Knowledge (XXG)

Defence in depth

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also fundamentally relies on multiple systems and redundant barriers. The principle of redundancy is essential to prevent the occurrence of dramatic failures and in case where a failure would develop to retard the progression of a potentially disastrous event and to give extra time for taking again
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The disadvantages of defence in depth are that it may be unacceptable for a defender to plan to give ground to an attacker. This may be because vital military or economic resources are close to the front line or because yielding to an enemy is unacceptable for political or cultural reasons. In
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by yielding space. Rather than defeating an attacker with a single, strong defensive line, defence in depth relies on the tendency of an attack to lose momentum over time or as it covers a larger area. A defender can thus yield lightly defended territory in an effort to stress an attacker's
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can extract a high price from the advancing enemy while themselves avoiding the danger of being overrun or outflanked. Delaying the enemy advance mitigates the attacker's advantage of surprise and allows time to move defending units to make a defence and to prepare a counter-attack.
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at and well behind the front line. Although attackers may find it easier to breach the more weakly defended front line, as they advance, they continue to meet resistance. As they penetrate deeper, their flanks become vulnerable, and, should the advance stall, they risk being
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of experimental and calculations results are essential to guarantee their robustness and correctness. This associated with the scientific questioning and a constant interrogative attitude is at the core of the self-correcting process guiding the science.
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deliberately drew the Germans into an attritional battle in multiple, well-prepared defensive lines, before launching massive counter-attacks on either side of the 9th Army in the north and the 4th Panzer Army in the south. The initial German
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fire and an attacker must breach each line of defence in turn with the prospect of significant losses, and the defenders have the option of falling back to fight again. On a strategic level, defence in depth was employed by the
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when Warsaw Pact broke through with their considerable conventional forces, but also that enemy considered the doctrine so provocative and potentially aggressive that striking first seemed a viable option as a result.
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systems where safety is critical. The DiD approach can be applied to any sensitive technology: submarines and naval systems, biotechnology, pharmaceutic industry, informatics, bank and financial systems, etc.
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at the front line, whereas better trained and equipped troops form a mobile reserve. Successive layers of defence may use different technologies against various targets; for example,
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the control of the failed system. Ultimately, if a failure cannot be avoided, DiD also contributes to mitigate the consequences and to attenuate the negative impacts of the failure.
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The concept of defence-in-depth (DiD) is also applied in the fields of life-threatening technologies where it is critical to avoid a disaster, or to save lives.
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has the opposite effects on the respective forces. Defence in depth may allow a defender to maximise the defensive possibilities of natural
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A well-planned defence in depth strategy will deploy forces in mutually supportive positions and in appropriate roles. For example,
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also relies on multiple lines of evidence and multiple lines of reasoning: strong claims require strong and multiple evidence. The
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of the area, flooding of fields, and strategic placement of defences to create successive lines of defences to slow the attacking
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also had many examples of defence in depth, with the Japanese inflicting heavy casualties on the Americans in the Battles of
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eventually pressured NATO to abandon this orthodox doctrine as it would have entailed allowing the country to be overrun by
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and inflicted heavy casualties before the Americans were able to overrun the British who, at this point, had lost their
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or spread out a numerically superior attacking force. Once an attacker has lost momentum or is forced to spread out to
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that seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker, buying time and causing additional
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forces before they would be finally stopped. Instead, NATO agreed to an alternative doctrine of "
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also applied the concept of defence in depth to designing strategies for the prevention of
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The defence in depth strategy is particularly effective against attackers who are able to
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More recent examples of defence in depth include the multiple lines of trenches of the
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where the Turks stopped the advance of the Greeks towards Ankara. Also plans for the
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that are required by defence in depth require the defender to have a high degree of
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Defence-in-depth is required to guarantee the robustness of vital systems, e.g. in
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never fully penetrated the Red Army lines. By contrast, the subsequent Red Army
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Military strategy where a defender delays and spreads out an attacker's advance
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of most evolved organisms also appeals to multiple lines of defence in case a
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A conventional defence strategy would concentrate all military resources at a
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can be mounted on the attacker's weak points, with the goal being to cause
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Defence in depth requires that a defender deploy their resources, such as
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Colonel Francis J. Kelly discussed the employment of defence in depth in
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The best modern example of a successful defence in depth is that of the
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in order to retreat successfully, and they assume that the defender's
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and attack a small number of places on an extended defensive line.
