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187:, as it is relatively easy to train and has a long lifespan in captivity. While trade in dolphins is internationally regulated, other aspects of keeping dolphins in captivity, such as the minimum size and characteristics of pools, vary among countries. Though animal welfare is perceived to have improved significantly over the last few decades, many animal rights groups still consider keeping dolphins captive to be a form of
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732:. The main arguments are that dolphins do not have enough freedom of movement in pools, regardless of pool size, (in the wild, dolphins swim hundreds of miles every day) and do not get enough stimulation. Dolphins often show repetitive behavior in captivity and sometimes become aggressive towards other animals or people. In some cases, the behavior of dolphins in captivity also results in their own death.
560:). Endangered dolphin species are included in CITES' Appendix I, in which case trade is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Species considered not to be threatened with extinction are included in Appendix II, in which case trade "must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival". Most cetacean species traded for display in captivity to the public or for use in
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and South
Carolina. Other countries have laws so restrictive that is virtually impossible to keep cetaceans in captivity: Brazil, Luxembourg, Nicaragua, Norway, and the United Kingdom. France tried to ban keeping or breeding cetaceans in captivity in 2017, but the ban was overturned on technical grounds by the
247:. It was here that it was discovered that dolphins could be trained to perform tricks. Recognizing the success of Marine Studios, more dolphinariums began keeping dolphins for entertainment. In the 1960s, keeping dolphins in zoos and aquariums for entertainment purposes increased in popularity after the 1963
159:. The dolphins are usually kept in a pool, though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or public performances. Some dolphinariums (sometimes called dolphinaria in plural) consist of one pool where dolphins perform for the public, others are part of larger parks, such as
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According to animal rights organizations that monitor the subject, the following jurisdictions have full or partial bans on keeping dolphins in captivity: Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, India, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, and the
American states California, New York,
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In the early days, many bottlenose dolphins were wild-caught off the coast of
Florida. Though the Marine Mammal Protection Act, established in 1972, allows an exception for the collection of dolphins for public display and research purposes when a permit is obtained, bottlenose dolphins have not been
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The water in the pools has to be constantly filtered to keep it clean for the dolphins and the temperature and composition of the water has to be controlled to match the conditions dolphins experience in the wild. In the absence of a common international regulation, guidelines regarding the minimum
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of 275 m (2,960 sq ft) plus an additional 75 m (810 sq ft) for every additional animal, have a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft) and have a water volume of at least 1,000 m (35,000 cu ft) with an additional 200 m (7,100 cu ft) for every
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The lifespan of dolphins in captivity is another subject of debate. Research has shown that there is no significant difference between wild and captive survival rates for bottlenose dolphins. This does not, however, reflect a global state of affairs: for example, bottlenose dolphins in captive
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are the most common species of dolphins kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train, have a long lifespan in captivity and a friendly appearance. Hundreds if not thousands of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine.
182:
led to stricter regulation, which in several countries ultimately resulted in the closure of some dolphinariums. Despite this trend, dolphinariums are still widespread in Europe, Japan and North
America. The most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums is the
1022:
HONIARA, Solomon
Islands (Reuters) - A cargo plane arrived in the lawless Solomon Islands Monday to pick up wild dolphins captured to order for a Mexican syndicate in what activists have blasted as an environmental crime, regional media reported.
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announced that France's three remaining dolphinariums would be closed within the next 7 to 10 years, and no new dolphinariums could be opened, and no new marine mammals could be bred or imported. A month earlier on 31 August 2020, the
1102:
Willis, K. 2007. "Life
Expectancy of Bottlenose Dolphins in Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums' North American Member Facilities: 1990 - present". Presented at the 2007 meeting of the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and
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have also allowed the collection and export of dolphins for public display facilities. A 2005 law banned the export of dolphins, however, this ban was seemingly overturned in 2007 when some 28 dolphins were shipped to
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captured in
American waters since 1989. In most Western countries, breeding programs have been set up to provide the dolphinariums with new animals. To achieve a sufficient birth rate and to prevent inbreeding,
1010:"But it is in Fidel Castro's revolutionary Cuba that dolphin catching in South America has been given a new lease of life, under the auspices of the quasi state-run enterprise Acuario Nacional.", quote from
790:(which has no dolphinaria) announced it was working on a ban on any future creation of dolphinariums to safeguard the welfare of any marine mammals that might end up being kept within its territory.
