars Surveyor '98
406:Earth Observing-1
375:
374:
207:Mars Polar Lander
92:
38:Mars Polar Lander
4038:
4001:Missions to Mars
3879:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3714:Planned missions
3705:Lunar Flashlight
3316:Keck observatory
3255:Current missions
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3180:Inspiration Mars
3167:The Mars Project
3059:
2942:
2766:
2683:
2300:
2145:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1699:
1664:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1490:
1474:Nature Astronomy
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1383:(25 July 2018).
1379:Chang, Kenneth;
1376:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1333:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1033:(1–4): 273–280.
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
993:
987:
986:
942:
929:
928:
926:
925:
915:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
881:
875:
874:
872:
871:
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
834:
823:
822:
820:
818:
798:
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
387:Mars Surveyor 98
384:
349:
344:
333:
332:
330:
329:
328:
326:
321:
320:
315:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
245:
243:
162:
160:
147:Start of mission
90:
85:Mission duration
29:
22:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3928:
3888:
3883:
3853:
3848:
3825:
3784:
3761:
3740:
3709:
3556:Mars Pathfinder
3433:Cassini-Huygens
3420:
3400:Voyager program
3250:
3245:
3215:
3210:
3199:
3154:
3123:
3044:
2946:
2932:
2878:Mars Base Alpha
2868:Icebreaker Life
2846:
2753:
2735:Mars 3MS No.170
2687:
2673:
2640:
2575:
2526:Mars Pathfinder
2477:
2368:
2327:Mariner 6 and 7
2291:
2283:
2275:
2260:
2209:
2136:
2113:
2104:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1693:
1676:
1662:
1619:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1381:Overbye, Dennis
1378:
1377:
1373:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1209:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1125:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1024:
1023:
1019:
995:
994:
990:
944:
943:
932:
923:
921:
920:. December 1998
913:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
883:
882:
878:
869:
867:
862:
861:
857:
847:
845:
836:
835:
826:
816:
814:
800:
799:
790:
785:
752:
735:Planum Australe
731:
726:
725:
724:
721:
718:
709:
706:
697:
694:
685:
682:
673:
670:
661:
658:
619:
617:Mission failure
592:
542:
531:antenna to the
513:
477:
417:
410:
409:
403:
396:
385:
347:
324:
322:
318:
316:
312:
311:
308:
303:
300:
298:
296:
295:
241:
239:
174:
158:
156:
91:Mission failure
89:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Europa Clipper
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3676:TOPEX/Poseidon
3673:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3344:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:Mars Institute
3182:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3015:Northern Light
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2784:Europa Clipper
2781:
2772:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Mars 2M No.521
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2426:Phobos program
2423:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2405:Viking program
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2056:
2043:
2036:
2018:
2005:
1998:
1980:
1966:
1959:
1941:
1923:
1910:
1903:
1885:
1874:
1867:
1851:
1835:
1819:
1801:
1790:
1783:
1770:
1763:
1745:
1730:
1726: Planned)
1719: Inactive
1705:
1694:
1686:Martian rovers
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1626:
1618:
1617:External links
1615:
1614:
1613:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1517:
1459:
1448:. 25 July 2018
1431:
1420:. 25 July 2018
1403:
1371:
1302:
1291:. AmericaSpace
1279:
1253:
1250:on 2011-03-16.
1222:
1207:
1170:
1138:
1123:
1096:
1060:
1017:
988:
930:
902:
876:
855:
824:
787:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
763:
758:
751:
748:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
712:
710:
707:
700:
698:
695:
688:
686:
683:
676:
674:
671:
664:
662:
659:
652:
649:
648:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
618:
615:
591:
588:
541:
538:
512:
509:
476:
473:
455:Roald Amundsen
433:, part of the
419:
418:
411:
404:
398:
397:
390:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
363:
362:
358:
357:
351:
350:
340:
339:
336:
335:
293:
289:
288:
281:
277:
276:
267:
263:
262:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
222:End of mission
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:Cape Canaveral
181:
177:
176:
168:
164:
163:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