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or drive the attacker back to its original starting position.
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Cotton-Barratt, Owen; Daniel, Max; Sandberg, Anders (2020).
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Defenders that can fall back to a succession of prepared
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defence of Britain against a potential German invasion
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Later examples of defence in depth might be European
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Crown Publishers Inc. pp. 185–6. 2657: 146: 2616:Defense in depth (nuclear engineering) 2504:Defense in depth (nuclear engineering) 7: 5108: 2666:Cannae: Hannibal Smashes Rome's Army 2294:employed this manoeuvre in order to 65:adding citations to reliable sources 5052:Idealism in international relations 2574:Academics from Oxford University's 25: 2621:Defence-in-depth (Roman military) 2316:in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. 32:Defence in depth (disambiguation) 5107: 5097: 5096: 166: 41: 2611:Defence in depth (non-military) 2498:Defence in depth (non-military) 2278:will recover from the retreat. 2192:and surrounded and would leave 52:needs additional citations for 2517:radioactive waste repositories 2463:strategy in Europe during the 2250:but is easily circumvented by 2246:might present a challenge for 1: 2582:, especially those involving 2576:Future of Humanity Institute 4574:Operational manoeuvre group 2492:Application to other fields 2368:Turkish War of Independence 2254:, while another barrier of 1585:Military–industrial complex 1064:Operational manoeuvre group 5162: 5007:Peace and conflict studies 4896:Infantry fighting vehicles 3435:Front; Russian land forces 2501: 2495: 2341:American Revolutionary War 2200:, and command vulnerable. 29: 5094: 5062:International cooperation 4032:Combat information center 3493:Infantry fighting vehicle 3275:Unified combatant command 2636:Loss of Strength Gradient 2471:. However, by the 1980s, 2428:. During the battle, the 2266:addition, the continuous 1649:Loss-of-strength gradient 506:Combat information center 4977:Lists of wars by country 4419:List of military tactics 3537:Self-propelled artillery 3425:Special units by nation: 2868:Protocols and structure: 2631:List of military tactics 2580:existential catastrophes 2485:tactical nuclear weapons 2221:concentrate their forces 2168:a large area, defensive 1967:Military science fiction 1452:Technology and equipment 873:List of military tactics 5074:International relations 5067:Crimes against humanity 3714:Other infantry weapons: 3430:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 3001:Functional specialties: 2711:10.1111/1758-5899.12786 2323:and the development of 2035:Wartime sexual violence 1791:Full-spectrum dominance 1602:Supply-chain management 5042:Conscientious objector 3150:Special reconnaissance 2890:Awards and decorations 2558:The robustness of the 2310:the defensive strategy 2262:and other advantages. 1947:Awards and decorations 1920:Peace through strength 1895:Low-intensity conflict 1529:Conscientious objector 1402:Area of responsibility 4062:Torpedo Data Computer 4052:Ship gun fire-control 2678:Dyer, Gwynne (1985). 2502:Further information: 2236:poorly trained troops 539:Torpedo data computer 529:Ship gun fire-control 4923:Specific modern wars 4871:Vehicles and weapons 4796:Military occupations 3395:Carrier strike group 2525:nuclear technologies 2386:forces utilized the 2065:Military occupations 1900:Military engineering 1802:Unrestricted Warfare 1659:Force multiplication 557:Military manoeuvrers 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 5086:Peace organizations 4549:Operations research 4027:Director (military) 4017:Fire-control system 2928:Command and control 2446:Army Special Forces 2238:may be deployed in 1751:Penal military unit 1736:Rules of engagement 