River delta - Knowledge (XXG)

5375: 566:) is a type of fluvial-dominated delta formed from coarse sediments, as opposed to gently-sloping muddy deltas such as that of the Mississippi. For example, a mountain river depositing sediment into a freshwater lake would form this kind of delta. It is commonly a result of homopycnal flow. Such deltas are characterized by a tripartite structure of topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. River water entering the lake rapidly deposits its coarser sediments on the submerged face of the delta, forming steeping dipping foreset beds. The finer sediments are deposited on the lake bottom beyond this steep slope as more gently dipping bottomset beds. Behind the delta front, braided channels deposit the gently dipping beds of the topset on the delta plain. 6071: 1211: 611: 343: 838: 1195: 1160: 31: 58: 4546: 1179: 897:. As the river channels meander laterally across the top of the delta, the river is lengthened and its gradient is reduced, causing the suspended load to settle out in nearly horizontal beds over the delta's top. Topset beds are subdivided into two regions: the upper delta plain and the lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is unaffected by the tide, while the boundary with the lower delta plain is defined by the upper limit of tidal influence. 427:, basin area, and basin elevation. Topography along passive margins tend to be more gradual and widespread over a greater area enabling sediment to pile up and accumulate over time to form large river deltas. Topography along active margins tends to be steeper and less widespread, which results in sediments not having the ability to pile up and accumulate due to the sediment traveling into a steep subduction trench rather than a shallow 457: 4553: 42: 6940: 6097: 5015: 4165: 6085: 6929: 1238: 607:

the receiving basin. With a high wave energy near shore and a steeper slope offshore, waves will make river deltas smoother. Waves can also be responsible for carrying sediments away from the river delta, causing the delta to retreat. For deltas that form further upriver in an estuary, there are complex yet quantifiable linkages between winds, tides, river discharge, and delta water levels.

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is laid down in this fashion, the shape of these deltas approximates a fan. The more often the flow changes course, the shape develops closer to an ideal fan because more rapid changes in channel position result in a more uniform deposition of sediment on the delta front. The Mississippi and Ural River deltas, with their bird's feet, are examples of rivers that do not

1041: 723: 5703: 376:(mid-channel sand and/or gravel bars at the mouth of a river). When this mid-channel bar is deposited at the mouth of a river, the flow is routed around it. This results in additional deposition on the upstream end of the mouth bar, which splits the river into two distributary channels. A good example of the result of this process is the 365:(such as during a flood), it spills out into a new course with a shorter route to the ocean, thereby obtaining a steeper, more stable gradient. Typically, when the river switches channels in this manner, some of its flow remains in the abandoned channel. Repeated channel-switching events build up a mature delta with a 646:

and ridges. This tends to produce a "dendritic" structure. Tidal deltas behave differently from river-dominated and wave-dominated deltas, which tend to have a few main distributaries. Once a wave-dominated or river-dominated distributary silts up, it is abandoned, and a new channel forms elsewhere.

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In wave-dominated deltas, wave-driven sediment transport controls the shape of the delta, and much of the sediment emanating from the river mouth is deflected along the coastline. The relationship between waves and river deltas is quite variable and largely influenced by the deepwater wave regimes of

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In both of these cases, depositional processes force redistribution of deposition from areas of high deposition to areas of low deposition. This results in the smoothing of the planform (or map-view) shape of the delta as the channels move across its surface and deposit sediment. Because the sediment

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up to the fresh stream feeding the head of tidal propagation. As a result, the tributaries are considered to be "subestuaries". The origin and evolution of a tidal freshwater delta involves processes that are typical of all deltas as well as processes that are unique to the tidal freshwater setting.

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that the river moves downstream by rolling and bouncing along the channel bottom. When the bed load reaches the edge of the delta front, it rolls over the edge, and is deposited in steeply dipping layers over the top of the existing bottomset beds. Underwater, the slope of the outermost edge of the

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The modern Mississippi River delta is a good example of a fluvial-dominated delta whose outflow is buoyancy-dominated. Channel abandonment has been frequent, with seven distinct channels active over the last 5000 years. Other fluvial-dominated deltas include the Mackenzie delta and the Alta delta.

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rather than active margins. Along active margins, orogenic sequences cause tectonic activity to form over-steepened slopes, brecciated rocks, and volcanic activity resulting in delta formation to exist closer to the sediment source. When sediment does not travel far from the source, sediments that

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While some authors describe both lacustrine and marine locations of Gilbert deltas, others note that their formation is more characteristic of the freshwater lakes, where it is easier for the river water to mix with the lakewater faster (as opposed to the case of a river falling into the sea or a

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At the mouth of a river, the change in flow conditions can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, and tie channels. Landforms at the river mouth drastically alter the geomorphology and

443:, delta lobe switching, and auto cyclicity. Active margin river deltas tend to be much smaller and less abundant but may transport similar amounts of sediment. However, the sediment is never piled up in thick sequences due to the sediment traveling and depositing in deep subduction trenches. 1016:

Historical data documents show that during the Roman Empire and Little Ice Age (times when there was considerable anthropogenic pressure), there was significant sediment accumulation in deltas. The industrial revolution has only amplified the impact of humans on delta growth and retreat.

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landslides occur and readjust overall slope stability. The foreset slope, thus created and maintained, extends the delta lobe outward. In cross section, foresets typically lie in angled, parallel bands, and indicate stages and seasonal variations during the creation of the

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in which the river water is slow to mix with the denser basin water and spreads out as a surface fan. This allows fine sediments to be carried a considerable distance before settling out of suspension. Beds in a hypocynal delta dip at a very shallow angle, around 1 degree.

1037:, buildings, sidewalks, and even landscaping. More than 1 billion tons of sand and gravel are produced in the United States alone. Not all sand and gravel quarries are former deltas, but for ones that are, much of the sorting is already done by the power of water. 849:

The formation of a delta is complicated, multiple, and cross-cutting over time, but in a simple delta three main types of bedding may be distinguished: the bottomset beds, foreset/frontset beds, and topset beds. This three-part structure may be seen on small scale by

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The combination of processes that create a tidal freshwater delta result in a distinct morphology and unique environmental characteristics. Many tidal freshwater deltas that exist today are directly caused by the onset of or changes in historical land use, especially

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The topset beds of an advancing delta are deposited in turn over the previously laid foresets, truncating or covering them. Topsets are nearly horizontal layers of smaller-sized sediment deposited on the top of the delta and form an extension of the landward

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Hage, Sophie; Romans, Brian W.; Peploe, Thomas G. E.; Poyatos-Moré, Miquel; Haeri Ardakani, Omid; Bell, Daniel; Englert, Rebecca G.; Kaempfe-Droguett, Sebastian A.; Nesbit, Paul R.; Sherstan, Georgia; Synnott, Dane P.; Hubbard, Stephen M. (24 October 2022).

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Dadson, Simon J.; Ashpole, Ian; Harris, Phil; Davies, Helen N.; Clark, Douglas B.; Blyth, Eleanor; Taylor, Christopher M. (4 December 2010). "Wetland inundation dynamics in a model of land surface climate: Evaluation in the Niger inland delta region".

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build up are coarser grained and more loosely consolidated, therefore making delta formation more difficult. Tectonic activity on active margins causes the formation of river deltas to form closer to the sediment source which may affect channel

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A tidal freshwater delta is a sedimentary deposit formed at the boundary between an upland stream and an estuary, in the region known as the "subestuary". Drowned coastal river valleys that were inundated by rising sea levels during the late

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The bottomset beds are created from the lightest suspended particles that settle farthest away from the active delta front, as the river flow diminishes into the standing body of water and loses energy. This suspended load is deposited by

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tends to form Gilbert-type deltas. Outflow dominated by turbulent friction is prone to channel bifurcation, while buoyancy-dominated outflow produces long distributaries with narrow subaqueous natural levees and few channel bifurcations.

