556:. It is deep and located in a maxillary cavity. The membrane is like an eardrum that divides the pit into two sections of unequal size, with the larger of the two facing forwards and exposed to the environment. The two sections are connected via a narrow tube, or duct, that can be opened or closed by a group of surrounding muscles. By controlling this tube, the snake can balance the air pressure on either side of the membrane. The membrane has many nerve endings packed with
215:
237:
36:
761:, meaning that the embryos develop within eggs that remain inside the mother's body until the offspring are ready to hatch, when the hatchlings emerge as functionally free-living young. In such species, the eggshells are reduced to soft membranes that the young shed, either within the reproductive tract, or immediately after emerging.
601:. As pit vipers are thought to have had an Asian origin before eventually colonizing the Americas, this suggests that they must have originated and diversified even earlier. During the Late Miocene, they reached as far west as eastern Europe, where they are no longer found; it is thought that they did not expand further into Europe.
576:
have also been found in it. When prey comes into range, infrared radiation falling onto the membrane allows the snake to determine its direction. Having one of these organs on either side of the head produces a stereo effect that indicates distance, as well as direction. Experiments have shown, when
748:
Like most snakes, crotalines keep to themselves and strike only if cornered or threatened. Smaller snakes are less likely to stand their ground than larger specimens. Pollution and the destruction of rainforests have caused many pit viper populations to decline. Humans also threaten pit vipers, as
584:
Among vipers, these snakes are also unique in that they have a specialized muscle, called the muscularis pterigoidius glandulae, between the venom gland and the head of the ectopterygoid. Contraction of this muscle, together with that of the muscularis compressor glandulae, forces venom out of the
798:
Many young crotalines have brightly coloured tails that contrast dramatically with the rest of their bodies. These tails are known to be used by a number of species in a behavior known as caudal luring; the young snakes make worm-like movements with their tails to lure unsuspecting prey within
715:
to Sri Lanka, most are nocturnal, preferring to avoid high daytime temperatures and to hunt when their favored prey are also active. The snakes' heat-sensitive pits are also thought to aid in locating cooler areas in which to rest.
1489:, Oaxaca and Chiapas on the Pacific side, the Yucatán Peninsula on the Atlantic side) southward through Central America to northern South America (Ecuador in the Pacific lowlands, northern Venezuela in the Atlantic lowlands)
577:
deprived of their senses of sight and smell, these snakes can strike accurately at moving objects less than 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) warmer than the background. The paired pit organs provide the snake with thermal
725:
of China, is known to select a specific ambush site and return to it every year in time for the spring migration of birds. Studies have indicated these snakes learn to improve their strike accuracy over time.
733:), the snakes benefiting from the combined heat. In cool temperatures and while pregnant, pit vipers also bask on sunny ledges. Some species do not mass together in this way, for example the copperhead,
536:
This subfamily is unique in that all member species share a common characteristic – a deep pit, or fossa, in the loreal area between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head. These
1821:
Parker HW, Grandison AGC. 1977. Snakes -- a natural history. Second
Edition. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625.
2052:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). (Seventh Printing 1985). ("Crotalidae", p. 901).
544:-detecting organs, which in effect give the snakes a sixth sense to help them find and perhaps even judge the size of the small, warm-blooded prey on which they feed. The
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and southeastern Oaxaca), southward through the highlands of
Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, northern Nicaragua, Costa Rica) to western Panama
2183:
1969:
1676:
1647:
McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
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1773:
1624:
1355:. On the Pacific versant, they occur in isolated populations in east-central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama.
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capabilities. Clearly, these organs are of great value to a predator that hunts at night, as well as for avoiding the snake’s own predators.
1899:
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As ambush predators, crotalines typically wait patiently somewhere for unsuspecting prey to wander by. At least one species, the arboreal
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Many temperate species of pit vipers (e.g. most rattlesnakes) congregate in sheltered areas or "dens" to overwinter (brumate, see
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The mountains of eastern Mexico southeastward on the
Atlantic versant and lowlands though Central America to central
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53:
527:, that grows to a typical total length (including tail) of only 30–45 cm (12–18 in), to the bushmaster,
46:
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1846:
Bullock, T. H. and Diecke, F. P. J. (1956). Properties of an infrared receptor. Journal of
Physiology 134, 47-87.
