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hemorrhage in these children by 50%. In the same committee statement, ACOG also recognize several other likely benefits for preterm infants, including "improved transitional circulation, better establishment of red blood cell volume, and decreased need for blood transfusion". In
January 2017, a revised Committee Opinion extended the recommendation to term infants, citing data that term infants benefit from increased hemoglobin levels in the newborn period and improved iron stores in the first months of life, which may result in improved developmental outcomes. ACOG recognized a small increase in the incidence of jaundice in term infants with delayed cord clamping, and recommended policies be in place to monitor for and treat neonatal jaundice. ACOG also noted that delayed cord clamping is not associated with increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage.
539:
965:
206:
555:
563:
547:
651:, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40–0.70). A decrease was also found in a study from 2008. Although there is higher hemoglobin level at 2 months, this effect did not persist beyond 6 months of age. Not clamping the cord for three minutes following the birth of a baby improved outcomes at four years of age. A delay of three minutes or more in umbilical cord clamping after birth reduce the prevalence of anemia in infants.
941:
977:
953:
989:
487:
2710:
583:, and so cutting it requires a suitably sharp instrument. While umbilical severance may be delayed until after the cord has stopped pulsing (1–3 minutes after birth), there is ordinarily no significant loss of either venous or arterial blood while cutting the cord. Current evidence neither supports, nor refutes, delayed cutting of the cord, according to the
815:
place of a bone marrow transplant in the treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia, with donations released for transplant through one registry, Netcord.org, passing 1,000,000 as of
January 2013. Cord blood is used when the patient cannot find a matching bone marrow donor; this "extension" of the donor pool has driven the expansion of public banks.
298:(UC-MSC) have been used clinically to treat osteoarthritis, autoimmune diseases, and multiple other conditions. Their advantages include a better harvesting, and multiplication, and immunosuppressive properties that define their potential for use in transplantations. Their use would also overcome the ethical objections raised by the use of
272:) long and about 2 centimeters (0.75 in) in diameter. This diameter decreases rapidly within the placenta. The fully patent umbilical artery has two main layers: an outer layer consisting of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant
814:
Cord blood stored with private banks is typically reserved for use of the donor child only. In contrast, cord blood stored in public banks is accessible to anyone with a closely matching tissue type and demonstrated need. The use of cord blood from public banks is increasing. Currently it is used in
634:
In 2012, the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists officially endorsed delaying clamping of the umbilical cord for 30–60 seconds with the newborn held below the level of the placenta in all cases of preterm delivery based largely on evidence that it reduces the risk of intraventricular
590:
There are umbilical cord clamps which incorporate a knife. These clamps are safer and faster, allowing one to first apply the cord clamp and then cut the umbilical cord. After the cord is clamped and cut, the newborn wears a plastic clip on the navel area until the compressed region of the cord has
806:
which recommended that expectant parents be given a balanced perspective on their options for cord blood banking. In response to their constituents, state legislators across the country are introducing legislation intended to help inform physicians and expectant parents on the options for donating,
790:
has stated that cord blood banking for self-use should be discouraged (as most conditions requiring the use of stem cells will already exist in the cord blood), while banking for general use should be encouraged. In the future, cord blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs) may be banked and
706:
As the umbilical vein is directly connected to the central circulation, it can be used as a route for placement of a venous catheter for infusion and medication. The umbilical vein catheter is a reliable alternative to percutaneous peripheral or central venous catheters or intraosseous canulas and
428:
Closure of the umbilical artery by vasoconstriction consists of multiple constrictions which increase in number and degree with time. There are segments of dilations with trapped uncoagulated blood between the constrictions before complete occlusion. Both the partial constrictions and the ultimate
614:
in 2013 came to the conclusion that delayed cord clamping (between one and three minutes after birth) is "likely to be beneficial as long as access to treatment for jaundice requiring phototherapy is available". In this review delayed clamping, as contrasted to early, resulted in no difference in
798:
While the
American Academy of Pediatrics discourages private banking except in the case of existing medical need, it also says that information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation should be provided so that parents can make an informed decision.