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Galloway, W.E., 1975, Process framework for describing the morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems, in Brousard, M.L., ed., Deltas, Models for Exploration: Houston Geological Society, Houston, Texas, pp.

521:, in which the river water rapidly mixes with basin water and abruptly dumps most of its sediment load. Where the river water has a higher density than basin water, typically from a heavy load of sediment, the delta is characterized by 1076:, and sea access for trade. Deltas often host extensive industrial and commercial activities as well as agricultural land which are often in conflict. Some of the world's largest regional economies are located on deltas such as the 3738:

KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer,

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Goodbred, S. L.; Kuehl, S. A. (2000). "The significance of large sediment supply, active tectonism, and eustasy on margin sequence development: Late Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta".

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Syvitski, James P. M.; Kettner, Albert J.; Overeem, Irina; Hutton, Eric W. H.; Hannon, Mark T.; Brakenridge, G. Robert; Day, John; Vörösmarty, Charles; Saito, Yoshiki; Giosan, Liviu; Nicholls, Robert J. (2009-10-01).

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construction in the basins feeding deltas have reduced river sediment delivery to many deltas in recent decades. This change means that there is less sediment available to maintain delta landforms, and compensate for

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Nienhuis, J.H., Ashton, A.D., Edmonds, D.A., Hoitink, A.J.F., Kettner, A.J., Rowland, J.C. and Törnqvist, T.E., 2020. Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain. Nature, 577(7791),

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along the east coastline of the United States. Research has demonstrated that the accumulating sediments in this estuary derive from post-European settlement deforestation, agriculture, and urban development.

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The foreset beds in turn are deposited in inclined layers over the bottomset beds as the active lobe advances. Foreset beds form the greater part of the bulk of a delta, (and also occur on the lee side of

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processes, depending on the strength of each. The other two factors that play a major role are landscape position and the grain size distribution of the source sediment entering the delta from the river.

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Day, John W.; Agboola, Julius; Chen, Zhongyuan; D’Elia, Christopher; Forbes, Donald L.; Giosan, Liviu; Kemp, Paul; Kuenzer, Claudia; Lane, Robert R.; Ramachandran, Ramesh; Syvitski, James (2016-12-20).

2108:"Geological and Petrophysical Characterization of the Ferron Sandstone for 3-D Simulation of a Fluvial-deltaic Reservoir". By Thomas C. Chidsey, Thomas C. Chidsey Jr (ed), Utah Geological Survey, 2002. 6026: 124:, and receiving basin processes that redistribute, sequester, and export that sediment. The size, geometry, and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution. 3707:

Irwin III, R. et al. 2005. An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development. Journal of Geophysical Research: 10. E12S15

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into the sea and the convexly curved seaward side of the triangle. Despite making comparisons to other river systems deltas, Herodotus did not describe them as "deltas". The Greek historian

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Fluvial-dominated deltas are further distinguished by the relative importance of the inertia of rapidly flowing water, the importance of turbulent bed friction beyond the river mouth, and

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Petráš, Rudolf; Mecko, Julian; Oszlányi, Július; Petrášová, Viera; Jamnická, Gabriela (August 2013). "Landscape of Danube inland-delta and its potential of poplar bioenergy production".

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Fluvial-dominated deltas are found in areas of low tidal range and low wave energy. Where the river water is nearly equal in density to the basin water, the delta is characterized by

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Pasternack, Gregory B.; Brush, Grace S.; Hilgartner, William B. (2001-04-01). "Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta".

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Darby, Stephen E.; Hackney, Christopher R.; Leyland, Julian; Kummu, Matti; Lauri, Hannu; Parsons, Daniel R.; Best, James L.; Nicholas, Andrew P.; Aalto, Rolf (November 2016).

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Pasternack, Gregory B; Brush, Grace S (2002-03-01). "Biogeomorphic controls on sedimentation and substrate on a vegetated tidal freshwater delta in upper Chesapeake Bay".

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Hackney, Christopher R.; Darby, Stephen E.; Parsons, Daniel R.; Leyland, Julian; Best, James L.; Aalto, Rolf; Nicholas, Andrew P.; Houseago, Robert C. (2020-03-01).

2193: 1417:"Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change" 5559: 2503:

Orson, R. A.; Simpson, R. L.; Good, R. E. (1992). "The paleoecological development of a late Holocene, tidal freshwater marsh of the upper Delaware River estuary".

2041: 1682: 1153:. Finding deltas is a major sign that Mars once had large amounts of water. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below are pictures of a few. 6713: 2063:

Backert, Nicolas; Ford, Mary; Malartre, Fabrice (February 2010). "Architecture and sedimentology of the Kerinitis Gilbert-type fan delta, Corinth Rift, Greece".

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Pasternack, Gregory B.; Hilgartner, William B.; Brush, Grace S. (2000-09-01). "Biogeomorphology of an upper Chesapeake Bay river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh".

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Ottinger, M.; Kuenzer, C.; LIU; Wang, S.; Dech, S. (2013). "Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM".

1194: 116:, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. It is so named because its triangle shape resembles the uppercase Greek letter 5051: 3388:

Eslami, Sepehr; Hoekstra, Piet; Nguyen Trung, Nam; Ahmed Kantoush, Sameh; Van Binh, Doan; Duc Dung, Do; Tran Quang, Tho; van der Vegt, Maarten (2019-12-10).

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Seto, Karen C. (December 2011). "Exploring the dynamics of migration to mega-delta cities in Asia and Africa: Contemporary drivers and future scenarios".

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Milliman, J. D.; Syvitski, J. P. M. (1992). "Geomorphic/Tectonic Control of Sediment Discharge to the Ocean: The Importance of Small Mountainous Rivers".

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tend to have dendritic estuaries with many feeder tributaries. Each tributary mimics this salinity gradient from its brackish junction with the mainstem

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Most large river deltas discharge to intra-cratonic basins on the trailing edges of passive margins due to the majority of large rivers such as the

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for the landform at the mouth of the river, the word delta is first attested in the English-speaking world in the late 18th century, in the work of

5549: 1998: 755: 346: 6818: 6750: 1178: 327:, which builds up to form the river delta. Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or 533:. When the river water is less dense than the basin water, as is typical of river deltas on an ocean coastline, the delta is characterized by 3744: 3724: 1622: 1364: 5564: 2957: 2168: 1914:

Orton, G.J.; Reading, H.G. (1993). "Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size".

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salt lake, where less dense fresh water brought by the river stays on top longer). Gilbert himself first described this type of delta on

6813: 5662: 5524: 734:. Sometimes a river divides into multiple branches in an inland area, only to rejoin and continue to the sea. Such an area is called an 6133: 4897: 3087:"Projections of declining fluvial sediment delivery to major deltas worldwide in response to climate change and anthropogenic stress" 5554: 2780: 2763:

Neuenschwander, A.L.; Crawford, M.M.; Ringrose, S. (2002). "Monitoring of seasonal flooding in the Okavango Delta using EO-1 data".

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Fagherazzi S., 2008, Self-organization of tidal deltas, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105 (48): 18692–18695,

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Hart, Jeff; Hunter, John (2004). "Restoring Slough and River Banks with Biotechnical Methods in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta".

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on the bed decreases, which results in the deposition of sediment within the channel and a rise in the channel bed relative to the

5189: 5044: 2637: 2620: 1286: 999: 931:, causing some deltas to start losing land. Declines in river sediment delivery are projected to continue in the coming decades. 2130: 1536: 6309: 4902: 4194: 3859: 3367: 1314:

Elliot, T. 1986. Deltas. in H. G. Reading (ed.). Sedimentary environments and facies. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

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In some cases, a river flowing into a flat arid area splits into channels that evaporate as it progresses into the desert. The

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rivers to the Nile Delta, referring to both as islands, but did not apply the word delta. According to the Greek geographer

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Brush, G. S. (1984). "Patterns of recent sediment accumulation in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia-Maryland, U.S.A.) tributaries".