1412:Command and control 1037:Operations research 501:Director (military) 491:Fire-control system 261:Command and control 142:Part of a series on 5146:Military 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4576: 4571: 4566: 4564:Deep operation 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4277:Unconventional 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4227:Disinformation 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4142: 4137: 4135:Post-classical 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4010:Combat systems 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 4001:Field hospital 3998: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3778:Shoulder-fired 3767: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3682: 3678:Service rifles 3674: 3673: 3672: 3662: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3573: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3237:Reconnaissance 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3202:Auxiliary ship 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3090:Basic training 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3021:Reconnaissance 3018: 3013: 3008: 3006:Communications 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2971:Special forces 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2705:(3): 271–282. 2685: 2670: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2641:Scorched earth 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2606:Deep operation 2603: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2511:The safety of 2496:Main article: 2493: 2490: 2306:Edward Luttwak 2283: 2280: 2244:dragon's teeth 2209:military units 2205:fortifications 2198:communications 2181: 2178: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070:Military terms 2067: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1828:Tripwire force 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1350:Administrative 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1277:New generation 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1252:Fleet in being 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1190:Grand strategy 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1177:Scorched earth 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1054:Deep operation 1051: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 983: 982: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 901: 900: 895: 890: 880: 871: 866: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 855:Unconventional 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 803: 801:Disinformation 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 772: 771: 766: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 725: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 706: 699: 698: 697: 696: 695: 694: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 652: 651: 650: 649: 648: 647: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 600: 599: 598: 597: 592: 587: 578: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 554: 552:Basic training 549: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 481: 480: 478:Reconnaissance 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 405: 404: 399: 397:Special forces 394: 389: 388: 387: 377: 372: 365: 364: 359: 354: 352:Reconnaissance 349: 344: 339: 334: 327: 326: 317: 312: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 237: 236: 231: 221: 220: 219: 214: 204: 203: 202: 195:Post-classical 192: 187: 181: 176: 175: 172: 171: 163: 162: 144: 143: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5158: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5124: 5116: 5115: 5105: 5104: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Peace process 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4559:Expeditionary 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461:Counterattack 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4267:Psychological 