88:
63:
44:
403:, with a series of dark brown lateral triangles on each side. The two pointed tops of the two opposite triangles meet each other at the mid-line, forming a series of about 20 light brown, squarish blotches on the back. A row of large black spots extends along each side near the belly. The top and upper sides of the head are uniformly black, with a black streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth.
699:. When activated, Fas turns on what is called a "caspase cascade". This pathway is made up of a series of proteins called initiator and executioner caspases. Initiator caspases help form an apoptosis initiation factor that eventually activates executioner caspases (see figure 3). Executioner caspases go on to "digest" the cell from the inside out. They cleave
416:
are mostly in pairs, some of the anterior ones are single. This stout snake, usually between 0.8 and 1.0 metre (2.6 and 3.3 ft) in total length (including tail), reaches a maximum total length of 1.57 metres (5.2 ft) in males and 1.41 metres (4.6 ft) in females. The largest specimen on
598:
is no exception. The popular name "hundred pacer" refers to a local belief that, after being bitten, the victim will only be able to walk 100 steps before dying. In some areas, it has even been called the "fifty pacer" or, in extreme examples, the "five-step snake." This often causes bite victims to
407:
is yellowish ventrally, spotted with dark brown. The young are much lighter than the adults with essentially the same pattern. The head is large, triangular, with an upturned snout. The body is very stout. The tail is short, ending in a compressed, pointed slightly curved cornified scale. The top of
585:
can lay up to 24 eggs, which may be retained during initial incubation, an adaptation that shortens post-deposition incubation time. However, it generally only deposits 11 or 12 eggs from June to August. Egg size is 40–56 x 20–31 mm (about 2 × 1 in). Hatchlings are lighter and more
722:
that is successfully used to treat snakebites. Different parts of the snake are also prescribed to help alleviate ailments known as "wind diseases". Because these snakes move so quickly, substances from their bodies are thought to easily treat these fast-moving "wind" syndromes.
652:, may occur suddenly and relatively soon after the bite. Because of its body size and large hinged fangs which permit effective delivery of large quantities of venom, victims bitten by this snake should be treated accordingly.
532:
inhabits high, forested mountains up to 1,350 metres (4,430 ft), but has also been found in low coastal regions (100 metres (330 ft)). It prefers lower mountain slopes or rocky hills with small valleys.
648:. Bite symptoms include severe local pain and bleeding that may begin almost immediately. This is followed by considerable swelling, blistering, necrosis, and ulceration. Systemic symptoms, which often include
516:
was not included in the original description. It was later given as "Wusueh , Hupeh
Province, China" by Pratt (1892) and Pope (1935). Listed as "Mountains N. of Kiu Kiang " in the catalogue of the
660:
The venom of this species is commonly used for research purposes. Researchers have found that this venom contains protease activity, meaning it attacks and degrades intra- and extracellular
1833:
747:
could be transferred to human conditions if applied medicinally. The vipers are prepared by cooking the flesh of the headless body, grinding a paste of snake ash and mixing it with
1143:
Xu, Xun; Wang, Chun; Liu, Jing; Lu, Zixian (1 January 1981). "Purification and characterization of hemorrhagic components from
Agkistrodon acutus (hundred pace snake) venom".
1592:
755:. Although these practices are common in Chinese medicine, no current studies have affirmed the effectiveness of these treatments. Whether these "cures" simply have a
1550:. (Volume X of the Natural History of Central Asia series, edited by Chester A. Reeds). New York: American Museum of Natural History. lii + 604 pp + Plates I–XXVII. (
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925:. Singapore: Venom and Toxin Research Group National University of Singapore and International Society on Toxicology (Asia-Pacific section). p. 259.
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864:
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930:
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Chen JH, Liang XX, Qiu PX, Yan GM (May 2001). "Thrombolysis effect with FIIa from
Agkistrodon acutus venom in different thrombosis model".