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Anthony, Edward J. (2015-03-01). "Wave influence in the construction, shaping and destruction of river deltas: A review".

1221: 1201: 4552: 3459:"Impact of human interventions and coastal processes along the Nile Delta coast, Egypt during the past twenty-five years" 6833: 6036: 6021: 5144: 1674: 995: 591: 2410: 6718: 6031: 5037: 4614: 3085:

Dunn, Frances E; Darby, Stephen E; Nicholls, Robert J; Cohen, Sagy; Zarfl, Christiane; Fekete, Balázs M (2019-08-06).

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In a tidal delta, new distributaries are formed during times when there is a lot of water around – such as floods or

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Blum, M.D.; Törnqvist, T.E. (2000). "Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward".

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Miall, A. D. 1979. Deltas. in R. G. Walker (ed) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, Hamilton, Ontario.

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Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer,

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of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see

219: 2296: 2131:"Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Hydrometeorology" 6999: 6964: 6782: 6100: 5893: 5888: 5184: 4702: 2230:"Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: Tidal Freshwater Deltas" 1461: 967: 500:

Deltas are typically classified according to the main control on deposition, which is a combination of river,

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are some of the most extreme examples of the devastation caused to deltas by damming and diversion of water.

6493: 5801: 5612: 5506: 5234: 5224: 4383: 3982: 2328: 875:). The sediment particles within foreset beds consist of larger and more variable sizes, and constitute the 837: 461: 239: 2229: 610: 342: 6994: 6984: 6828: 6705: 6599: 6126: 5627: 5617: 5319: 5304: 4844: 4599: 3912: 3671: 1792: 1185: 739: 707: 574:

in 1885. Elsewhere, similar structures occur, for example, at the mouths of several creeks that flow into

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Urban areas and human habitation tend to be located in lowlands near water access for transportation and

120:, Δ. The size and shape of a delta are controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply 6974: 6473: 6046: 5973: 5773: 5748: 5723: 5607: 5354: 5134: 4990: 4094: 4089: 3390:"Tidal amplification and salt intrusion in the Mekong Delta driven by anthropogenic sediment starvation" 3324: 1675:"Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack – Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: TFD Modeling" 1101: 860: 678: 215: 185: 1994: 303:

River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or a

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Perillo, G. M. E. 1995. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Elsevier Science B.V., New York.

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There are many other lesser factors that could explain why the majority of river deltas form along

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Minderhoud, P S J; Erkens, G; Pham, V H; Bui, V T; Erban, L; Kooi, H; Stouthamer, E (2017-06-01).

2161:"Hydrometeorological controls on water level in a vegetated Chesapeake Bay tidal freshwater delta" 1614: 392:

deltas, as seen by their name, avulse frequently and more closely approximate an ideal fan shape.

57: 6777: 6695: 6604: 6478: 6463: 6443: 6344: 6339: 5923: 5918: 5786: 5728: 5622: 5471: 5389: 5274: 5254: 5164: 5107: 4892: 4879: 4732: 4692: 4403: 4306: 4145: 4099: 3394: 3359: 3300: 3165: 2873: 2786: 2718: 2677: 2669: 2530: 2522: 2448: 2402: 2394: 2308: 2283: 2088: 2031: 1825: 1817: 1596: 1588: 1528: 1397: 1341: 1089: 994:. There are small-scale efforts to correct these issues, improve delta environments and increase 983: 563: 316: 164: 140: 2548:

Meade, Robert H. (January 1994). "Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers".

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Slingerland, R. and N. D. Smith (1998), "Necessary conditions for a meandering-river avulsion",

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discharging along passive continental margins. This phenomenon is due mainly to three factors:

6943: 6853: 6760: 6569: 6511: 6374: 6349: 6119: 5933: 5908: 5811: 5758: 5677: 5344: 5309: 5249: 5209: 5179: 5149: 5060: 4948: 4854: 4767: 4473: 4311: 4301: 4261: 4226: 4210: 4140: 3977: 3740: 3720: 3594: 3576: 3529: 3480: 3439: 3421: 3351: 3292: 3243: 3225: 3157: 3118: 3056: 3021: 2982: 2865: 2776: 2386: 2300: 2263: 2109: 2010: 1761: 1708: 1503: 1438: 1389: 1217: 1077: 826: 806: 747: 428: 396: 2035: 1499:"High rates of organic carbon burial in submarine deltas maintained on geological timescales" 651:. These distributaries slowly silt up at a more or less constant rate until they fizzle out. 131:, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers. They can provide 6969: 6574: 6528: 6488: 6369: 6178: 6041: 5733: 5637: 5589: 5501: 5394: 5334: 5092: 4943: 4777: 4752: 4747: 4722: 4672: 4498: 4358: 4276: 4241: 3907: 3835: 3768: 3748: 3728: 3584: 3568: 3519: 3470: 3429: 3411: 3341: 3333: 3282: 3233: 3217: 3149: 3108: 3046: 3038: 2974: 2857: 2840: 2813: 2768: 2745: 2708: 2661: 2632: 2601: 2565: 2514: 2485: 2468: 2440: 2378: 2345: 2292: 2185: 2080: 1931: 1864: 1809: 1580: 1520: 1478: 1428: 1381: 1333: 1281: 1257: 579: 440: 385: 207: 172: 3795:

WISDOM Water-related Information System for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta

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Gottschalk, L. C. (1945). "Effects of soil erosion on navigation in upper Chesapeake Bay".

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important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position. On

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deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the

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is the largest delta in the world, and one of the most fertile regions in the world.

6878: 6664: 6579: 6314: 6304: 6267: 6198: 6173: 6084: 6075: 5854: 5834: 5738: 5476: 5359: 5279: 5239: 5229: 5199: 4849: 4737: 4609: 4604: 4503: 4493: 4438: 4063: 3874: 2749: 1707:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 289–306. 1251: 1107: 1061: 991: 851: 842: 822: 814: 682: 639: 615: 420: 404: 389: 366: 354: 328: 280: 227: 128: 46: 34: 3772: 3320:"River bank instability from unsustainable sand mining in the lower Mekong River" 2117: 2018: 1482: 730:

In rare cases, the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an

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Leconte, Robert; Pietroniro, Alain; Peters, Daniel L.; Prowse, Terry D. (2001).

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Celoria, Francis (1966). "Delta as a geographical concept in Greek literature".

1138: 1115: 987: 963: 907: 885: 699: 661: 648: 273: 235: 144: 93: 3620: 3475: 3458: 3416: 3221: 3113: 3086: 2978: 2364: 1524: 6863: 6559: 6523: 6389: 6379: 6282: 6257: 6250: 6233: 6228: 6223: 5968: 5903: 5692: 5672: 5456: 5429: 5214: 5127: 4928: 4864: 4824: 4742: 4667: 4458: 4316: 4084: 4025: 3952: 3932: 3752: 3732: 3337: 3287: 3262: 3153: 2713: 2696: 1278: – Delta produced by the Nile River at its mouth in the Mediterranean Sea 1275: 1233: 1111: 1073: 1069: 1006: 979: 955: 872: 767: 623: 424: 373: 358: 295: 156: 65: 3580: 3484: 3425: 3355: 3296: 3229: 3161: 3122: 3060: 2986: 2695:

van Beek, Eelco; Bozorgy, Babak; Vekerdy, Zoltán; Meijer, Karen (June 2008).