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4207:Combined arms 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989:Military base 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3890:Depth charges 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724:Anti-tank gun 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3697:Assault rifle 3695: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3685:Battle rifles 3683: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3653:Infantry guns 3650: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3547:Anti-aircraft 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:General staff 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197:Landing craft 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2846:Enlisted rank 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:Global Policy 2696: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664:Healy, Mark. 2661: 2658: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564:repeatability 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:immune system 2533: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378:. During the 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2300:Roman legions 2297: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957:Warrior caste 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1927:Show of force 1925: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1915:Peacebuilding 1913: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:Air supremacy 1769: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1711:Islamic rules 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1691:Court-martial 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590:Arms industry 1588: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1207:Broken-backed 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1049:Expeditionary 1047: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 981: 978: 977: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 920:Counterattack 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 874: 869: 864: 863: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 845:Psychological 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 781:Combined arms 779: 777: 774: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 723: 718: 717: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 693: 690: 689: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 658: 655: 654: 646: 643: 642: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 620:Fortification 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 606: 603: 602: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 580: 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48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5123: 5112: 5101: 5080: 5076:}} 5072:{{ 4959:}} 4955:{{ 4950:}} 4948:World War II 4946:{{ 4941:}} 4937:{{ 4932:}} 4928:{{ 4922: 4916:}} 4912:{{ 4907:}} 4903:{{ 4898:}} 4894:{{ 4889:}} 4885:{{ 4880:}} 4876:{{ 4870: 4866:}} 4862:{{ 4857:}} 4853:{{ 4848:}} 4844:{{ 4810: 4780: 4760: 4732: 4718:Conscription 4712: 4693:Peace treaty 4679: 4616: 4384:Subterranean 4272:Radiological 4212:Conventional 4161: 4140:Early modern 4119: 4046: 3983: 3899: 3859: 3821: 3804: 3769: 3758:Combat knife 3748:Flamethrower 3713: 3709:Sniper rifle 3676: 3665:Machine guns 3651: 3588: 3450: 3424: 3414: 3379: 3284: 3253:Organization 3206: 3160:Naval units: 3159: 3155:Signal corps 3117: 3085:Development: 3084: 3074: 3053:Border guard 3016:Intelligence 3000: 2939:Armed Forces 2937: 2906: 2867: 2825: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2660: 2596:Bandwagoning 2573: 2557: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2507: 2473:West Germany 2458: 2453: 2443: 2423: 2396: 2361: 2338: 2318: 2304: 2285: 2264: 2233: 2225: 2218: 2202: 2194:supply lines 2183: 2148: 2145:deep defence 2144: 2140: 2139: 2040:Fifth column 2020:War