313:
that protects the blood vessels inside. It contains one vein, which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and two arteries that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away. Occasionally, only two vessels (one vein and one artery) are present in the umbilical cord. This is
779:). This practice is controversial, with critics asserting that early cord blood withdrawal at the time of birth actually increases the likelihood of childhood disease, due to the high volume of blood taken (an average of 108ml) in relation to the baby's total supply (typically 300ml). The
826:
In some animals, the mother will gnaw through the cord, thus separating the placenta from the offspring. The cord along with the placenta is often eaten by the mother, to provide nourishment and to dispose of tissues that would otherwise attract scavengers or predators. In
214:
831:, the mother leaves the cord in place and nurses her young with the cord and placenta attached until the cord dries out and separates naturally, within a day of birth, at which time the cord is discarded. (This was first documented by zoologists in the wild in 1974.)
873:
to their spacecraft. Engineers sometimes use the term to describe a complex or critical cable connecting a component, especially when composed of bundles of conductors of different colors, thickness and types, terminating in a single multi-contact disconnect.
594:
The length of umbilical left attached to the newborn varies by practice; in most hospital settings the length of cord left attached after clamping and cutting is minimal. In the United States, however, where the birth occurred outside of the hospital and an
404:
After birth, the umbilical cord stump will dry up and drop away by the time the baby is three weeks old. If the stump still has not separated after three weeks, it might be a sign of an underlying problem, such as an infection or immune system disorder.
638:
Several studies have shown benefits of delayed cord clamping: A meta-analysis showed that delaying clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates for a minimum of 2 minutes following birth is beneficial to the newborn in giving improved
47:
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810:
The use of cord blood stem cells in treating conditions such as brain injury and Type 1 Diabetes is already being studied in humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke, and hearing loss.
669:
Delayed clamping is not recommended as a response to cases where the newborn is not breathing well and needs resuscitation. Rather, the recommendation is instead to immediately clamp and cut the cord and perform
570:
The cord can be clamped at different times; however, delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord until at least one minute after birth improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat the small risk of
420:
of the blood vessels by smooth muscle contraction. In effect, a natural clamp is created, halting the flow of blood. In air at 18 °C, this physiological clamping will take three minutes or less. In
2100:
Ittleman, Benjamin R.; German, Kendell R.; Scott, Emily; Walker, Valencia; Flaherman, Valerie J.; Szabo, Joanne; Beavers, Jessica B. (2019). "Umbilical Cord
Nonseverance and Adverse Neonatal Outcomes".
325:, connecting the lungs to the heart). However, this naming convention reflects the fact that the umbilical vein carries blood towards the fetus' heart, while the umbilical arteries carry blood away.
2742:
1237:
686:" or umbilical nonseverance. The entire intact umbilical cord is allowed to dry and separates on its own (typically on the 3rd day after birth), falling off and leaving a healed umbilicus. The
343:
part of an umbilical cord refers to the segment closest to the embryo or fetus in embryology and fetal medicine, and closest to the placenta in placental pathology, and opposite for the
2003:
1784:
Committee on
Obstetric Practice, American College of Obstetricians and, Gynecologists (December 2012). "Committee Opinion No.543: Timing of umbilical cord clamping after birth".
429:
closure are mainly produced by muscle cells of the outer circular layer. In contrast, the inner layer seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an
886:
chemicals have been found in the blood of umbilical cords. These originate from certain plastics, computer circuit boards, fumes and synthetic fragrances among others. Over 300
584:
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discarding or banking lifesaving newborn stem cells. Currently 17 states, representing two-thirds of U.S. births, have enacted legislation recommended by the IoM guidelines.
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780:
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Some parents choose to have this blood diverted from the baby's umbilical blood transfer through early cord clamping and cutting, to freeze for long-term storage at a
2069:
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The umbilical cord in some mammals, including cattle and sheep, contains two distinct umbilical veins. There is only one umbilical vein in the human umbilical cord.
802:
In the United States, cord blood education has been supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the
National Academy of Sciences published an
1867:
Hutton EK, Hassan ES (March 2007). "Late vs early clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials".
1037:
248:, replacing the yolk sac as the source of nutrients for the embryo. The cord is not directly connected to the mother's circulatory system, but instead joins the
1979:
1067:
2402:
Revoltella RP, et al. (2008). "Cochlear repair by transplantation of human cord blood CD133+ cells to nod-scid mice made deaf with kanamycin and noise".
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stated in 2006 that "there is still insufficient evidence to recommend directed commercial cord blood collection and stem-cell storage in low-risk families".