62:
58:
57:
51:
47:
46:
43:
42:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4043:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Europa Lander
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3549:Mars Observer
3546:
3543:
3542:Mars Cube One
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:Past missions
3423:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3206:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Human mission
3102:
3100:
3099:Sample return
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
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88:334 days
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34:
28:
23:
4031:1999 on Mars
3908:Deep Space 2
3907:
3906:
3901:Deep Space 1
3899:
3681:
3659:
3624:
3602:
3587:
3579:
3566:
3554:
3547:
3534:
3523:
3491:
3477:
3461:Deep Space 2
3460:
3459:
3454:Deep Space 1
3452:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3411:
3404:
3356:
3347:
3340:Perseverance
3339:
3328:Mars Odyssey
3326:
3309:
3301:
3268:
3261:
3190:Mars Society
3172:
3165:
3119:Terraforming
3114:Colonization
3040:Voyager Mars
3032:
3020:
3013:
2839:
2819:
2790:
2777:Mangalyaan-2
2776:
2695:Mars 1M No.1
2654:
2634:
2618:
2604:
2592:
2568:
2561:
2555:Schiaparelli
2554:
2546:
2536:Deep Space 2
2535:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2416:
2409:
2361:
2348:
2341:
2243:Perseverance
2242:
2223:
2202:
2195:
2170:
2165:Mars Express
2163:
2156:
2066:
2048:
2028:
2010:
1990:
1972:Schiaparelli
1971:
1951:
1933:
1916:Perseverance
1915:
1895:
1811:
1795:Deep Space 2
1792:
1775:
1755:
1712: Active
1700:
1605:. Retrieved
1588:Deep Space 2
1575:Bibliography
1560:. Retrieved
1530:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1478:
1472:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1388:
1374:
1321:
1315:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1245:the original
1182:
1154:
1106:
1099:
1080:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1001:
991:
958:
954:
922:. Retrieved
917:
905:
893:. Retrieved
889:
879:
868:. Retrieved
858:
846:. Retrieved
841:
815:. Retrieved
811:the original
806:
761:Deep Space 1
732:
644:
623:
620:
611:
607:
606:
602:
598:
597:
593:
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569:
563:
561:
556:
554:
548:
546:
543:
525:
514:
502:
494:
490:
486:
470:
439:space probes
424:Deep Space 2
423:
422:
412:
401:Deep Space 1
391:
386:
325:Deep Space 2
273:
269:
235:Last contact
110:Manufacturer
79:jpl.nasa.gov
67: /
50:Mission type
36:
33:Deep Space 2
32:
20:Deep Space 2
3588:Opportunity
3447:Deep Impact
3054:Exploration
2903:MELOS rover
2806:(mid 2020s)
2745:Fobos-Grunt
2619:Opportunity
1896:Opportunity
1732:(See also:
445:aboard the
431:space probe
348:Instruments
334:(projected)
317: /
292:Impact site
283:~20:15 UTC
280:Impact date
209:(precluded)
180:Launch site
152:Launch date
120:Launch mass
3985:Categories
3484:spacecraft
3350:helicopter
3128:Strategies
3022:Red Dragon
2984:Mars-Aster
2928:Sky-Sailor
2923:Phootprint
2893:Mars-Grunt
2710:2MV-3 No.1
2705:2MV-4 No.1
2657:helicopter
2472:Mangalyaan
1488:2010.00870
1417:EurekAlert
1331:2004.04587
1164:2014/20612
1090:2014/19235
1011:2014/23645
924:2020-11-05
870:2020-09-30
783:References
511:Spacecraft
464:, with no
323: (
314:73°S 210°W
193:Contractor
3933:Cancelled
3467:Explorers
3413:Voyager 2
3406:Voyager 1
3348:Ingenuity
3334:Mars 2020
3195:Mars race
3009:NetLander
2969:Marsokhod
2947:proposals
2945:Cancelled
2749:Yinghuo-1
2730:Mariner 8
2725:2M No.522
2715:Mariner 3
2667:Mars 2020
2655:Ingenuity
2593:Sojourner
2569:Tianwen-1
2390:Mariner 9
2317:Mariner 4
2249:Mars 2020
2224:Curiosity
2203:Tianwen-1
1991:Sojourner
1776:Curiosity
1607:April 22,
1557:222155190
1505:244973225
1481:: 63–70.
1272:April 22,
1055:0094-5765
983:2156-2202
890:Space.com
744:saltwater
729:Aftermath
599:Batteries
517:aeroshell
466:parachute
459:aeroshell
319:-73; -210
3893:Launched
3666:Surveyor
3660:Stardust
3614:QuikSCAT
3524:Magellan
3503:Herschel
3297:GRACE-FO
3276:ACRIMSAT
3159:Advocacy
3094:Aircraft
3062:Concepts
2994:Mars One
2964:Beagle 3
2851:Proposed
2841:Kazachok
2824:) (2028)
2798:EscaPADE
2688:launches
2646:Aircraft
2625:timeline
2611:timeline
2553:ExoMars
2541:Beagle 2
2519:Viking 2
2512:Viking 1
2436:Phobos 2
2431:Phobos 1
2418:Viking 2
2411:Viking 1
2373:Orbiters
2254:timeline
2235:timeline
2178:timeline
2149:Orbiters
2067:Viking 2
2049:Viking 1
1756:Beagle 2
1734:Mars map
1653:(Part 5)
1648:(Part 4)
1643:(Part 3)
1638:(Part 2)
1632:(Part 1)
1562:15 April
1549:32989309
1510:15 April
1452:15 April
1445:BBC News
1424:15 April
1396:15 April
1366:30045881
1295:15 April
1217:96712180
1133:93199878
949:(1999).