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have been held in captivity since the 1860s, the first commercial dolphinarium was opened only in 1938. Their popularity increased rapidly until the 1960s. Since the 1970s, increasing concern for
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are well known for their performances in shows, but the number of orcas kept in captivity is very small, especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins, with only 44
773:, permitting those cetaceans already in captivity to remain where they are, but breeding and further acquisition of cetaceans is prohibited, subject to limited exceptions.
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284:; in the early 1970s there were at least 36 dolphinariums and traveling dolphin shows, however, the last dolphinarium closed its doors in 1993. The last dolphinarium in
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The trade of dolphins is regulated by the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (also known as the Washington Convention or
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additional animal. If two of these three conditions are met, and the third is not more than 10% below standard, the EAAM considers the pool size to be acceptable.
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However, the dolphin trade still continues. A live bottlenose dolphin is estimated to be worth between a few thousand to several tens of thousands of
769:. When passed in June 2019, Marineland was reported to have 61 cetaceans, while the Vancouver Aquarium had just one dolphin remaining. The law has a
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Some scientists suggest that the "unusually high" intelligence of dolphins means that they should be recognized as "non-human persons". In 2013, the
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prohibited the captivity of dolphins on these grounds, finding it "morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment purpose".
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280:, combined with a more critical view on animal welfare, forced many dolphinariums around the world to close. A prominent example is the
929:"In the golden heyday of the industry, there were at least 36 assorted dolphinaria or itinerant dolphin shows in the UK.", quote from
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prohibited keeping cetaceans captive. However, around 60 dolphinariums currently exist across Europe, of which 34 are within the
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910:"150 Years Ago, a Fire in P.T. Barnum's Museum Boiled Two Whales Alive | Smart News | Smithsonian"
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265:. In these early days, dolphinariums could grow quickly due to a lack of legislation and lack of organised
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Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity as well as several other small whale species such as
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Review of the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) For the Proposed Dolphin Park in Paradise, Hanover
520:, a cross between the bottlenose dolphin and the false killer whale) are kept at the Sea Life Park in
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332:, Finland, was formerly the most northern dolphinarium in the world. It operated from 1985 to 2016.
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571:, depending on age, condition and prior training. Captures are reported to be on the rise in the
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452:, though in those cases the word dolphinarium may not be fitting as these are not true dolphins.
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Dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity are currently being phased out ahead of a nationwide ban
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Dolphin being loaded onto a truck after having been captured in a drive hunt in Futo, Japan
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De facto nationwide ban on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity due to strict regulations
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1331:(Press release). Society for the Protection of Animals Canada. 2019-06-10. Archived from
889:"How the Beluga Business Began | The Whale Sanctuary Project | Back to Nature"
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500:, but all in much lower numbers than the bottlenose dolphin. There are fewer than ten
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has also been an exporter of dolphins in recent years, this being organized by the
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of their population without having to bring in any dolphins from other facilities.
549:(AI) is occasionally used. The use of AI also allows dolphinariums to increase the
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size of the pools vary between countries. To give an indication of pool sizes, the
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1240:"'A more humane country': Canada to ban keeping whales, dolphins in captivity"
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862:"UNEP:Guidelines and criteria associated with marine mammal captivity"
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Legal bans or restrictions relating to keeping cetaceans in captivity
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have been held in captivity in both North
America and Europe by 1860—
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1123:, page 3, section Mortalities. Article retrieved November 20, 2009.
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Orcas in Captivity - A look at killer whales in aquariums and parks
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524:. Also two common/bottlenose hybrids reside in captivity: one at
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parks in the United States. Other species kept in captivity are
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museum— dolphins were first kept for paid entertainment in the
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1524:
1287:"Sea Change: The Wave of Support for Ending Dolphin Captivity"
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Some subnational bans on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity
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29:
1329:"Major victory for dolphins, whales and porpoises in Canada!"
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are also home to a relatively large number of dolphinariums.
1354:"France bans captive breeding of dolphins and killer whales"
1137:"No, India did not just grant dolphins the status of humans"
999:
The Humane Society: Held Captive: Developing Nations, (2009)
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Solomon Islands dolphins exported to Dubai; protests mount
887:
The Whale Sanctuary Project, Back to Nature (2017-06-06).