2390: 2304: 1442: 1393: 6685: 6659: 6394: 6208: 6183: 6163: 5993: 5898: 5682: 5446: 5439: 5414: 5324: 4869: 4829: 4657: 4594: 4513: 4443: 3957: 3947: 3902: 3137: 2621:"Effects of flow regulation on hydrologic patterns of a large, inland delta" 2267: 1057: 864: 595: 583: 530: 501: 304: 181: 177: 113: 5702: 3598: 3533: 3443: 3247: 2869: 1760:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 388. 1260: – Rapid abandonment of a river channel and formation of a new channel 1040: 986:

rise. Anthropogenic activities can also destabilise river channels through

722: 307:. When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its 3016: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6680: 6632: 6627: 6610: 6468: 6448: 6413: 6329: 6292: 6287: 5943: 5753: 5299: 5294: 5219: 4797: 4792: 4619: 4534: 4393: 4218: 4053: 3927: 2673: 2605: 1134: 1034: 1005:

While nearly all deltas have been impacted to some degree by humans, the

876: 782: 665: 542: 361:. This destabilizes the river channel. If the river breaches its natural 332: 324: 231: 203: 199: 190:

mentions the Delta fourteen times, as "the Delta, as it is called by the

180:

refers to it as the "triangular Nilotic land", though not as a "delta".

121: 85: 77: 2861: 2665: 1821: 6908: 6888: 6453: 6418: 6240: 6142: 5953: 5913: 5883: 5861: 5481: 5269: 5169: 4933: 4807: 4652: 4528: 4523: 4433: 4428: 4418: 4338: 4120: 4040: 4002: 3937: 3864: 3346: 2697:"Limits to agricultural growth in the Sistan Closed Inland Delta, Iran" 2526: 2398: 1263: 959: 939: 924: 703: 669: 635: 546: 416: 372:

Another way these distributary networks form is from the deposition of

311:

and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the

191: 136: 105: 17: 3572: 2638:

10.1002/1099-1646(200101/02)17:1<51::AID-RRR588>3.0.CO;2-V

2452: 2009:

Bernard Biju-Duval, J. Edwin Swezey. "Sedimentary Geology". Page 183.

1592: 1433: 1416: 1137:

is the largest delta emptying into a body of fresh water, in its case

6642: 6433: 6423: 6319: 5938: 5264: 5029: 4958: 4953: 4488: 4468: 4423: 4408: 4266: 4020: 3967: 3962: 3051: 1149:

Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in

1030: 1025:

Ancient deltas are a benefit to the economy due to their well-sorted

934:

The extensive anthropogenic activities in deltas also interfere with

763: 759: 738:, and often occurs on former lake beds. The term was first coined by 408: 263: 211: 4179: 3524: 3499: 3042: 2518: 2382: 1385: 910:

upstream of deltas can radically alter delta environments. Upstream

771: 3804: 2953:"Approaches to defining deltaic sustainability in the 21st century" 2444: 1813: 1584: 801:

can be used to describe very large Asian river deltas, such as the

638:

is also an important control in tide-dominated deltas, such as the

163:. The triangular shape of the Nile Delta was known to audiences of 6483: 6438: 6428: 6408: 6359: 6324: 6299: 6272: 6168: 4839: 4802: 4561: 4463: 4413: 4398: 4388: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4291: 4286: 4236: 1758:

Sedimentology and sedimentary basins: from turbulence to tectonics

1269: 1039: 836: 721: 711: 643: 619: 609: 455: 412: 362: 341: 336: 294: 132: 97: 89: 56: 40: 29: 746:, which he visited in 1800. Other prominent examples include the 272:

states that "the delta of the land of the Indians is made by the

6637: 6458: 6334: 5434: 4973: 4963: 4938: 4448: 4378: 4326: 4321: 4058: 3263:"Regional hydrological research perspectives in the Niger Delta" 1053: 1026: 505: 400: 195: 109: 61: 50: 6115: 5587: 5071: 5033: 4183: 3808: 3792: 702:, do not form a delta but enter into the sea in the form of an 6277: 6188: 5496: 5486: 4453: 4256: 4048: 2365:"Sedimentation cycles in a river-mouth tidal freshwater marsh" 919: 353:

As the gradient of the river channel decreases, the amount of

101: 766:

has one in the valley on the Slovak–Hungarian border between

92:

and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs at a

884:

of these sediments. As the foresets accumulate and advance,

698:

Other rivers, particularly those on coasts with significant

135:

defence and can impact drinking water supply. They are also

6111: 2297:

10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020<0520:boaucb>2.0.co;2

2765:

IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium

2159:

Pasternack, Gregory B.; Hinnov, Linda A. (October 2003).

1266: – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water 942:

delta processes. People living on deltas often construct

262:'he calls the island a delta'). The Roman author 250: 1060:. Its delta, where the delta islands remain between the 3801:– A coastalwiki.org page on wave-dominated river deltas 1949: 1947: 1945: 1739: 1737: 2363:

Pasternack, Gregory B.; Brush, Grace S. (1998-09-01).

2260:

Physical dynamics of tidal freshwater delta evolution

525:

in which the river water hugs the basin bottom as a

6846: 6791: 6732: 6704: 6673: 6620: 6592: 6552: 6156: 6149: 6002: 5874: 5810: 5772: 5710: 5600: 5517: 5382: 5085: 4911: 4878: 4683: 4643: 4560: 4217: 4108: 4072: 4039: 4011: 3893: 3842: 2040:. US Government Printing Office. pp. 104–107. 155:A river delta is so named because the shape of the 3547:Maselli, Vittorio; Trincardi, Fabio (2013-05-31). 2262:(PhD dissertation). The Johns Hopkins University. 319:. As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and 3672:"Appendix A: The Major River Deltas Of The World" 2961:. Sustainability of Future Coasts and Estuaries. 2215: 2213: 978:, and constructing infrastructure all accelerate 2940:. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Geographical Society, 2003 950:from floods on deltas, and therefore means that 642:, which may be mainly submarine, with prominent 27:Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river 3457:Ali, Elham M.; El-Magd, Islam A. (2016-03-01). 1880: 1878: 1454: 1452: 6714:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia 3799:Wave-dominated river deltas on coastalwiki.org 2938:Morphology and Sediments of Large River Deltas 388:often enough to form a symmetrical fan shape. 315:, which diminishes the ability of the flow to 276:no less than is the case with that of Egypt". 6799:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board 6724:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type 6127: 5335:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 5045: 4195: 3820: 1615:"Word Stories: Unexpected Relatives for Xmas" 1220:, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Image in 8: 3500:"Water returns to arid Colorado River delta" 2916: 2914: 1705:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy 5400:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 4151:List of rivers that have reversed direction 2625:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 1841: 1839: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 6738: 6153: 6134: 6120: 6112: 5716: 5597: 5584: 5082: 5068: 5052: 5038: 5030: 4202: 4188: 4180: 3827: 3813: 3805: 2104: 2102: 1644:"How a Delta Forms Where River Meets Lake" 3588: 3523: 3474: 3433: 3415: 3345: 3286: 3237: 3112: 3050: 2712: 2636: 1432: 962:. In addition to interference with delta 347:Sacramento–San Joaquin (California) Delta 299:A delta forms where a river meets a lake. 3643:"Why are cities located where they are?" 3463:The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 3017:"Sinking deltas due to human activities" 1990: 1988: 1986: 1272: – Ridge or wall to hold back water 906:Human activities in both deltas and the 3009: 3007: 2037:The topographic features of lake shores 1298: 1155: 194:", including describing the outflow of 80:shaped like a triangle, created by the 6819:Meadowview Biological Research Station 6751:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 1415:Schneider, Pia; Asch, Folkard (2020). 1254: – Fan-shaped deposit of sediment 159:approximates the triangular uppercase 1977: 1965: 1953: 1743: 1365:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 918:and hydrological engineering such as 7: 3136:Syvitski, James P. M. (2008-04-01). 2958:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2169:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1421:Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 1357: 1355: 127:River deltas are important in human 6814:Irish Peatland Conservation Council 5663:Oceanic physical-biological process 5525:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 2920:Robert L. Bates, Julia A. Jackson, 2767:. Vol. 6. pp. 3124–3126. 1289:– Complex delta in south-east China 916:anti-erosion agricultural practices 4898:Integrated coastal zone management 3787:Louisiana State University Geology 3613:"Mineral Photos – Sand and Gravel" 1936:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x 1539:from the original on 20 April 2023 1000:sedimentation enhancing strategies 756:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 25: 2906:The Penguin Dictionary of Geology 6939: 6938: 6927: 6096: 6095: 6083: 6069: 5701: 5373: 5190:Colored dissolved organic matter 5014: 5013: 4551: 4544: 4164: 4163: 2085:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01105.x 2044:from the original on 25 May 2024 1338:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00008.x 1236: 1209: 1193: 1177: 1158: 1122:, is the world's largest delta. 706:. Notable examples include the 349:at flood stage, early March 2009 6310:Flooded grasslands and savannas 5535:Latin America and the Caribbean 3860:Drainage system (geomorphology) 3690:from the original on 2022-02-22 3498:Witze, Alexandra (2014-03-20). 3370:from the original on 2021-06-13 3176:from the original on 2024-05-25 3067:from the original on 2021-05-05 2993:from the original on 2024-05-25 2887:from the original on 2021-06-13 2818:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.08.005 2701:Irrigation and Drainage Systems 2586:Journal of Geophysical Research 2413:from the original on 2019-02-07 2240:from the original on 2018-09-30 2199:from the original on 2018-07-24 2141:from the original on 2018-10-03 1685:from the original on 2018-09-30 1656:from the original on 2017-12-12 1625:from the original on 2020-10-22 529:that deposits its sediments as 184:'s description of Egypt in his 6017:Ecological values of mangroves 5560:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 4996:Region of freshwater influence 3870:Strahler number (stream order) 3201:Environmental Research Letters 3092:Environmental Research Letters 2922:Dictionary of Geological Terms 2750:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.05.022 742:for the middle reaches of the 1: 6834:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 6824:Society of Wetland Scientists 4758:Large-scale coastal behaviour 4590:Beaches in estuaries and bays 3617:Mineral Information Institute 3267:Hydrological Sciences Journal 3261:ABAM, T. K. S. (2001-02-01). 2350:10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00139-8 2190:10.1016/s0272-7714(03)00106-9 1869:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00041-5 1222:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle 1202:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle 902:Existential threats to deltas 562:A Gilbert delta (named after 202:likened the land between the 6449:Peatland, mire, and quagmire 6037:Marine conservation activism 6022:Fisheries and climate change 3793:http://www.wisdom.eoc.dlr.de 3773:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003 2570:10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1 2490:10.1016/0009-2541(84)90074-3 1483:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.004 1052:) flows through the city of 996:environmental sustainability 460:Delta lobe switching in the 251: 64:satellite photograph of the 6719:National Wetlands Inventory 6032:Human impact on marine life 5909:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 5145:Aquatic population dynamics 2806:Global Environmental Change 2773:10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1027105 7021: 6804:Delta Waterfowl Foundation 3680:Louisiana State University 3476:10.1016/j.ejar.2016.01.002 3417:10.1038/s41598-019-55018-9 2979:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.06.018 2258:Pasternack, G. B. (1998). 2017:. Editions TECHNIP, 2002. 1525:10.1038/s41561-022-01048-4 1099: 243: 143:, they are also important 6922: 6741: 6063: 5719: 5699: 5648:Marine primary production 5596: 5583: 5542:List of marine ecoregions 5371: 5081: 5067: 5009: 4542: 4159: 3753:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8 3733:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8 3641:A., Stefan (2017-05-22). 3338:10.1038/s41893-019-0455-3 3288:10.1080/02626660109492797 3154:10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3 2714:10.1007/s10795-008-9045-7 1997:. (Available archived at 1995:Characteristics of deltas 1649:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1167:Ismenius Lacus quadrangle 1064:, starts near the centre. 220:Onesicritus of Astypalaea 6783:Wetland indicator status 5894:Coastal biogeomorphology 5889:Marine coastal ecosystem 4703:Coastal biogeomorphology 3222:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7146 3114:10.1088/1748-9326/ab304e 2550:Quaternary International 1108:Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta 880:delta is created at the 513:Fluvial-dominated deltas 252:kalei de tēn nēson délta 244:καλεῖ δὲ τὴν νῆσον δέλτα 6494:Freshwater swamp forest 5802:Paradox of the plankton 5613:Diel vertical migration 5507:Freshwater swamp forest 5225:GIS and aquatic science 5073:General components and 3983:River channel migration 2936:Hori, K. and Saito, Y. 1731:(Boulder), 26, 435–438. 954:can not compensate for 655:Tidal freshwater deltas 545:. Outflow dominated by 45:Satellite image of the 6829:Wetlands International 6600:List of wetland plants 5628:Large marine ecosystem 5320:Shoaling and schooling 4600:Coastal morphodynamics 3913:Bar (river morphology) 3619:. 