resister 2015:Women in war 1910:Peacekeeping 1855:Arms control 1800: 1489:Mobilization 1484:Conscription 1442:Intelligence 1395:Organization 1121: 1041: 970:Encirclement 850:Radiological 786:Conventional 640:Subterranean 547:Development: 546: 523: 485: 447: 410:Naval units: 409: 402:Signal corps 369: 347:Intelligence 332:Specialties: 331: 256:Organization 207:Early modern 123: 117:January 2010 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 5081:Categories: 5022:Disarmament 4939:World War I 4698:Cooperation 4612:Culminating 4536:Operational 4481:Envelopment 4401:Information 4320:Cold-region 4287:Battlespace 4145:Late modern 4125:Prehistoric 4047:Historical: 3984:Facilities: 3510:Armored car 3385:Naval fleet 3123:Combat arms 3118:Land units: 3075:Categories: 3058:Coast guard 3043:Gendarmerie 2966:Space force 2907:Categories: 2821:Recruitment 2477:Warsaw Pact 2450:Vietnam War 2025:War studies 1848:Non-warfare 1776:Appeasement 1741:Martial law 1580:War economy 1519:Transgender 1472:Recruitment 1232:Containment 1117:Culminating 1025:Operational 945:Envelopment 888:Air assault 769:Air cavalry 729:Air defence 709:Information 610:Cold-region 575:Battlespace 524:Historical: 370:Land units: 296:Space force 291:Coast guard 224:Late modern 185:Prehistoric 5130:Categories 4970:Categories 4816:War crimes 4801:Operations 4738:Government 4554:Blitzkrieg 4526:Withdrawal 4377:Underwater 4352:Amphibious 4294:Aerospace 4237:Electronic 4187:Camouflage 4182:Biological 4155:fourth-gen 4150:industrial 3979:Body armor 3967:Camouflage 3948:By country 3793:By country 3604:By country 3589:Artillery: 3503:By country 3420:Combat box 3390:Task force 3358:By country 3341:By country 3295:Field army 3290:Army group 3258:By country 3207:Air units: 3187:Submarines 3068:By country 2895:By country 2811:Technology 2652:References 2329:projectile 2321:hill forts 2190:outflanked 2186:front line 2157:casualties 2085:War crimes 2075:Operations 1982:Foot drill 1952:Battle cry 1865:deterrence 1524:Harassment 1499:Specialism 1322:Technology 1317:Succession 1262:Liberation 1197:Asymmetric 1132:Empty fort 1043:Blitzkrieg 1012:Withdrawal 975:Investment 754:Camouflage 749:Biological 687:Underwater 662:Amphibious 581:Aerospace 448:Air units: 425:Submarines 234:fourth-gen 229:industrial 217:napoleonic 87:newspapers 4837:Templates 4708:Mediation 4688:Alliances 4681:Diplomacy 4657:Offensive 4637:Defensive 4632:Deception 4602:Attrition 4486:Guerrilla 4434:Airbridge 4252:Loitering 4172:Artillery 4110:Diplomacy 3931:Equipment 3885:Torpedoes 3827:Land mine 3783:Anti-tank 3616:Field gun 3594:Artillery 3530:Gun truck 3515:Scout car 3353:Battalion 3246:Structure 3145:Artillery 3063:Logistics 3011:Engineers 2956:Air force 2719:1758-5899 2529:aerospace 2469:Fulda Gap 2435:offensive 2384:Wehrmacht 2228:positions 2214:enveloped 2174:attrition 2162:logistics 1972:War novel 1875:Grey-zone 1835:War games 1796:Overmatch 1746:War crime 1696:Desertion 1686:Ceasefire 1681:Armistice 1568:Logistics 1546:Mercenary 1534:Volunteer 1465:Personnel 1437:Engineers 1382:Sociology 1337:World war 1332:Total war 1312:Strategic 1302:Religious 1287:Political 1282:Perpetual 1257:Irregular 1172:Offensive 1147:Defensive 1142:Deception 1102:Attrition 955:Guerrilla 950:Formation 893:Airbridge 825:Loitering 739:Artillery 392:Artillery 342:Engineers 310:Irregular 281:Air force 5103:Category 5027:Pacifism 4957:Cold War 4914:Aircraft 4733:Related: 4584:Strategy 4569:Maneuver 4506:Swarming 4335:Mountain 4303:Airborne 4242:Infantry 4197:Chemical 4162:By type: 4090:Strategy 3913:Missiles 3841:Sea/Air: 3810:Infantry 3771:Missiles 3628:Howitzer 3444:Vehicles 3410:Squadron 3405:Flotilla 3400:Division 3336:Regiment 3312:Division 3212:Fighters 3175:Littoral 3165:Warships 3128:Infantry 3110:Branches 2996:Reserves 2981:Commando 2885:Uniforms 2796:Military 2789:Concepts 2778:Military 2737:32427180 2590:See also 2566:and the 2541:pathogen 2527:and for 2465:Cold War 2430:Red Army 2415:Iwo