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2262:
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matched with other patients, much like blood and transplanted tissues. The use of CBEs could potentially eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with
715:
From 24 to 34 weeks of gestation, when the fetus is typically viable, blood can be taken from the cord in order to test for abnormalities (particularly for
2728:
252:, which transfers materials to and from the maternal blood without allowing direct mixing. The length of the umbilical cord is approximately equal to the
964:
724:
2221:
1666:
1588:
1456:
Quan A, Leung SW, Lao TT, Man RY (December 2003). "5-hydroxytryptamine and thromboxane A2 as physiologic mediators of human umbilical artery closure".
2958:
658:. Still, this condition appeared to be benign in studies. Infants whose cord clamping occurred later than 60 seconds after birth had a higher rate of
627:
concentration of on average 1.5 g/dL with half the risk of being iron deficient at three and six months, but an increased risk of jaundice requiring
1139:
Moshiri, Mariam; Zaidi, Sadaf F.; Robinson, Tracy J.; Bhargava, Puneet; Siebert, Joseph R.; Dubinsky, Theodore J.; Katz, Douglas S. (January 2014).
509:, (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck) but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation.
538:
1359:
2569:
Chen, Mei-Huei; Ha, Eun-Hee; Wen, Ting-Wen; Su, Yi-Ning; Lien, Guang-Wen; Chen, Chia-Yang; Chen, Pau-Chung; Hsieh, Wu-Shiun (3 August 2012).
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direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete the closure. The vasoconstrictive occlusion appears to be mainly mediated by
2000:
862:
The term "umbilical cord" or just "umbilical" has also come to be used for other cords with similar functions, such as the hose connecting
803:
2265:
2011-08-12 at
Wikiwix, Autologous Cord Blood Cells for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Study 1. Phase I Study of Feasibility and Safety
1563:
2022:
1535:
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It is unusual for a vein to carry oxygenated blood and for arteries to carry deoxygenated blood (the only other examples being the
1710:
694:. In one such case a 20-hour old baby whose parents chose UCNS was brought to the hospital in an agonal state, was diagnosed with
2488:
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197:. Conversely, the fetal heart pumps low-oxygen, nutrient-depleted blood through the umbilical arteries back to the placenta.
96:
2213:
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has warned about the risks of infection as the decomposing placenta tissue becomes a nest for infectious bacteria such as
671:
332:. Adapted to the weight of the fetus, this corresponds to 115 ml / min / kg at 20 weeks and 64 ml / min / kg at 40 weeks.
599:(EMT) clamps and cuts the cord, a longer segment up to 18 cm (7 in) in length is left attached to the newborn.
1418:
Yao AC, Lind J, Lu T (1977). "Closure of the human umbilical artery: a physiological demonstration of Burton's theory".
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623:. On the other hand, delayed clamping resulted in an increased birth weight of on average about 100 g, and an increased
596:
336:
329:
221:
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than in term ones. In contrast to the contribution of
Wharton's jelly, cooling causes only temporary vasoconstriction.
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Umbilical cord can be detected on ultrasound by 6 weeks of gestation and well-visualised by 8 to 9 weeks of gestation.
460:
369:
498:
A number of abnormalities can affect the umbilical cord, which can cause problems that affect both mother and child:
1971:
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Within the child, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus close up, and degenerate into fibrous remnants known as the
1096:
Meyer WW, Rumpelt HJ, Yao AC, Lind J (July 1978). "Structure and closure mechanism of the human umbilical artery".
512:
502:
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2324:
Vendrame M, et al. (2006). "Cord blood rescues stroke-induced changes in splenocyte phenotype and function".
2456:
468:
91:
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Vendrame M, et al. (2005). "Anti-inflammatory effects of human cord blood cells in a rat model of stroke".
161:, the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two
2780:
746:
79:
2259:
2659:"Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Wharton's Jelly from Preterm Birth Have Neuroglial Differentiation Potential"
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The blood flow through the umbilical cord is approximately 35 ml / min at 20 weeks, and 240 ml / min at 40
2907:
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425:, where the water temperature is close to body temperature, normal pulsation can be 5 minutes and longer.
103:
1930:
Andersson, O; Lindquist, B; Lindgren, M; Stjernqvist, K; Domellöf, M; Hellström-Westas, L (1 July 2015).
1339:"Peculiarities in the Vascular System in the Fetus – Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body – Yahoo! Education"
2663:
1496:
White RP (January 1989). "Pharmacodynamic study of maturation and closure of human umbilical arteries".