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and other interaction programs are listed on Appendix II.
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1163:"Dolphins deserve same rights as humans, say scientists"
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became law in Canada. Two facilities would be affected,
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consider keeping dolphins in captivity to be a form of
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Nationwide ban on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity
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recommends that a pool for five dolphins should have a
1431:"Brussels moves to ban dolphin keeping in the region"
1379:"France scraps ban on breeding dolphins in captivity"
636:
World laws on dolphinariums / marine mammal captivity
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The Associated Press / International Herald Tribune
1044:"Solomon Islands law banning the export of dolphins"
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in 2018. On 29 September 2020, Environment Minister
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1460:
1112:Environmental Management Consultants Ltd. (2007),
1215:"Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act"
468:The majority of orcas are located in the various
1264:"Turkish parliament approves animal rights bill"
1190:"An end to the captivity of whales and dolphins"
1404:"France to ban use of wild animals in circuses"
758:Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act
171:, with other animals and attractions as well.
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1489:Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums
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619:
261:. In 1966, the first dolphin was exported to
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740:suffer from extremely high mortality rates.
700:Dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity legal
211:, the Netherlands, Dutch newsreel from 1966
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961:Recommended EAAM dolphin housing standards
745:Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests
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612:
1308:"The Current State of Cetacean Captivity"
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
512:in captivity. Two unusual and very rare
339:European Association for Aquatic Mammals
1049:. Keiko.com. 2018-02-21. Archived from
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724:Many animal welfare groups such as the
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272:New legislation, most notably the 1972
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856:
854:
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850:
1077:, article retrieved October 25, 2007.
7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
465:being held in aquaria as of 2012.
425:Dolphin show in Marineland, Niagara
528:and the other SeaWorld San Diego.
25:
1429:Jules Johnston (31 August 2020).
942:Oceancare:Dolphinariums in Europe
288:was closed in 1992. In 2005 both
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912:. Smithsonianmag.com. 2015-07-20
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239:dolphinarium founded in 1938 in
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1459:Johnson, William (April 1994).
1025:Developments on dolphin capture
989:(when viewed November 23, 2009)
45:needs additional citations for
1310:. We Animals Media. 2019-11-19
1196:. The Canadian Bar Association
1:
1266:. Anadolu Agency. 9 July 2021
951:, retrieved November 16, 2009
891:. The Whale Sanctuary Project
810:Category:Films about dolphins
1238:Laura Howells (2019-06-10).
1220:. Government of Canada. 2019
1001:, retrieved 22 November 2009
970:, retrieved 22 November 2009
324:Särkänniemi Dolphinarium at
274:Marine Mammal Protection Act
1834:Zoo emergency response team
1285:Megan Sutton (2019-06-07).
1087:Marine animals in captivity
1943:
410:The Festa Dolphinarium in
209:Dolphinarium in Harderwijk
1857:
1751:Former zoos and aquariums
1463:The Rose-tinted Menagerie
1188:Holly Lake (2019-06-12).
1093:. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
1012:The rose-tinted menagerie
931:The rose-tinted menagerie
966:August 22, 2007, at the
600:Criticism and legal bans
585:Acuario Nacional de Cuba
229:Barnum's American Museum
1091:World Animal Protection
788:Brussels Capital Region
726:World Animal Protection
587:. In recent years, the
547:artificial insemination
221:Boston Aquarial Gardens
1698:Species reintroduction
864:. 2006. Archived from
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562:swimming with dolphins
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498:rough-toothed dolphins
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1824:Wildlife conservation
1804:Behavioral enrichment
834:The National Archives
800:List of dolphinariums
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502:Amazon river dolphins
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223:in 1859 and pairs of
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27:Aquarium for dolphins
1794:Animals in captivity
1693:In situ conservation
1688:Ex situ conservation
1678:Conservation biology
1289:. Sierra Club Canada
763:Marineland of Canada
494:Commerson's dolphins
54:improve this article
1891:Category: Aquariums
1746:Conservation topics
1410:. 29 September 2020
482:false killer whales
454:Bottlenose dolphins
161:marine mammal parks
1869:Animals portal
1844:Zoological society
1731:Animal sanctuaries
1683:Endangered species
1597:Marine mammal park
1435:The Brussels Times
1169:. 21 February 2012
1119:2009-11-23 at the
1030:2006-05-11 at the
985:2007-06-02 at the
947:2010-06-13 at the
805:Marine mammal park
771:grandfather clause
767:Vancouver Aquarium
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328:amusement park in
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1814:Immersion exhibit
1552:Animal theme park
1474:978-0-946097-28-9
1467:. Heretic Books.