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Southeastern Canada, eastern, central and northwestern USA, isolated populations in northern and central Mexico
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1966:
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1992:"A Review of Caudal Luring in Snakes with Notes on Its Occurrence in the Saharan Sand Viper, Cerastes vipera"
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and the crotalines as a whole is undisputed, which is why they are treated here as a subfamily of the
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1900:"Thermoregulation is the pits: use of thermal radiation for retreat site selection by rattlesnakes"
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Gumprecht, Andreas; Tillack, Frank (2004). "A proposal for a replacement name of the snake genus
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in China, both of which have been found above the treeline at over 4,000 m above sea level.
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533:, a species known to reach a maximum total length of 3.65 m (12.0 ft) in length.
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pit organ located between the eye and the nostril on both sides of the head. Currently, 23
1973:
1874:"The first European pit viper from the Miocene of Ukraine - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"
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Brood sizes range from two for very small species, to as many as 86 for the fer-de-lance,
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is complex in structure and is similar to the thermoreceptive labial pits found in
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North
America from the northeastern and central USA southward through peninsular
226:), showing the characteristic infrared pit below and between the eye and nostril
2157:
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Northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas) southward through
Central and South America to
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many are hunted for their skins or killed by cars when they wander onto roads.
1954:, Sun L, Kearney M, Fitzgerald M (2002). "Why do Juvenile Chinese Pit-Vipers (
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1804:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp., 1,500 plates.
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Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp.
2055:
Goris RC (2011). "Infrared organs of snakes: an integral part of vision".
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Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
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Although a few species of crotalines are highly active by day, such as
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1991:
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species. All egg-laying crotalines are believed to guard their eggs.
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found in the
Americas. The groups of snakes represented here include
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1708:. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
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These snakes range in size from the diminutive hump-nosed viper,
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found in Asia and the
Americas. Like all other vipers, they are
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Southeast Asia from India to southern China and Japan, and the
807:
In the past, the pit vipers were usually classed as a separate
795:, which is among the most prolific of all live-bearing snakes.
1977:
29:
649:
Crotalines are a versatile subfamily, with members found in
1759:
Sometimes spelled "pitvipers" – Campbell & Lamar, 2004
898:. Along the Pacific coastal plain and lower foothills from
540:
are the external openings to a pair of extremely sensitive
1188:
The Americas, from southern Canada to northern Argentina
685:) is semiaquatic. The altitude record is held jointly by
593:
The earliest known fossil pit viper remains are from the
641:
southward to Central America to southern South America.
480:
and 155 species are recognized: These are also the only
1898:
Krochmal, Aaron R.; Bakken, George S. (1 August 2003).
1230:
Mount Kinabalu pit viper, Chasen's mountain pit viper
971:), through Central America to northern South America (
2091:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2050:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
878:. In Central America on the Atlantic versant from
2074:Pit organs at Life is Short, but Snakes are Long
560:. Succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase,
1802:The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere
472:. They are distinguished by the presence of a
679:, and at least one species (the cottonmouth,
8:
637:. In the Americas, they range from southern
1796:
1794:
1792:
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2079:
213:
133:
1990:Heatwole, H.; Davison, Elizabeth (1976).
1742:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
1596:*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1677:List of crotaline species and subspecies
1643:
1641:
830:
1774:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1734:
1732:
1730:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1625:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
609:The subfamily Crotalinae is found from
1367:Jadin, H.M.Smith & Campbell, 2011
811:: the Crotalidae. Today, however, the
7:
1342:Campbell, Frost, & Castoe, 2019
757:With few exceptions, crotalines are
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1740:Living Snakes of the World in Color
1589:Southern India and Southeast Asia
25:
1958:) Select Arboreal Ambush Sites?"