1383:
Cohain, J. S. (2010). "A Proposed
Protocol for Third Stage Management – Judy's 3,4,5,10 minute method".
1188:"Short review on human umbilical cord lining epithelial cells and their potential clinical applications"
898:
616:
430:
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380:(connecting to its left branch), which carries blood into the liver. The second branch (known as the
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1932:"Effect of Delayed Cord Clamping on Neurodevelopment at 4 Years of Age: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
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if it occurs. Clamping is followed by cutting of the cord, which is painless due to the absence of
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1916:"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes."
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280:. The smooth muscle cells of the layer are rather poorly differentiated, contain only a few tiny
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Haller MJ; Viener, HL; Wasserfall, C; Brusko, T; Atkinson, MA; Schatz, DA; et al. (2008).
1737:"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes"
1611:"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes"
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respectively. Part of each umbilical artery closes up (degenerating into what are known as the
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sometimes related to fetal abnormalities, but it may also occur without accompanying problems.
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McDonald, S. J.; Middleton, P.; Dowswell, T.; Morris, P. S. (2013). McDonald, Susan J (ed.).
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674:. The umbilical cord pulsating is not a guarantee that the baby is receiving enough oxygen.
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2007:
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Examination of the Newborn & Neonatal Health: A Multidimensional Approach, p. 116-117
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2019:
1585:"Fetus or Newborn Problems: Labor and Delivery Complications: Merck Manual Home Edition"
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The remaining umbilical stub remains for up to 10 days as it dries and then falls off.
445:
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and are thereby unlikely to contribute actively to the process of post-natal closure.
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1948:
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388:, which carries blood towards the heart. The two umbilical arteries branch from the
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17:
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2234:
2195:(Scientific Impact Paper 8). Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2006
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368:(belly button or navel). Within the fetus, the umbilical vein continues towards the
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physiologically shortly after birth, explained both by a swelling and collapse of
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should the child ever require the cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace
505:
can result from, for example, entanglement of the cord, a knot in the cord, or a
84:
2765:
1140:
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772:
683:
620:
506:
471:), while the remaining sections are retained as part of the circulatory system.
422:
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121:
2415:
1972:"Can delayed umbilical cord clamping reduce infant anemia at age 8, 12 months?"
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1204:
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2571:"Perfluorinated Compounds in Umbilical Cord Blood and Adverse Birth Outcomes"
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concentration and stored iron, as well as a reduction in the risk of anemia (
224:
of 8 weeks and 3 days. The embryo is surrounded by the thin membranes of the
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257:
241:
51:
Umbilical cord of a three-minute-old baby. A medical clamp has been applied.
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2010:
The Brookside Associates Medical Education Division. Retrieved Jan 10, 2009
1957:
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1819:
Committee on Obstetric Practice (2017-01-01). "Committee Opinion No. 684".
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46:
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is a good source of mesenchymal and epithelial stem cells. Umbilical cord
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The umbilical cord is about to be cut with scissors via caesarean section
453:
249:
237:
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162:
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Some parents choose to omit cord severance entirely, a practice called "
228:, the umbilical cord is seen in the center, attaching the embryo to the
2881:
2792:
2489:"All-In-One Association Member Management System | YourMembership"
1561:
P02.5 Fetus and newborn affected by other compression of umbilical cord
1109:
654:
Negative effects of delayed cord clamping include an increased risk of
261:
396:
into the umbilical cord, completing the circuit back to the placenta.
109:
2813:
1571:
1141:"Comprehensive Imaging Review of Abnormalities of the Umbilical Cord"
902:
695:
182:
146:
124:
2146:"Lotus birth leaves a newborn critically ill with a heart infection"
1609:
McDonald, SJ; Middleton, P; Dowswell, T; Morris, PS (Jul 11, 2013).
1283:
1532:"Umbilical Cord Complications: eMedicine Obstetrics and Gynecology"
707:
may be employed in resuscitation or intensive care of the newborn.
1314:
1005:
946:
Sectional plan of the gravid uterus in the third and fourth month.
835:
580:
576:
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376:, where it splits into two. One of these branches joins with the
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204:
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150:
67:
757:
753:
269:
170:
2724:
2277:"Autologous Umbilical Cord Blood Infusion for Type 1 Diabetes"
236:
The umbilical cord develops from and contains remnants of the
2629:"Why Are Trace Chemicals Showing up in Umbilical Cord Blood?"