1194:National Magazine
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551:genetic diversity
532:Trade and capture
446:finless porpoises
442:harbour porpoises
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720:Animal welfare
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380:performing in
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360:Brookfield Zoo
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282:United Kingdom
267:animal welfare
237:Marine Studios
196:
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180:animal welfare
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69:"Dolphinarium"
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1540:Types of zoos
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241:St. Augustine
238:
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233:New York City
230:
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225:beluga whales
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1766:WAZA members
1668:Biodiversity
1661:Conservation
1617:Penguinarium
1607:Night safari
1577:Dolphinarium
1576:
1462:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1385:. 2018-01-30
1382:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1360:. 2017-05-07
1357:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1323:
1312:. Retrieved
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
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1171:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1140:
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1058:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1038:
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904:
893:. Retrieved
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
837:. Retrieved
833:
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734:
730:animal abuse
723:
634:
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486:pilot whales
467:
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343:surface area
338:
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189:animal abuse
173:
149:dolphinarium
148:
146:
116:
110:October 2022
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Delphinarium
1642:Virtual zoo
1637:Safari park
1627:Petting zoo
1587:Insectarium
1582:Herpetarium
1173:18 February
1147:18 February
872:22 November
478:gray whales
326:Särkänniemi
169:theme parks
1906:Categories
1809:Frozen zoo
1622:Pheasantry
1612:Oceanarium
1389:2020-06-25
1364:2020-06-25
1339:2020-06-25
1314:2020-06-25
1293:2020-06-25
1249:2020-06-23
1224:2020-06-23
1200:2020-06-23
1103:Aquariums.
1060:2018-06-04
916:2018-06-04
895:2018-06-04
839:3 November
569:US dollars
516:dolphins (
294:Costa Rica
80:newspapers
1912:Oceanaria
1829:Zookeeper
1719:Aquariums
1602:Menagerie
1529:aquariums
1440:5 October
1414:5 October
1270:11 August
830:"Lessons"
577:Caribbean
217:cetaceans
176:cetaceans
143:, Belgium
1647:Vivarium
1567:Bear pit
1557:Aquarium
1533:aviaries
1358:BBC News
1244:CBC News
1167:BBC News
1117:Archived
1028:Archived
983:Archived
964:Archived
945:Archived
794:See also
765:and the
575:and the
518:wolphins
470:SeaWorld
389:SeaWorld
308:and the
157:dolphins
153:aquarium
1849:Zoology
1839:Zoo key
1777:Related
1724:largest
1408:Reuters
738:Jamaica
711:No data
450:belugas
436:Species
431:Animals
397:Florida
393:Orlando
385:stadium
364:Chicago
330:Tampere
286:Hungary
276:in the
257:Flipper
250:Flipper
245:Florida
215:Though
195:History
94:scholar
1889:
1878:
1562:Aviary
1531:, and
1471:
707:
705:
696:
694:
683:
681:
672:
670:
659:
657:
648:
646:
522:Hawaii
514:hybrid
510:tucuxi
316:Design
306:Mexico
263:Europe
174:While
151:is an
141:Bruges
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1707:Lists
1218:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
816:Notes
594:Dubai
558:CITES
508:, or
459:Orcas
383:Shamu
302:Japan
290:Chile
252:movie
101:JSTOR
87:books
1714:Zoos
1525:Zoos
1469:ISBN
1442:2020
1416:2020
1272:2021
1175:2016
1149:2016
874:2009
841:2023
581:Cuba
488:and
448:and
358:The
292:and
165:zoos
155:for
73:news
1652:Zoo
1383:RFI
1141:io9
391:in
387:at
231:in
227:in
167:or
56:by
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1192:.
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1139:.
1128:^
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298:EU
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117:(
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108:(
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20:)
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