2011. Archived from 3142:Sustainability Science 2654:Ecological Restoration 2234:pasternack.ucdavis.edu 2135:pasternack.ucdavis.edu 1793:The Journal of Geology 1756:Leeder, M. R. (2011). 1679:pasternack.ucdavis.edu 1186:Lunae Palus quadrangle 1110:, which spans most of 1086:European Low Countries 1065: 846: 740:Alexander von Humboldt 727: 708:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 627: 497: 350: 300: 69: 68:(shown in false color) 54: 38: 6474:Salt pannes and pools 6047:Marine protected area 5974:Salt pannes and pools 5749:Marine larval ecology 5724:Census of Marine Life 5608:Deep scattering layer 5565:San Francisco Estuary 5530:Africa and Madagascar 5355:Underwater camouflage 5135:Aquatic biomonitoring 5075:freshwater ecosystems 4991:Physical oceanography 4095:Erosion and tectonics 4090:Degradation (geology) 3325:Nature Sustainability 2738:Biomass and Bioenergy 1118:and empties into the 1102:Category:River deltas 1043: 1021:Deltas in the economy 861:sediment gravity flow 840: 833:Sedimentary structure 752:Peace–Athabasca Delta 725: 679:intensive agriculture 631:Tide-dominated deltas 613: 602:Wave-dominated deltas 459: 345: 298: 88:that is carried by a 60: 44: 33: 5782:Marine bacteriophage 5744:Marine invertebrates 4820:Submergent coastline 4773:Marine transgression 4728:Discordant coastline 4713:Concordant coastline 4116:Deposition (geology) 3843:Large-scale features 2606:10.1029/2010JD014474 2506:Estuaries and Coasts 2370:Estuaries and Coasts 2000:– checked Dec 2008.) 1011:Colorado River Delta 785:is one example. See 732:inverted river delta 96:, when it enters an 6934:Wetlands portal 6565:Constructed wetland 6150:Types and landforms 5658:Ocean fertilization 5467:Trophic state index 5425:Lake stratification 5155:Aquatic respiration 4924:Coastal engineering 3565:2013NatSR...3E1926M 3516:2014Natur.507..286W 3408:2019NatSR...918746E 3279:2001HydSJ..46...13A 3214:2017ERL....12f4006M 3105:2019ERL....14h4034D 3035:2009NatGe...2..681S 2971:2016ECSS..183..275D 2862:10.1038/nature19809 2854:2016Natur.539..276D 2666:10.3368/er.22.4.262 2598:2010JGRD..11523114D 2562:1994QuInt..21...29M 2482:1984ChGeo..44..227B 2433:Geographical Review 2342:2002Geomo..43..293P 2182:2003ECSS...58..367P 2077:2010Sedim..57..543B 1980:, pp. 293–294. 1928:1993Sedim..40..475O 1861:2000SedG..133..227G 1849:Sedimentary Geology 1806:1992JG....100..525M 1703:Boggs, Sam (2006). 1517:2022NatGe..15..919H 1475:2015MGeol.361...53A 1378:2001ESPL...26..409P 1188:, as seen by THEMIS 1082:Yangtze River Delta 992:saltwater intrusion 952:sediment deposition 762:delta of Iran. The 582:and form prominent 224:Alexander the Great 141:geologic timescales 6778:Salt marsh die-off 6696:Salt marsh dieback 6605:List of fen plants 6444:Palustrine wetland 6345:Intertidal wetland 6340:Interdunal wetland 5924:Intertidal wetland 5919:Intertidal ecology 5787:Marine prokaryotes 5729:Deep-sea community 5623:Iron fertilization 5546:Specific examples 5472:Upland and lowland 5390:Freshwater biology 5255:Microbial food web 5165:Aquatic toxicology 5108:Aquatic adaptation 5061:Aquatic ecosystems 4893:Coastal management 4733:Emergent coastline 4404:Intertidal wetland 4307:Continental margin 4146:Sediment transport 4100:River rejuvenation 4073:Regional processes 3553:Scientific Reports 3395:Scientific Reports 1216:Probable delta in 1090:Greater Tokyo Area 1066: 1058:Satakunta, Finland 984:relative sea level 847: 823:Ganges-Brahmaputra 728: 628: 564:Grove Karl Gilbert 498: 351: 317:transport sediment 301: 234:(the delta of the 222:, who accompanied 165:classical Athenian 161:Greek letter delta 70: 55: 39: 6990:Fluvial landforms 6980:Coastal geography 6952: 6951: 6854:Aquatic ecosystem 6842: 6841: 6761:Ramsar Convention 6588: 6587: 6570:Converted wetland 6512:Peat swamp forest 6375:Inland salt marsh 6109: 6108: 6090:Oceans portal 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 5934:Hydrothermal vent 5870: 5869: 5759:Seashore wildlife 5590:Marine ecosystems 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5345:Thermal pollution 5310:Ramsar Convention 5250:Microbial ecology 5210:Fisheries science 5150:Aquatic predation 5027: 5026: 4855:Wave-cut platform 4768:Marine regression 4312:Continental shelf 4302:Coastal waterfall 4211:Coastal geography 4177: 4176: 3978:River bifurcation 3761:Applied Geography 3745:978-94-007-3961-1 3725:978-94-007-3961-1 3573:10.1038/srep01926 3549:"Man made deltas" 3510:(7492): 286–287. 3022:Nature Geoscience 2848:(7628): 276–279. 1504:Nature Geoscience 1434:10.1111/jac.12415 1287:Pearl River Delta 1218:Eberswalde crater 1204:as seen by THEMIS 1078:Pearl River Delta 797:The generic term 748:Inner Niger Delta 462:Mississippi Delta 429:continental shelf 261: 249: 238:) was "a delta" ( 16:(Redirected from 7012: 6942: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6914:Will-o'-the-wisp 6847:Related articles 6739: 6539:Whitewater river 6489:Coniferous swamp 6370:Freshwater marsh 6263:Clearwater river 6179:Blackwater river 6154: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6078: 6076:Lakes portal 6074: 6073: 6072: 6042:Marine pollution 5734:Deep-water coral 5717: 5705: 5638:Marine chemistry 5598: 5585: 5502:Freshwater marsh 5395:Freshwater biome 5377: 5093:Acoustic ecology 5083: 5069: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5031: 5017: 5016: 4778:Raised shoreline 4753:Ingression coast 4748:Graded shoreline 4723:Cuspate foreland 4555: 4548: 4499:Submarine canyon 4359:Freshwater marsh 4204: 4197: 4190: 4181: 4167: 4166: 3908:Avulsion (river) 3836:River morphology 3829: 3822: 3815: 3806: 3776: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3649:. Archived from 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3478: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3419: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3349: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3290: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3138:"Deltas at risk" 3133: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3054: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2918: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2716: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2476:(1–3): 227–242. 2469:Chemical Geology 2463: 2457: 2456: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2336:(3–4): 293–311. 2323: 2317: 2316: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2127: 2121: 2120:on Google Books. 2106: 2097: 2096: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2028: 2022: 2021:on Google Books. 2007: 2001: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1940: 1939: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1855:(3–4): 227–248. 1843: 1834: 1833: 1787: 1772: 1771: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1621:. January 2020. 1611: 1605: 1604: 1566: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1456: 1447: 1446: 1436: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1359: 1350: 1349: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1282:Regressive delta 1258:Avulsion (river) 1246: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1213: 1197: 1181: 1162: 1131:Russian republic 936:geomorphological 580:British Columbia 523:hyperpycnal flow 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 467: 256: 254: 248:romanized: 247: 245: 230:, reported that 226:'s conquests in 173:Prometheus Bound 21: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7000:Bodies of water 6965:Aquatic ecology 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6928: 6926: 6918: 6838: 6809:Ducks Unlimited 6787: 6746:Clean Water Act 6728: 6706:Classifications 6700: 6669: 6616: 6584: 6548: 6499:Mangrove forest 6145: 6140: 6110: 6105: 6082: 6081: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6051: 6012:Coral bleaching 5998: 5979:Seagrass meadow 5876:Marine habitats 5866: 5840:Coral reef fish 5806: 5792:Marine protists 5768: 5706: 5697: 5668:Ocean turbidity 5643:Marine food web 5592: 5571: 5513: 5452:River ecosystem 5405:Freshwater fish 5378: 5369: 5175:Bioluminescence 5160:Aquatic science 5077: 5063: 5058: 5028: 5023: 5005: 4981:Intertidal zone 4907: 4874: 4763:Longshore drift 4708:Coastal erosion 4679: 4639: 4575:Beach evolution 4556: 4550: 4549: 4540: 4227:Anchialine pool 4213: 4208: 4178: 4173: 4155: 4136:Helicoidal flow 4104: 4068: 4035: 4007: 3923:Channel pattern 3895:Alluvial rivers 3889: 3885:River sinuosity 3838: 3833: 3783: 3758: 3755:, pp. 7–48 3735:, pp. 7–48 3716: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3647:This City Knows 3640: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3525:10.1038/507286a 3497: 3496: 3492: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3068: 3043:10.1038/ngeo629 3029:(10): 681–686. 