917:
among others. The studies in America showed higher levels in
2070:"RCOG statement on umbilical non-severance or "lotus birth""
929:
due, it is thought, to living in areas of higher pollution.
2001:
Military Obstetrics & Gynecology – Delivery of the Baby
1900:
1898:
444:. The artery in cords of preterm infants contracts more to
1574:, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases
1270:
Kiserud, T.; Acharya, G. (2004). "The fetal circulation".
2218:"Cord Blood Banking for Potential Future Transplantation"
1660:"EMT-BASIC \ EMT BASIC INTERMEDIATE TECHNICIAN PROTOCOLS"
408:
In absence of external interventions, the umbilical cord
364:, at the point which (after separation) will become the
2260:
Cord Blood for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
854:
and have an umbilical cord attached to their placenta.
745:, is a rich and readily available source of primitive,
2521:. J. F. Gracey, D. S. Collins, Robert J. Huey. p. 32.
970:
A newborn at 45 seconds, with umbilical cord clamped.
585:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
2890:
2869:
2834:
2756:
2235:"Cord blood yields 'ethical' embryonic stem cells."
760:-negative). These cord blood cells can be used for
90:
78:
66:
61:
56:
39:
1360:"Umbilical cord care: Do's and don'ts for parents"
866:to their surface supply of air and/or heating, or
698:and required an antibiotic treatment for 6 weeks.
558:A day-old baby with the cord stump still attached.
2170:"Human Reproduction, Lectures: Clinical Genetics"
2075:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
878:Cancer-causing toxicants in human umbilical cords
781:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
688:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
416:in response to a reduction in temperature and by
2657:Marianne Messerli; et al. (December 2013).
882:In multiple American and international studies,
2042:(2006). "Lotus birth: leaving the cord alone".
1912:
1910:
1730:
1728:
982:Umbilic. Deep dissection. Serial cross section.
958:Fetus in utero, between fifth and sixth months.
741:The blood within the umbilical cord, known as
566:A 7 cm (2.75 in) long detached umbilical cord.
2736:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1265:
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181:. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with
27:Conduit between embryo/fetus and the placenta
8:
1690:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
360:The umbilical cord enters the fetus via the
1741:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1615:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
579:. The cord is extremely tough, like thick
309:, a gelatinous substance made largely from
2743:
2729:
2721:
2250:, August 18, 2005. Accessed June 25, 2007.
1665:. Dane County Emergency Medical Services.
725:percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
45:
2684:
2604:
2594:
2457:"Should You Bank Your Baby's Cord Blood?"
2423:
2300:
2020:Waterbirth International – Waterbirth FAQ
1947:
1760:
1707:"EMT-B: Obstetrics, Infants and Children"
1634:
1213:
1203:
97:cord_by_E6.0.2.2.0.0.1 E6.0.2.2.0.0.1
1556:
1554:
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858:Other uses for the term "umbilical cord"
384:) bypasses the liver and flows into the
212:
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1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1021:
936:
1683:
1186:Saleh, R; Reza, HM (10 October 2017).
356:Connection to fetal circulatory system
145:) is a conduit between the developing
107:
36:
1982:from the original on 25 February 2018
1713:from the original on January 20, 2012
1420:Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol
1354:
1352:
1248:from the original on 22 December 2017
7:
1658:Stiegler, Paul M., M.D. (May 2007).
260:. The umbilical cord in a full term
209:Cross section of the umbilical cord.
1313:Mikael Häggström, MD (2020-08-27).
819:The umbilical cord in other animals
1798:10.1097/01.aog.0000423817.47165.48
1672:from the original on April 6, 2012
1397:10.1111/j.1523-536x.2009.00385_2.x
1070:from the original on 28 March 2013
804:Institute of Medicine (IoM) report
25:
2751:Membranes of the fetus and embryo
1040:from the original on 4 March 2016
619:or neonatal mortality, and a low
2959:Vertebrate developmental biology
2708:
2224:from the original on 2007-10-13.
1949:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0358
1192:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
244:. It forms by the fifth week of
2641:from the original on 2012-09-02
2551:from the original on 2008-08-02
2501:from the original on 2013-11-02
2338:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.017
1709:. Wild Iris Medical Education.
1591:from the original on 2010-03-28
1538:from the original on 2010-01-29
591:dried and sealed sufficiently.