1188:"Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of haemorrhagin IV from the snake venom of Agkistrodon acutus"
743:, and, as previously mentioned, tumors. The same qualities that make snakes flexible, capable of regenerating skin, and able to inflict
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needlessly amputate or burn bitten fingers or limbs, resulting in further complications like the loss of the amputated body part or
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reported a specimen of a total length of 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) and weighing 600 grams (1.3 lb) having eaten a specimen of
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1466:
Subhuti
Dharmananda, PhD The Medicinal Use of Snakes in China. Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. May 1997
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London: Trustees of the
British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I–XXV. (
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Qinghua L, Xiaowei Z, Wei Y, et al. (March 2006). "A catalog for transcripts in the venom gland of the
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304:
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1500:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ.
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209:
1098:"Chinese farmer cuts off finger after being bitten by snake. Doctors tell him he needn't have bothered"
317:
1711:
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Weinberg, Robert A. The
Biology of Cancer. Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group.(2007);343–350.
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of a total length of 51.5 centimetres (20.3 in) and a weight of 530 grams (1.17 lb).
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603:. Nevertheless, this species is considered dangerous, and fatalities are not unusual. An
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960:. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp., 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342.
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through Fas pathway activation. Fas is a protein that becomes a death receptor in the
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751:, drying the snake and compacting it into a powder, or even injecting their venom
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snake venom contains a protein called ACTX-6. This protein was shown to induce
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According to the US Armed Forces Pest
Management Board, the venom is a potent
462:
385:
364:
1648:
1289:"The glomerular mesangial cell: an expanding role for a specialized pericyte"
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venom has been used in traditional
Chinese medicine for centuries to extract
1480:"Agkistrodon acutus pit vipers." Medical-Explorer.com; accessed April 2010.
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vividly patterned than the adults, but this darkens considerably with age.
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Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
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1432:: identification of the toxins potentially involved in coagulopathy".
672:(the degeneration and death of cells that line the inner layer of the
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Brown (1973) mentions a venom yield of up to 214 mg (dried) and
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594:
Dangerous animals often have exaggerated reputations and the species
546:
501:
485:
109:
1619:
817:. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
1125:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73–229.
748:
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680:). Eventually, the kidneys no longer function and the mouse dies.
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1049:. New York: US Government New / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp.
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snake venom induces apoptosis via Fas pathway in A549 cells".
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1548:
The Reptiles of China: Turtles, Crocodilians, Snakes, Lizards
1186:
He, H.; Teng, M.; Niu, L.; Gong, W.; Zhu, Z. (1 March 1996).
1339:
Zhang L, Cui L (September 2007). "A cytotoxin isolated from
1123:
Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes
417:
record measured approximately 1.549 metres (5.08 ft).
683:
When controlled, the venom has some clinical application.
1512:(1979). "A new generic name for the hundred-pace viper".
1012:
668:, within 2 hours the venom begins a process known as
1531:
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Sixth Series
1632:
1434:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1529:(1888). "On a Collection of Reptiles from China".
1376:
1374:
923:Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific Region)
846:". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
408:the head is covered with nine large shields. The
633:. The venom contains at least four hemorrhagins
1554:, pp. 387–390 + Plate XXIII, figures D-G).
1078:. Berlin: GeitjeBooks. First Edition. 368 pp.
1540:, new species, pp. 171–172 + Plate XII).
1396:
1394:
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8:
759:or actually heal the patients is not known.
1620:
676:and regulate glomerular filtration in the
412:are strongly and tubercularly keeled. The
61:
42:
31:
1304:
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1211:
986:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
1476:
1474:
441:, Chinese moccasin, Chinese copperhead,
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978:
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894:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
865:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
802:
800:
798:
796:
768:
1334:
1332:
1246:Morita, Takashi; Churg, Jacob (1983).
1028:. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp.
1026:Reptiles – Their Latin Names Explained
711:Venom and traditional Chinese medicine
921:Gopalakrishnakone P, Chou LM (1990).