3013: 3012: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2919: 2912: 2904:D.G.A Whitten, 2903: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2783: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2592:(D23): D23114. 2582: 2581: 2577: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2519:10.2307/1352687 2502: 2501: 2497: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2383:10.2307/1352839 2362: 2361: 2357: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2107: 2100: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2008: 2004: 1993: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1943: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1876: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1789: 1788: 1775: 1768: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1686: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1657: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1568: 1567: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1386:10.1002/esp.189 1361: 1360: 1353: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1244:Wetlands portal 1242: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1225: 1214: 1205: 1198: 1189: 1182: 1173: 1163: 1147: 1104: 1098: 1023: 912:land use change 904: 882:angle of repose 835: 795: 787:endorheic basin 720: 696: 664:and subsequent 657: 633: 604: 572:Lake Bonneville 560: 535:hypopycnal flow 527:density current 519:homopycnal flow 515: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 465: 454: 446: 436:passive margins 293: 153: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7018: 7016: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6957: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6884:Drainage basin 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6691:Paludification 6688: 6683: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6643:Sapric or muck 6640: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6621:Soil mechanics 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6365:Brackish marsh 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6079: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5830:Saltwater fish 5827: 5825:Marine reptile 5822: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5797:Marine viruses 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5774:Microorganisms 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5764:Wild fisheries 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5678:Thorson's rule 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Marine biology 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5492:Brackish marsh 5489: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5420:Lake ecosystem 5417: 5412: 5410:Hyporheic zone 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5260:Microbial loop 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:Eutrophication 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5185:Cascade effect 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5113:Aquatic animal 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4272:Brackish marsh 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4252:Barrier island 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Playfair's law 4138: 4133: 4128: 4126:Exner equation 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4064:Current ripple 4061: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3993:Slip-off slope 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3943:Meander cutoff 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3855:Drainage basin 3852: 3850:Alluvial plain 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3789:– World Deltas 3782: 3781:External links 3779: 3778: 3777: 3756: 3736: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3700: 3663: 3633: 3604: 3539: 3490: 3449: 3380: 3332:(3): 217–225. 3310: 3253: 3186: 3128: 3077: 3003: 2942: 2929: 2910: 2897: 2823: 2796: 2781: 2755: 2728: 2707:(2): 131–143. 2687: 2644: 2611: 2575: 2540: 2513:(2): 130–146. 2495: 2458: 2445:10.2307/211476 2439:(2): 219–238. 2423: 2377:(3): 407–415. 2355: 2318: 2291:(3): 520–537. 2273: 2250: 2221: 2209: 2176:(2): 367–387. 2151: 2122: 2116:. Pages 2–17. 2098: 2071:(2): 543–586. 2055: 2023: 2002: 1982: 1970: 1968:, p. 294. 1958: 1956:, p. 293. 1941: 1922:(3): 475–512. 1906: 1897: 1887: 1874: 1835: 1814:10.1086/629606 1800:(5): 525–544. 1773: 1766: 1748: 1746:, p. 295. 1733: 1720: 1713: 1695: 1666: 1652:. 2014-08-12. 1635: 1606: 1585:10.1086/350146 1579:(3): 385–388. 1550: 1511:(1): 919–924. 1488: 1462:Marine Geology 1448: 1427:(4): 491–503. 1407: 1372:(4): 409–427. 1351: 1316: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1248: 1247: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1215: 1208: 1206: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1164: 1157: 1146: 1145:Deltas on Mars 1143: 1097: 1094: 1062:distributaries 1046:Kokemäki River 1022: 1019: 946:which prevent 944:flood defences 929:sea level rise 903: 900: 899: 898: 895:alluvial plain 890: 868: 834: 831: 794: 791: 779:Okavango Delta 726:Okavango Delta 719: 716: 695: 692: 687:Chesapeake Bay 656: 653: 632: 629: 603: 600: 559: 558:Gilbert deltas 556: 514: 511: 453: 450: 378:Wax Lake Delta 292: 289: 170:; the tragedy 152: 149: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7017: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995:Water streams 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6985:Sedimentology 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6945: 6937: 6935: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6894:Riparian zone 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792:Organizations 6790: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6648:Tropical peat 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6529:Várzea forest 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219:Polygonal bog 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6102: 6094: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984:Sponge ground 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949:Marine biomes 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Demersal fish 5848: 5846: 5845:Deep-sea fish 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:Marine mammal 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350:Trophic level 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5315:Sediment trap 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Phytoplankton 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140:Aquatic plant 5138: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Anoxic waters 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5020: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4986:Littoral zone 4984: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4919:Bulkhead line 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Wave shoaling 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835:Surge channel 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698:Cliffed coast 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4625:Shingle beach 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Coastal plain 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4121:Water erosion 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4013:Bedrock river 4010: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973:Riparian zone 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918:Braided river 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3653:on 2019-06-06 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3623:on 2011-10-06 3622: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208:(6): 064006. 3207: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099:(8): 084034. 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2782:0-7803-7536-X 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660:(4): 262–68. 2659: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2329:Geomorphology 2322: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:1-55791-668-3 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:Sedimentology 2059: 2056: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032:Gilbert, G.K. 