392:and pass on either side of the
2214:American Academy of Pediatrics
2190:"Umbilical Cord Blood Banking"
1753:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3
1627:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3
788:American Academy of Pediatrics
702:Umbilical cord catheterization
1:
2144:MD, Amy Tuteur (2018-12-19).
1470:10.1016/S1071-5576(03)00149-7
719:conditions). This diagnostic
672:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
643:, iron status as measured by
606:Early versus delayed clamping
2596:10.1371/journal.pone.0042474
2293:10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.009
2078:. 2008-12-01. Archived from
1833:10.1097/aog.0000000000001860
1510:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90127-0
1432:10.1016/0028-2243(77)90064-8
597:emergency medical technician
305:The umbilical cord contains
2455:Najjar, Dana (2020-12-18).
1821:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1034:Online Etymology Dictionary
994:dried umbilical cord stump.
893:have been found, including
461:round ligament of the liver
2980:
2416:10.3727/096368908786092685
1918:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
734:
513:Velamentous cord insertion
503:Umbilical cord compression
480:Problems and abnormalities
469:medial umbilical ligaments
29:
2545:"Sharks (Chondrichthyes)"
1786:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1458:J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig
1205:10.1186/s13287-017-0679-y
452:and is more sensitive to
201:Structure and development
102:
44:
2781:Intermediate trophoblast
2677:10.1177/1933719113488443
2115:10.1177/0009922818805243
1881:10.1001/jama.297.11.1241
775:destroyed when treating
615:risk of severe maternal
256:of the fetus throughout
30:Not to be confused with
2381:10.1089/scd.2005.14.595
864:surface-supplied divers
523:Umbilical cord prolapse
518:Single umbilical artery
390:internal iliac arteries
218:Vaginal ultrasonography
2044:The Practising Midwife
2029:Retrieved Jan 10, 2009
1498:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
907:perfluorooctanoic acid
762:bone marrow transplant
723:procedure is known as
678:Umbilical nonseverance
567:
559:
551:
543:
495:
296:mesenchymal stem cells
233:
210:
104:Anatomical terminology
2664:Reproductive Sciences
899:tetrabromobisphenol A
731:Storage of cord blood
617:postpartum hemorrhage
565:
557:
549:
541:
489:
475:Clinical significance
216:
208:
142:funiculus umbilicalis
73:funiculus umbilicalis
18:Delayed cord clamping
2717:at Wikimedia Commons
2532:In the Shadow of Man
1920:. 2008; (2):CD004074
1345:on January 23, 2012.
1157:10.1148/rg.341125127
1060:"The Umbilical Cord"
793:embryonic stem cells
550:Umbilical cord clamp
534:Clamping and cutting
347:part, respectively.
300:embryonic stem cells
264:is usually about 50
159:prenatal development
2908:Reichert's membrane
2776:Syncytiotrophoblast
2634:Scientific American
2587:2012PLoSO...742474C
2103:Clinical Pediatrics
1238:"Fetal Circulation"
587:(ACOG) guidelines.
400:Changes after birth
378:hepatic portal vein
311:mucopolysaccharides
2809:Intervillous space
2534:, by Jane Goodall.
2461:The New York Times
2240:2008-10-10 at the
2025:2011-03-18 at the
2006:2010-01-23 at the
1566:2014-11-02 at the
1272:Prenatal Diagnosis
1110:10.1007/BF00445610
923:Hispanic Americans
568:
560:
552:
544:
496:
465:ligamentum venosum
386:inferior vena cava
370:transverse fissure
330:weeks of gestation
234:
220:of an embryo of a
211:
167:umbilical arteries
2926:
2925:
2903:Heuser's membrane
2713:Media related to
2671:(12): 1455–1464.
1976:medicalxpress.com
1278:(13): 1049–1059.
933:Additional images
919:African Americans
660:neonatal jaundice
494:on a newborn baby
337:terms of location
254:crown-rump length
177:), buried within
131:(also called the
118:
117:
113:
16:(Redirected from
2971:
2849:Umbilical artery
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2712:
2698:
2688:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2427:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2150:The Skeptical OB
2141:
2135:
2134:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2036:
2030:
2017:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1705:Meersman, Jack.