916:
914:
912:
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621:(toxicity) values of 0.04 mg/kg
7:
707:until the cell completely implodes.
984:Living Snakes of the World in Color
786:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
727:is currently used in patients with
561:and lizards. Chinese herpetologist
1013:Armed Forces Pest Management Board
656:Venom use in research and medicine
461:. The snake has been an object of
25:
518:British Museum of Natural History
1857:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1506:, new combination, p. 534).
1192:Acta Crystallographica Section D
399:is light brown or greyish brown
86:
1287:Schlondorff D (October 1987).
1096:Yan, Alice (29 October 2019).
1:
1887:Taxa named by Howard K. Gloyd
1571:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1047:Poisonous Snakes of the World
958:Complex: A Monographic Review
1157:10.1016/0041-0101(81)90101-X
480:is found in southern China (
467:indigenous Taiwanese peoples
1514:Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
1045:United States Navy (1991).
1918:
1446:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.006
1403:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
1306:10.1096/fasebj.1.4.3308611
388:are currently recognized.
1588:. Accessed 6 August 2007.
1573:. Accessed 6 August 2007.
1357:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.008
1213:10.1107/S0907444995014363
691:(cell death) in isolated
241:
234:
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83:Scientific classification
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59:
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1536:: 165–172 + Plate XII. (
1102:South China Morning Post
1066:Gumprecht A, Tillack F,
629:and 9.2–10.0 mg/kg
1015:. Accessed 30 May 2007.
888:Deinagkistrodon acutus
549:such as rats and mice,
1867:Monotypic snake genera
1691:deinagkistrodon-acutus
1664:Deinagkistrodon acutus
1634:Deinagkistrodon acutus
1595:Deinagkistrodon acutus
1580:Deinagkistrodon acutus
1566:Deinagkistrodon acutus
1341:Deinagkistrodon acutus
1008:Deinagkistrodon acutus
844:Deinagkistrodon acutus
716:Deinagkistrodon acutus
478:Deinagkistrodon acutus
459:hundred-pace pit viper
397:Deinagkistrodon acutus
373:Deinagkistrodon acutus
338:Deinagkistrodon acutus
219:Deinagkistrodon acutus
18:Deinagkistrodon acutus
455:sharp-nosed pit viper
1252:Kidney International
982:Mehrtens JM (1987).
451:long-nosed pit viper
1882:Reptiles of Vietnam
1607:on 30 November 2012
1345:Toxicology in Vitro
1265:10.1038/ki.1983.119
1204:1996AcCrD..52..407Z
1074:, Ryabov S (2004).
664:. If injected into
325:Calloselasma acutus
250:Palisot de Beauvois
53:Conservation status
1877:Reptiles of Taiwan
1552:Agkistrodon acutus
1504:Ancistrodon acutus
1430:Agkistrodon acutus
813:, Touré T (1999).
650:heart palpitations
577:As one of the few
545:consists of small
447:hundred-pace snake
312:Agkistrodon acutus
299:Ancistrodon acutus
1897:Snakes of Vietnam
1872:Reptiles of China
1844:
1843:
1816:Open Tree of Life
1626:Taxon identifiers
1293:The FASEB Journal
1121:Brown JH (1973).
1024:Gotch AF (1986).