750:See also
505:Delta II
475:Overview
462:impactor
270:Amundsen
261:impactor
227:Disposal
173:7425-9.5
171:Delta II
61:Operator
56:impactor
3801:Caltech
3781:(MAX-C)
3757:FINESSE
3736:SPHEREx
3682:Ulysses
3625:Rosetta
3609:Pioneer
3603:Phoenix
3544:(MarCO)
3530:Mariner
3513:Jason-1
3492:Genesis
3478:Galileo
3303:InSight
3079:Landing
3074:Orbiter
2863:DePhine
2816:ExoMars
2769:Planned
2740:Mars 96
2700:1M No.2
2662:flights
2635:Zhurong
2562:InSight
2547:Phoenix
2483:Landers
2343:Rosetta
2205:orbiter
2029:Zhurong
1934:Phoenix
1812:InSight
1690:landers
1680:of the
1673:discuss
1336:Bibcode
1317:Science
1187:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
963:Bibcode
895:6 March
848:July 8,
817:July 8,
766:InSight
240: (
157: (
75:Website
3701:(WIRE)
3695:(WFPC)
3688:Viking
3638:(SRTM)
3631:Seasat
3619:Ranger
3580:Spirit
3518:Kepler
3385:(SMAP)
3379:(MISR)
3288:(AIRS)
3270:Psyche
3263:Euclid
2908:MetNet
2812:(2026)
2800:(2024)
2780:(2024)
2762:Future
2686:Failed
2605:Spirit
2587:PrOP-M
2580:Rovers
2571:lander
2506:Mars 7
2501:Mars 6
2496:Mars 3
2491:Mars 2
2458:Nozomi
2400:Mars 5
2395:Mars 4
2385:Mars 3
2380:Mars 2
2362:Psyche
2337:Mars 7
2332:Mars 6
2322:Zond 2
2312:Mars 1
2304:Flybys
2215:Rovers
2141:Active
2011:Spirit
1861:Mars 6
1845:Mars 3
1829:Mars 2
1724:
1717:
1710:
1597:(.PDF)
1555:
1547:
1532:Nature
1503:
1364:
1215:
1205:
1131:
1121:
1053:
981:
739:MARSIS
426:was a
197:Boeing
187:SLC-17
167:Rocket
131:300mW
3775:(AFL)
3671:SVLBI
3650:(SIR)
3644:(SME)
3597:NSCAT
3590:rover
3582:rover
3498:GRACE
3472:GALEX
3391:(TES)
3373:(MLS)
3367:(MSL)
3361:(MRO)
3342:rover
3323:(LBT)
3281:ASTER
3089:Rover
3069:Flyby
3034:Vesta
2918:PADME
2185:MAVEN
1580:JPL,
1553:S2CID
1501:S2CID
1483:arXiv
1326:arXiv
1248:(PDF)
1237:(PDF)
1213:S2CID
1129:S2CID
914:(PDF)
304:210°W
274:Scott
175:D-265
128:Power
3796:NASA
3508:IRAS
3440:Dawn
3395:SWOT
3310:Juno
2791:Hera
2350:Dawn
2296:Past
2196:Hope
2111:Mars
1688:and
1669:view
1609:2009
1564:2022
1545:PMID
1512:2022
1454:2022
1426:2022
1398:2022
1362:PMID
1297:2022
1274:2009
1203:ISBN
1119:ISBN
1051:ISSN
979:ISSN
897:2019
850:2009
819:2009
453:and
443:Mars
428:NASA
301:73°S
272:and
259:Mars
65:NASA
54:Mars
2109:to
1974:EDM
1537:doi
1493:doi
1354:hdl
1344:doi
1322:361
1195:doi
1159:hdl
1111:doi
1085:hdl
1043:doi
1006:hdl
971:doi
959:104
529:UHF
285:ERT
69:JPL
3987::
2747:/
2534:/
1740:)
1736:;
1721:•
1714:•
1671:•
1551:.
1543:.
1535:.
1529:.
1499:.
1491:.
1477:.
1471:.
1442:.
1414:.
1387:.
1360:.
1352:.
1342:.
1334:.
1320:.
1314:.
1256:^
1239:.
1225:^
1211:.
1201:.
1193:.
1173:^
1157:.
1153:.
1141:^
1127:.
1117:.
1083:.
1079:.
1063:^
1049:.
1041:.
1031:39
1029:.
1004:.
1000:.
977:.
969:.
957:.
953:.
933:^
916:.
888:.
840:.
827:^
805:.
791:^
746:.
577:•
570:•
562:•
555:•
547:•
523:.
31:A
3878:e
3871:t
3864:v
3240:e
3233:t
3226:v
2818:(
2099:e
2092:t
2085:v
1706:(
1675:)
1667:(
1611:.
1566:.
1539::
1514:.
1495::
1485::
1479:5
1456:.
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1008::
985:.
973::
965::
927:.
899:.
873:.
852:.
821:.
327:)
244:)
161:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