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1341:. Archived from
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1026:
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
834:Some species of
747:undifferentiated
450:arachidonic acid
418:vasoconstriction
274:ground substance
110:edit on Wikidata
49:
37:
21:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2918:Gestational sac
2886:
2865:
2859:Wharton's jelly
2830:
2805:Chorionic villi
2771:Cytotrophoblast
2752:
2749:
2705:
2656:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2404:Cell Transplant
2401:
2400:
2396:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2242:Wayback Machine
2233:
2229:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2027:Wayback Machine
2018:
2014:
2008:Wayback Machine
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1936:JAMA Pediatrics
1929:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1875:(11): 1241–52.
1866:
1865:
1856:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1747:(7): CD004074.
1734:
1733:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1621:(7): CD004074.
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:Wayback Machine
1559:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1284:10.1002/pd.1062
1269:
1268:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1098:Eur. J. Pediatr
1095:
1094:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1002:
995:
992:
983:
980:
971:
968:
959:
956:
947:
944:
935:
927:Asian Americans
915:synthetic musks
880:
860:
821:
769:cord blood bank
739:
733:
713:
704:
680:
612:Cochrane review
608:
536:
482:
477:
442:
414:Wharton's jelly
402:
394:urinary bladder
358:
353:
319:pulmonary veins
307:Wharton's jelly
222:gestational age
203:
179:Wharton's jelly
114:
52:
35:
32:Umbilical cable
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2913:Vitelline duct
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2854:Umbilical vein
2851:
2844:Umbilical cord
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2798:Decidual cells
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2715:Umbilical cord
2704:
2703:External links
2701:
2700:
2699:
2652:
2651:
2620:
2561:
2536:
2523:
2511:
2480:
2447:
2410:(6): 665–678.
2394:
2375:(5): 595–604.
2369:Stem Cells Dev
2359:
2332:(1): 191–200.
2316:
2287:(6): 710–715.
2267:
2252:
2227:
2205:
2181:
2161:
2136:
2109:(2): 238–240.
2092:
2061:
2031:
2012:
1993:
1963:
1922:
1906:
1894:
1854:
1811:
1776:
1724:
1697:
1650:
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1548:
1523:
1483:
1445:
1410:
1375:
1348:
1330:
1319:patholines.org
1305:
1259:
1229:
1178:
1151:(1): 179–196.
1131:
1081:
1051:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1011:Umbilical line
1008:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
986:
984:
981:
974:
972:
969:
962:
960:
957:
950:
948:
945:
938:
934:
931:
884:cancer-causing
879:
876:
859:
856:
820:
817:
756:-positive and
735:Main article:
732:
729:
712:
711:Blood sampling
709:
703:
700:
692:Staphylococcus
679:
676:
607:
604:
535:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
481:
478:
476:
473:
446:angiotensin II
440:
401:
398:
382:ductus venosus
357:
354:
352:
349:
290:The umbilical
202:
199:
175:umbilical vein
129:umbilical cord
116:
115:
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94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
40:Umbilical cord
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
2976:
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2711:
2707:
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2702:
2696:
2692:
2687:
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2674:
2670:
2666:
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2660:
2655:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:(8): e42474.
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
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2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2247:New Scientist
2244:, Coghlin A.
2243:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2082:on 2017-03-22
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:(1): e5–e10.
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:(6): 1522–6.
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1668:
1661:
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1646:
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1628:
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1616:
1612:
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1602:
1590:
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1569:
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1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:(1): 229–37.
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
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1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
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1379:
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1301:
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1289:
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1243:
1242:www.heart.org
1239:
1233:
1230:
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1221:
1216:
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1206:
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1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
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1170:
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1162:
1158:
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1150:
1146:
1145:RadioGraphics
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:(4): 247–59.
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
985:
978:
973:
966:
961:
954:
949:
942:
937:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:
885:
877:
875:
872:
869:
865:
857:
855:
853:
849:
848:smooth-hounds
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
824:
818:
816:
812:
808:
805:
800:
796:
794:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
675:
673:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
649:relative risk
646:
642:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
605:
603:
600:
598:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
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548:
540:
533:
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521:
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457:
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266:centimeters
246:development
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2954:Stem cells
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2939:Childbirth
2933:Categories
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2505:2013-04-13
2474:2021-07-01
2199:2021-07-01
2175:2010-02-11
2155:2018-12-20
2086:2020-02-06
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1324:2023-04-07
1315:"Placenta"
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366:umbilicus
276:staining
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