932:978-9971-62-217-6
697:cellular membrane
644:that is strongly
625:, 4.0 mg/kg
431:sharp-nosed viper
425:Common names for
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1132:
1131:0-398-02808-7
1128:
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1085:
1084:3-937975-00-4
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1055:0-486-26629-X
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1034:0-7137-1704-1
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992:0-8069-6460-X
989:
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966:0-916984-20-6
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567:Rattus rattus
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514:type locality
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439:hundred pacer
436:
435:snorkel viper
432:
428:
420:
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411:
410:dorsal scales
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402:
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342:— Gloyd, 1979
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1605:the original
1600:
1594:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1538:Halys acutus
1537:
1533:
1530:
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1516:
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1496:Boulenger GA
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1429:
1423:
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784:
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715:
714:
701:cytoskeleton
693:cancer cells
684:
682:
659:
639:
635:Acutolysin A
613:
595:
593:
582:
581:pit vipers,
576:
573:Reproduction
566:
542:
541:The diet of
540:
529:
528:The species
527:
477:
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421:Common names
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199:
180:
179:
35:
29:
1738:iNaturalist
1658:Wikispecies
1107:22 November
956:Agkistrodon
811:Campbell JA
646:hemorrhagic
504:, northern
392:Description
376:, which is
282:Gloyd, 1979
268:Ancistrodon
245:Agkistrodon
166:Subfamily:
1862:Crotalinae
1851:Categories
1611:21 October
1258:(1): 1–9.
899:3 November
870:3 November
825:(series).
763:References
674:glomerulus
463:veneration
443:five-pacer
414:subcaudals
386:subspecies
170:Crotalinae
146:Suborder:
68:Vulnerable
1578:Video of
1527:Günther A
1222:0907-4449
1165:0041-0101
1072:Captain A
833:(volume).
745:paralysis
729:arthritis
725:D. acutus
720:antivenin
689:apoptosis
685:D. acutus
642:hemotoxin
605:antivenom
596:D. acutus
583:D. acutus
579:oviparous
563:Zhao Ermi
543:D. acutus
530:D. acutus
498:Guangdong
427:D. acutus
405:D. acutus
365:pit viper
358:monotypic
305:Boulenger
261:Fabricius
195:Species:
160:Viperidae
150:Serpentes
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
1756:10367821
1643:Wikidata
1546:(1935).
1510:Gloyd HK
1498:(1896).
1454:16438937
1415:11743889
1365:17544616
1323:15762174
1230:15299713
1068:Orlov NL
952:(1990).
950:Conant R
946:Gloyd HK
662:proteins
601:gangrene
482:Zhejiang
429:include
401:dorsally
236:Synonyms
156:Family:
140:Squamata
130:Reptilia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
1730:2444497
1649:Q716476
1586:YouTube
1569:at the
1544:Pope CH
1315:3308611
1274:6353041
1200:Bibcode
1173:7302954
1145:Toxicon
737:tetanus
733:leprosy
547:mammals
524:Habitat
506:Vietnam
378:endemic
368:species
229:, 1888)
227:Günther
176:Genus:
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
1834:acutus
1821:379342
1782:190644
1769:634883
1717:795116
1686:ARKive
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678:kidney
609:Taiwan
512:. The
502:Taiwan
486:Fujian
333:, 1971
331:Burger
320:, 1908
318:Namiye
307:, 1896
274:, 1830
272:Wagler
263:, 1803
252:, 1799
189:, 1979
1808:98839
1795:36307
1751:IRMNG
1743:30685
1704:6CGGW
1319:S2CID
749:honey
741:boils
590:Venom
559:frogs
555:toads
551:birds
494:Hubei
490:Hunan
384:. No
361:genus
356:is a
257:Halys
187:Gloyd
1790:NCBI
1777:IUCN
1764:ITIS
1725:GBIF
1613:2012
1450:PMID
1411:PMID
1382:ISBN
1361:PMID
1311:PMID
1270:PMID
1226:PMID
1218:ISSN
1169:PMID
1161:ISSN
1127:ISBN
1109:2019
1080:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1030:ISBN
988:ISBN
962:ISBN
927:ISBN
901:2006
872:2006
827:ISBN
819:ISBN
666:mice
537:Diet
510:Laos
1712:EoL
1699:CoL
1673:ADW
1584:on
1442:doi
1438:341
1353:doi
1301:doi
1260:doi
1208:doi
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1011:at
705:DNA
500:),
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380:to
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