Jima 2357:cohesion 2296:encircle 2292:Hannibal 2282:Examples 2272:mobility 2268:retreats 2252:infantry 2180:Strategy 1987:War song 1962:War film 1595:Materiel 1514:Children 1494:Training 1432:Medicine 1417:Doctrine 1372:Training 1307:Resource 1292:Princely 1242:Economic 1227:Conquest 1222:Colonial 1217:Cold war 1202:Blockade 1087:Strategy 1059:Maneuver 820:Infantry 776:Chemical 630:Mountain 590:Airborne 453:Fighters 420:Warships 375:Infantry 301:Reserves 249:Military 5114:Commons 5032:DĂ©tente 4995:Related 4887:Weapons 4855:Weapons 4821:Writers 4791:Battles 4771:Weapons 4476:Foxhole 4451:Cavalry 4439:Airdrop 4429:Airlift 4411:Tactics 4372:Surface 4262:Nuclear 4247:Lawfare 4192:Cavalry 4177:Barrage 4130:Ancient 4120:By era: 4095:Tactics 4072:Warfare 3753:Bayonet 3736:Grenade 3719:Bazooka 3660:Pistols 3609:Battery 3577:Weapons 3563:Weapons 3451:Ground: 3370:Platoon 3363:By type 3346:By type 3329:By type 3324:Brigade 3222:Command 3217:Bombers 3170:Surface 3138:Cavalry 3033:Medical 2991:Militia 2986:Frogman 2961:Marines 2900:Highest 2851:Officer 2831:Soldier 2806:History 2801:Service 2728:7228299 2549:tissues 2467:at the 2419:Okinawa 2411:Peleliu 2374:in the 2339:In the 2260:terrain 2151:) is a 2100:Writers 2095:Weapons 2060:Battles 2009:Related 1997:Wargame 1992:Uniform 1940:Culture 1721:Perfidy 1716:Justice 1637:Science 1622:Outpost 1575:History 1555:Warrior 1551:Soldier 1539:foreign 1477:counter 1377:Service 1327:Theater 1267:Limited 1247:Endemic 1162:Nuclear 935:Foxhole 910:Cavalry 898:Airdrop 883:Airlift 868:Tactics 840:Nuclear 830:Missile 759:Cavalry 744:Barrage 722:Weapons 682:Surface 463:Command 458:Bombers 415:Frogman 385:Cavalry 357:Medical 324:Militia 306:Regular 286:Marines 200:castles 190:Ancient 178:History 157:outline 101:scholar 5106:  4806:Sieges 4743:Nation 4672:Policy 4627:Mosaic 4622:Fabian 4521:Trench 4491:Morale 4456:Charge 4446:Battle 4424:Aerial 4389:Tunnel 4330:Jungle 4325:Desert 4222:Denial 4100:Combat 4085:Battle 3955:Helmet 3901:Aerial 3832:Shells 3822:Other: 3805:Lists: 3800:Mortar 3640:Rocket 3468:Combat 3456:Ground 3380:Naval: 3180:Patrol 2921:Forces 2841:Airman 2836:Sailor 2826:Roles: 2735:  2725:  2717:  2553:organs 2417:, and 2407:Saipan 2403:Tarawa 2392:Allies 2388:bocage 2353:charge 2276:morale 2166:pacify 2080:Sieges 1764:Theory 1504:Morale 1362:Policy 1357:Branch 1137:Mosaic 1127:Fabian 1074:Covert 1007:Trench 992:Screen 915:Charge 905:Battle 878:Aerial 796:Denial 764:Horses 692:Seabed 645:Tunnel 625:Jungle 615:Desert 585:Aerial 103:  96:  89:  82:  74:  5002:Peace 4878:Tanks 4864:Ranks 4753:Lists 4652:Naval 4642:Depth 4501:Siege 4396:Cyber 4367:Green 4362:Brown 4340:Urban 4308:Space 4257:Music 4232:Drone 4217:Cyber 4202:Class 4042:Radar 4037:Sonar 3994:Lists 3943:Lists 3918:Bombs 3861:Naval 3815:Heavy 3520:Truck 3498:Lists 3483:Armor 3375:Squad 3300:Corps 3285:Land: 3133:Armor 2912:Ranks 2873:Ranks 2545:cells 2349:shock 2248:tanks 2053:Lists 1509:Women 1447:Ranks 1367:Staff 1297:Proxy 1212:Class 1167:Naval 1152:Depth 987:Swarm 980:Siege 960:Naval 940:Drone 835:Music 810:Robot 806:Drone 791:Cyber 734:Armor 704:Cyber 677:Green 672:Brown 635:Urban 595:Space 516:Radar 511:Sonar 380:Armor 337:Staff 315:Ranks 108:JSTOR 94:books 4786:Wars 4766:Wars 4647:Goal 4357:Blue 4315:Land 3972:List 3960:List 3908:Guns 3873:List 3853:List 3788:List 3763:List 3741:List 3729:List 3702:List 3690:List 3670:List 3645:List 3633:List 3621:List 3599:List 3582:List 3570:Land 3554:Rail 3542:List 3525:List 3488:Tank 3461:List 3415:Air: 3317:List 3305:List 3026:List 2951:Navy 2946:Army 2878:List 2780:and 2733:PMID 2715:ISSN 2551:and 2515:and 2461:NATO 2397:The 2090:Wars 1607:Base 1157:Goal 1069:Raid 667:Blue 605:Land 276:Navy 271:Army 80:news 4846:War 4347:Sea 4298:Air 4080:War 2782:war 2723:PMC 2707:doi 2680:War 2343:'s 2147:or 1674:Law 1617:FOB 1612:MOB 657:Sea 149:War 63:by 5132:: 2731:. 2721:. 2713:. 2703:11 2701:. 2697:. 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