1276:and China, Korea, Japan and the
235:
34:
1904:Journal of Experimental Biology
45:needs additional citations for
2037:Russian Journal of Herpetology
1800:Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004).
1118:Southern Mexico (highlands of
967:and the northern highlands of
963:Southern Mexico (southeastern
939:Costa Rica and western Panama
427:Smith, Smith & Sawin, 1977
1:
2048:; Wright, Anna Allen (1957).
1978:School of Biological Sciences
1501:Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983
1247:Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
739:, or the Mojave rattlesnake,
1429:) of India eastward through
1224:Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
768:(egg-laying) pit vipers are
708:Trimeresurus trigonocephalus
439:Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983
433:Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
1980:. Accessed 26 October 2006.
1965:: 897–910. ISSN 0179-1613.
1109:Campbell & Lamar, 1992
711:, a bright green pit viper
2241:
1330:Central and South America
936:Picado's jumping pitviper
613:eastward and southward to
1397:Mexican horned pitvipers
902:south through Guatemala,
338:
331:
232:Scientific classification
230:
221:
212:
136:
1976:at University of Sydney
1058:off the coast of Brazil
1056:Ilha da Queimada Grande
1014:Northern South America
667:(e.g., the bushmaster,
657:(e.g., the sidewinder,
2057:Journal of Herpetology
1300:Hump-nosed pit vipers
1272:from Pakistan, India,
1209:Hundred-pace pitviper
1011:Toadheaded pit vipers
736:Agkistrodon contortrix
682:Agkistrodon piscivorus
671:). They may be either
574:acetylcholine esterase
562:adenosine triphosphate
500:for this subfamily is
2197:Paleobiology Database
653:ranging from parched
143:Early Miocene–present
2046:Wright, Albert Hazen
1972:24 July 2008 at the
1956:Gloydius shedoaensis
1738:Mehrtens JM (1987).
1531:Ground rattlesnakes
1418:Mountain pit vipers
1256:Russia, east of the
1082:Southeast Asia from
799:striking distance.
722:Gloydius shedaoensis
688:Crotalus triseriatus
452:, commonly known as
222:Timber rattlesnake (
54:improve this article
1482:Hognose pit vipers
1373:Mexican pit vipers
859:Palisot de Beauvois
742:Crotalus scutulatus
27:Subfamily of snakes
1704:, Touré T (1999).
1348:Jumping pitvipers
1115:Montane pitvipers
512:timber rattlesnake
2212:
2211:
2085:Taxon identifiers
1916:10.1242/jeb.00471
1910:(15): 2539–2545.
1593:
1592:
1560:Malay Archipelago
1555:Asian lanceheads
1457:) and Indonesia (
1079:Malayan pitviper
888:Yucatán Peninsula
886:southward to the
874:and southwestern
846:Geographic range
694:Gloydius strauchi
660:Crotalus cerastes
566:monoamine oxidase
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1129:Craspedocephalus
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1827:0-8014-1095-9
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1810:0-8014-4141-2
1807:
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1749:
1748:0-8069-6460-X
1745:
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1735:
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1727:
1723:
1722:1-893777-01-4
1719:
1715:
1714:1-893777-00-6
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
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1661:1-893777-01-4
1658:
1654:
1653:1-893777-00-6
1650:
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1597:
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1574:
1573:
1572:Tropidolaemus
1569:
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1496:Protobothrops
1493:
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1478:
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1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
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1448:
1447:West Malaysia
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:Seven Sisters
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:Burger, 1981
1411:
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1215:
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1199:
1197:
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1187:
1185:Rattlesnakes
1184:
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993:Bothrocophias
990:
989:
986:
983:and northern
982:
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966:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
947:
943:
942:
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932:
930:Werman, 1992
929:
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839:
837:Taxon author
836:
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832:
826:
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800:
796:
794:
793:
787:
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779:
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773:
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767:
762:
760:
759:ovoviviparous
752:
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670:
669:Lachesis muta
666:
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644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:, peninsular
624:
620:
616:
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602:
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595:Early Miocene
588:
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582:
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575:
571:
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555:
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547:
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531:
530:Lachesis muta
526:
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403:Strauch, 1873
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2092:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2011:. Retrieved
1999:
1995:
1985:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1907:
1903:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1851:
1842:
1817:
1801:
1777:. Retrieved
1770:"Crotalinae"
1764:
1755:
1739:
1705:
1698:McDiarmid RW
1628:. Retrieved
1621:"Crotalinae"
1595:
1594:
1570:
1541:Trimeresurus
1539:
1515:
1494:
1466:
1437:, Thailand,
1405:
1381:
1360:
1335:
1327:Bushmasters
1311:
1284:
1240:
1217:
1193:
1166:
1154:to northern
1127:
1104:Cerrophidion
1102:
1086:to northern
1065:Calloselasma
1063:
1019:
991:
944:
923:
851:
843:Common name
806:
797:
790:
788:
783:Trimeresurus
781:
777:Calloselasma
775:
769:
763:
756:
753:Reproduction
747:
740:
734:
728:
720:
718:
706:
704:
692:
686:
680:
668:
658:
648:
611:Central Asia
608:
592:
583:
558:mitochondria
535:
528:
522:
520:
515:
508:type species
501:
486:rattlesnakes
474:heat-sensing
457:
453:
449:
447:
409:Garman, 1884
407:Bothrophera
371:Crotaloidei
359:Crotaloidae
349:Cuvier, 1817
318:
223:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2158:iNaturalist
2117:Wikispecies
1883:21 February
1702:Campbell JA
1507:Pit vipers
1139:van Hasselt
1044:Saint Lucia
1035:Lanceheads
946:Bothriechis
904:El Salvador
853:Agkistrodon
780:, and some
731:hibernation
677:terrestrial
665:rainforests
579:rangefinder
538:loreal pits
516:C. horridus
425:Lachesinii
419:Lachesinae
389:Crotalinae
383:Bothrophes
353:Crotalidae
343:Oppel, 1811
315:Subfamily:
69:"Pit viper"
2225:Crotalinae
2123:Crotalinae
2093:Crotalinae
1779:26 October
1716:(series).
1683:References
1655:(series).
1630:26 October
1601:Type genus
1468:Porthidium
1421:Nepal and
1362:Mixcoatlus
1306:and India
1147:Pit viper
1048:Martinique
975:, western
925:Atropoides
916:Costa Rica
884:Nuevo León
880:Tamaulipas
867:Moccasins
764:Among the
498:type genus
490:lanceheads
458:pit adders
454:pit vipers
450:Crotalinae
421:Cope, 1900
415:Cope, 1895
413:Cophiinae
401:Crotalida
397:Cope, 1871
391:Cope, 1860
377:Crotalina
367:Boie, 1827
365:Cophiadae
341:Crotalini
319:Crotalinae
295:Suborder:
80:newspapers
18:Crotalinae
2013:24 August
1829:(cloth),
1724:(volume).
1663:(volume).
1517:Sistrurus
1453:, Japan (
1383:Ophryacus
1304:Sri Lanka
1292:Fitzinger
1270:Himalayas
1160:Indonesia
1150:India to
1096:Indonesia
1040:Argentina
999:Gutberlet
977:Venezuela
912:Nicaragua
896:Guatemala
821:Viperidae
817:viperines
813:monophyly
766:oviparous
635:Sri Lanka
623:Indonesia
589:Evolution
570:esterases
546:pit organ
462:subfamily
355:Gay, 1825
347:Crotales
309:Viperidae
299:Serpentes
255:Kingdom:
249:Eukaryota
137:Pit viper
110:June 2011
2219:Category
2150:55638647
2102:Wikidata
2042:: 73–76.
1970:Archived
1960:Ethology
1932:18140029
1924:12819261
1837:(paper).