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015:2-7108-0802-1 2012: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Sedimentology 1910: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767:9781405177832 1763: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1696: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:Sedimentology 1320: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1234: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1169:, as seen by 1168: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1151:Martian lakes 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129:delta in the 1128: 1127:Selenga River 1123: 1121: 1120:Bay of Bengal 1117: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982:, increasing 981: 977: 973: 969: 966:, pumping of 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948:sedimentation 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 921: 917: 913: 909: 901: 896: 891: 887: 883: 878: 874: 869: 866: 863:, creating a 862: 857: 856: 855: 853: 844: 839: 832: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744:Orinoco River 741: 737: 733: 724: 718:Inland deltas 717: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 693: 691: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:deforestation 671: 667: 663: 654: 652: 650: 645: 641: 637: 630: 625: 621: 617: 612: 608: 601: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576:Okanagan Lake 573: 567: 565: 557: 555: 551: 548: 544: 539: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 512: 510: 507: 503: 492:500 yrs BP,× 484:1000 yrs BP, 480:2800 yrs BP, 476:3500 yrs BP, 471: 463: 458: 451: 449: 444: 442: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 381: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 313:flow velocity 310: 306: 297: 290: 288: 286: 285:Edward Gibbon 282: 277: 275: 271: 270: 265: 259: 253: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 175: 174: 169: 166: 162: 158: 150: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 67: 63: 59: 52: 48: 43: 36: 32: 19: 6975:River deltas 6898: 6879:List of bogs 6734:Conservation 6665:Ombrotrophic 6609: 6580:Water-meadow 6504: 6315:Grass valley 6305:Flood-meadow 6268:Cypress dome 6199:Cataract bog 6174:Beach meadow 6004:Conservation 5855:Pelagic fish 5835:Coastal fish 5739:Marine fungi 5477:Water garden 5360:Water column 5305:Productivity 5280:Pelagic zone 5240:Macrobenthos 5230:Hydrobiology 5200:Ecohydrology 4850:Volcanic arc 4738:Feeder bluff 4662: 4645:River mouths 4610:Raised beach 4605:Pocket beach 4533: 4504:Tidal island 4494:Strand plain 4439:Natural arch 3879: 3875:River valley 3764: 3760: 3714:Bibliography 3703: 3692:. 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Retrieved 1508: 1502: 1491: 1466: 1460: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1369: 1363: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1252:Alluvial fan 1148: 1124: 1105: 1067: 1050:Kokemäenjoki 1049: 1024: 1015: 1004: 990:, and cause 933: 908:river basins 905: 852:crossbedding 848: 843:Kachemak Bay 798: 796: 776: 736:inland delta 735: 729: 697: 683:urbanization 658: 649:storm surges 640:Ganges Delta 634: 616:Ganges Delta 605: 568: 561: 552: 540: 534: 522: 518: 516: 499: 488:300 yrs BP, 445: 433: 421:Yellow River 394: 390:Alluvial fan 382: 371: 367:distributary 355:shear stress 352: 321:is deposited 302: 281:generic term 278: 268: 218:philosopher 186: 171: 154: 145:carbon sinks 137:ecologically 129:civilization 126: 73: 71: 49:captured by 47:Amazon Delta 6904:Telmatology 6899:River delta 6766:Ramsar site 6756:Marsh organ 6655:Hydric soil 6534:Vernal pool 6517:Shrub swamp 6385:Tidal marsh 6214:Plateau bog 6204:Coastal bog 6194:Blanket bog 5989:Sponge reef 5964:Rocky shore 5959:Oyster reef 5929:Kelp forest 5812:Vertebrates 5712:Marine life 5688:Viral shunt 5653:Marine snow 5555:Maharashtra 5462:Stream pool 5365:Zooplankton 5285:Photic zone 5245:Meiobenthos 5098:Algal bloom 5001:River plume 4815:Steep coast 4788:Rocky shore 4783:Rip current 4663:River delta 4635:Wash margin 4630:Storm beach 4620:Shell beach 4585:Beach wrack 4580:Beach ridge 4570:Beach cusps 4519:Tied island 4509:Tidal marsh 4232:Archipelago 4080:Aggradation 4031:Plunge pool 3998:Stream pool 3988:River mouth 3880:River delta 3504:Nature News 3469:(1): 1–10. 3347:10871/40127 2965:: 275–291. 2048:23 February 1895:pp.514-518. 1139:Lake Baikal 1116:West Bengal 988:sand mining 968:groundwater 964:aggradation 845:at low tide 793:Mega deltas 700:tidal range 662:Pleistocene 448:ecosystem. 397:Mississippi 274:Indus river 240:Koinē Greek 236:Indus River 94:river mouth 74:river delta 6959:Categories 6864:Bog butter 6560:Bog garden 6553:Artificial 6524:Wet meadow 6390:High marsh 6380:Salt marsh 6283:Fen-meadow 6251:Alder carr 6234:Upland bog 6229:String bog 6224:Raised bog 5969:Salt marsh 5904:Coral reef 5693:Whale fall 5673:Photophore 5550:Everglades 5518:Ecoregions 5457:Stream bed 5430:Macrophyte 5383:Freshwater 5215:Food chain 5128:Water bird 4929:Grain size 4903:Submersion 4880:Management 4865:Wind fetch 4825:Surf break 4743:Flat coast 4673:regressive 4459:Salt marsh 4317:Coral reef 4131:Hack's law 4085:Base level 4026:Knickpoint 3953:Oxbow lake 3933:Floodplain 3694:2022-02-22 3657:2020-01-05 3627:2011-11-02 3374:2021-03-13 3180:2021-03-13 3071:2021-03-13 2997:2021-03-13 2891:2020-12-22 2417:2018-09-08 2244:2017-06-12 2203:2019-08-29 2145:2017-06-12 1978:Boggs 2006 1966:Boggs 2006 1954:Boggs 2006 1744:Boggs 2006 1714:0131547283 1689:2017-06-12 1660:2017-12-12 1629:2020-12-21 1294:References 1276:Nile Delta 1112:Bangladesh 1100:See also: 1074:irrigation 1070:sanitation 1007:Nile Delta 980:subsidence 956:subsidence 940:ecological 886:subaqueous 873:sand dunes 799:mega delta 768:Bratislava 758:, and the 624:Bangladesh 592:Summerland 584:peninsulas 531:turbidites 425:topography 374:mouth bars 359:floodplain 329:Ural river 157:Nile Delta 82:deposition 66:Nile Delta 35:Lena river 6686:Hydrosere 6674:Processes 6660:Marsh gas 6505:Myristica 6395:Low marsh 6209:Kermi bog 6184:Bofedales 6164:Backswamp 5994:Tide pool 5899:Cold seep 5683:Upwelling 5447:Rheotaxis 5440:Fish pond 5415:Limnology 5340:Substrate 5325:Siltation 5195:Dead zone 4888:Accretion 4870:Wind wave 4830:Surf zone 4685:Processes 4658:Mouth bar 4615:Recession 4595:Beachrock 4514:Tide pool 4444:Peninsula 4332:cliff-top 4219:Landforms 4109:Mechanics 3958:Point bar 3948:Mouth bar 3903:Anabranch 3767:: 53–68. 3581:2045-2322 3485:1687-4285 3426:2045-2322 3364:210166330 3356:2398-9629 3305:129784677 3297:0262-6667 3230:1748-9326 3170:128976925 3162:1862-4057 3123:1748-9326 3061:1752-0908 3052:1912/3207 2987:0272-7714 2878:205251150 2744:: 68–72. 2723:111027461 2674:43442774. 2556:: 29–39. 2391:0160-8347 2305:0277-5212 2093:129299341 1601:143811840 1533:253145418 1469:: 53–78. 1443:1439-037X 1402:129080402 1394:1096-9837 1346:140714394 1200:Delta in 1184:Delta in 1165:Delta in 865:turbidite 841:Delta on 819:Irrawaddy 714:estuary. 694:Estuaries 596:Peachland 468:4600 yrs 369:network. 305:reservoir 291:Formation 187:Histories 182:Herodotus 178:Aeschylus 151:Etymology 133:coastline 114:reservoir 6944:Category 6874:Bog-wood 6869:Bog iron 6859:Bog body 6681:Halosere 6633:Histosol 6628:Acrotelm 6611:Sphagnum 6469:Reed bed 6414:Moorland 6293:Rich fen 6288:Poor fen 6143:Wetlands 6101:Category 6027:HERMIONE 5944:Mangrove 5754:Seagrass 5300:Pleuston 5295:Plankton 5275:Particle 5220:Food web 5019:Category 4845:Undertow 4798:Sea foam 4793:Sea cave 4693:Blowhole 4535:Windwatt 4394:Headland 4242:Avulsion 4169:Category 4054:Antidune 4041:Bedforms 3928:Cut bank 3685:Archived 3599:23722597 3559:: 1926. 3534:24646976 3444:31822705 3368:Archived 3248:30344619 3174:Archived 3065:Archived 2991:Archived 2882:Archived 2870:27760114 2791:33284178 2682:84968414 2535:85128464 2411:Archived 2407:85961542 2313:25962433 2284:Wetlands 2268:49850378 2238:Archived 2194:Archived 2139:Archived 2042:Archived 2034:(1885). 1830:22727856 1822:30068527 1683:Archived 1654:Archived 1623:Archived 1543:19 April 1537:Archived 1332:: 2–48. 1230:See also 1135:Buryatia 1096:Examples 1088:and the 1035:highways 998:through 914:such as 877:bed load 783:Botswana 710:and the 666:Holocene 644:sandbars 588:Naramata 543:buoyancy 441:avulsion 333:gradient 325:alluvium 232:Patalene 200:Polybius 122:sediment 86:sediment 78:landform 53:in 2005. 6970:Ecology 6909:Turbary 6889:Estuary 6464:Pothole 6454:Pocosin 6419:Mudflat 6258:Ciénega 6241:Callows 6157:Natural 5954:Mudflat 5914:Estuary 5884:Bay mud 5862:Seabird 5618:f-ratio 5601:General 5482:Wetland 5270:Neuston 5235:Hypoxia 5180:Biomass 5170:Benthos 5086:General 4969:shingle 4949:granule 4934:boulder 4912:Related 4808:peresyp 4718:Current 4653:Debouch 4562:Beaches 4529:Waituna 4524:Tombolo 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3246: 3236: 3228: 3168: 3160: 3121: 3059: 2985: 2927:(1984) 2908:(1972) 2876: 2868: 2841:Nature 2789: 2779: 2721: 2680: 2672: 2533: 2525: 2453:211476 2451: 2405: 2397: 2389: 2311: 2303: 2266: 2112: 2091: 2013: 1885:87–98. 1828: 1820: 1764: 1711: 1619:Druide 1599: 1593:228368 1591: 1531: 1441: 1400: 1392: 1344: 1171:THEMIS 1031:gravel 974:, and 889:delta. 825:, and 815:Mekong 764:Danube 760:Sistan 754:, the 681:, and 594:, and 504:, and 419:, and 409:Ganges 405:Amazon 386:avulse 363:levees 269:Indica 264:Arrian 214:, the 212:Strabo 7005:Water 6575:Swale 6544:Yaéré 6507:swamp 6484:Swamp 6439:Palsa 6429:Oasis 6409:Misse 6360:Marsh 6330:Igapó 6325:Hamun 6300:Flark 6273:Dambo 6169:Bayou 5330:Spawn 4840:Swash 4803:Shoal 4484:Stack 4474:Sound 4464:Shoal 4414:Islet 4399:Inlet 4389:Hapua 4354:Fjord 4349:Fjard 4344:Firth 4292:Coast 4287:Cliff 4262:Bight 4237:Atoll 3688:(PDF) 3675:(PDF) 3360:S2CID 3301:S2CID 3166:S2CID 2885:(PDF) 2874:S2CID 2836:(PDF) 2787:S2CID 2719:S2CID 2678:S2CID 2670:JSTOR 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