1671:See also
1547:Lacépède
1485:Mexico (
1435:Cambodia
1313:Lachesis
1260:through
1242:Gloydius
1219:Garthius
1174:Linnaeus
1168:Crotalus
1156:Malaysia
1152:Thailand
1120:Guerrero
1088:Malaysia
1084:Thailand
1021:Bothrops
1003:Campbell
973:Colombia
908:Honduras
840:Species
803:Taxonomy
771:Lachesis
701:Behavior
673:arboreal
651:habitats
599:Nebraska
542:infrared
503:Crotalus
482:viperids
470:venomous
460:, are a
333:Synonyms
305:Family:
289:Squamata
279:Reptilia
269:Chordata
265:Phylum:
259:Animalia
245:Domain:
2108:Q595983
2062:: 2–14.
2008:3891463
1952:Shine R
1937:11 June
1580:, 1830
1549:, 1804
1525:, 1883
1476:, 1871
1459:Sumatra
1455:Okinawa
1443:Vietnam
1431:Myanmar
1407:Ovophis
1400:Mexico
1391:, 1887
1376:Mexico
1321:, 1803
1294:, 1843
1286:Hypnale
1262:Siberia
1203:, 1979
1141:, 1822
1073:, 1860
1050:in the
1029:, 1824
1005:, 2001
981:Ecuador
969:Chiapas
954:, 1859
872:Florida
861:, 1799
815:of the
713:endemic
645:Habitat
585:gland.
554:pythons
510:is the
285:Order:
275:Class:
94:scholar
2176:634394
2163:797576
2006:
1930:
1922:
1859:
1833:
1825:
1808:
1746:
1720:
1712:
1659:
1651:
1578:Wagler
1523:Garman
1487:Colima
1451:Taiwan
1353:Panama
1319:Daudin
1268:, the
1234:Borneo
1137:&
1027:Wagler
1001:&
965:Oaxaca
952:Peters
900:Sonora
892:Belize
834:Genus
827:Genera
809:family
655:desert
639:Canada
633:, and
572:, and
496:. The
492:, and
478:genera
466:vipers
456:, or
326:, 1811
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2202:53087
2137:87CGB
2033:Ermia
2004:JSTOR
1928:S2CID
1564:Timor
1510:Asia
1427:Assam
1274:Nepal
1201:Gloyd
876:Texas
663:) to
631:Nepal
627:India
619:China
615:Japan
324:Oppel
101:JSTOR
87:books
2189:8710
2184:NCBI
2171:ITIS
2015:2021
1939:2022
1920:PMID
1885:2024
1857:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1781:2006
1744:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1632:2006
1474:Cope
1439:Laos
1389:Cope
1266:Iran
1178:1758
1158:and
1135:Kuhl
1092:Java
1090:and
1071:Cope
1046:and
985:Peru
910:and
894:and
882:and
552:and
550:boas
448:The
148:PreꞒ
73:news
2145:EoL
2132:CoL
1967:PDF
1963:108
1912:doi
1908:206
1562:to
1552:43
1504:14
1250:22
1182:51
1144:15
1032:48
957:11
675:or
597:of
464:of
56:by
2221::
2199::
2186::
2173::
2160::
2147::
2134::
2119::
2104::
2060:45
2040:11
2000:32
1998:.
1994:.
1926:.
1918:.
1906:.
1902:.
1876:.
1789:^
1772:.
1729:^
1700:,
1690:^
1640:^
1623:.
1610:^
1603:.
1599:)
1583:5
1528:3
1479:9
1461:)
1449:,
1445:,
1441:,
1433:,
1415:7
1394:3
1370:3
1345:6
1324:4
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1264:,
1227:1
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1042:;
1008:9
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906:,
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864:6
823:.
774:,
745:.
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617:,
564:,
518:.
514:,
488:,
198:Pg
2017:.
1941:.
1914::
1887:.
1863:.
1812:.
1783:.
1750:.
1634:.
1425:(
203:N
193:K
188:J
183:T
178:P
173:C
168:D
163:S
158:O
153:Ꞓ
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108:(
98:·
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