267:
neurodegenerative diseases that present in early adulthood and beyond. The extended period of cortical myelination in humans may allow greater opportunities for disruption in myelination, resulting in the onset of demyelinating disease. Furthermore, humans have significantly greater prefrontal white matter volume than other primate species, which implies greater myelin density. Increased myelin density in humans as a result of a prolonged myelination may, therefore, structure risk for myelin degeneration and dysfunction. Evolutionary considerations for the role of prolonged cortical myelination as a risk factor for demyelinating disease are particularly pertinent given that genetics and autoimmune deficiency hypotheses fail to explain many cases of demyelinating disease. As has been argued, diseases such as multiple sclerosis cannot be accounted for by autoimmune deficiency alone, but strongly imply the influence of flawed developmental processes in disease pathogenesis. Therefore, the role of the human-specific prolonged period of cortical myelination is an important evolutionary consideration in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.
599:
unaffected people. MS is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that develops in genetically susceptible individuals after exposure to unknown environmental trigger(s). The bases for MS are unknown but are strongly suspected to involve immune reactions against autoantigens, particularly myelin proteins. The most accepted hypothesis is that dialogue between T-cell receptors and myelin antigens leads to an immune attack on the myelin-oligodendrocyte complex. These interactions between active T cells and myelin antigens provoke a massive destructive inflammatory response and promote continuing proliferation of T and B cells and macrophage activation, which sustains secretion of inflammatory mediators. Other conditions such as
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32:
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Treatments are patient-specific and depend on the symptoms that present with the disorder, as well as the progression of the condition. Improvements to the patient's life may be accomplished through the management of symptoms or slowing of the rate of demyelination. Treatment can include medication,
699:
Demyelinating diseases/disorders have been found worldwide in various animals. Some of these animals include mice, pigs, cattle, hamsters, rats, sheep, Siamese kittens, and a number of dog breeds (including Chow Chow, Springer
Spaniel, Dalmatian, Samoyed, Golden Retriever, Lurcher, Bernese Mountain
266:
The role of prolonged cortical myelination in human evolution has been implicated as a contributing factor in some cases of demyelinating disease. Unlike other primates, humans exhibit a unique pattern of postpubertal myelination, which may contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders and
89:
is damaged. This damage disrupts the transmission of signals through the affected nerves, resulting in a decrease in their conduction ability. Consequently, this reduction in conduction can lead to deficiencies in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on the nerves affected.
598:
Prognosis depends on the condition itself. Some conditions such as MS depend on the subtype of the disease and various attributes of the patient such as age, sex, initial symptoms, and the degree of disability the patient experiences. Life expectancy in MS patients is 5 to 10 years lower than
335:(MRS) is a noninvasive analytical technique that has been used to study metabolic changes in brain tumors, strokes, seizure disorders, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and other diseases affecting the brain. It has also been used to study the metabolism of other organs such as muscles.
1947:
Sherafat MA, Heibatollahi M, Mongabadi S, Moradi F, Javan M, Ahmadiani A (September 2012). "Electromagnetic field stimulation potentiates endogenous myelin repair by recruiting subventricular neural stem cells in an experimental model of white matter demyelination".
631:
Much of the research conducted on demyelinating diseases is targeted towards discovering the mechanisms by which these disorders function in an attempt to develop therapies and treatments for individuals affected by these conditions. For example,
2075:
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623:, though, occurs preferentially in females typically between the ages of 30 and 35. Other conditions such as multiple sclerosis vary in prevalence depending on the country and population. This condition can appear in children and adults.
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Clarner T, Diederichs F, Berger K, Denecke B, Gan L, van der Valk P, Beyer C, Amor S, Kipp M (October 2012). "Myelin debris regulates inflammatory responses in an experimental demyelination animal model and multiple sclerosis lesions".
105:, and other unknown factors. Proposed causes of demyelination include genetic predisposition, environmental factors such as viral infections or exposure to certain chemicals. Additionally, exposure to commercial insecticides like
1676:
Hochmeister S, Romauch M, Bauer J, Seifert-Held T, Weissert R, Linington C, Hartung HP, Fazekas F, Storch MK (September 2012). "Re-expression of N-cadherin in remyelinating lesions of experimental inflammatory demyelination".
136:. In the first group, a healthy and normal myelin is destroyed by toxic substances, chemicals, or autoimmune reactions. In the second group, the myelin is inherently abnormal and undergoes degeneration. The
3421:
2599:
1893:
Guardia Clausi M, Paez PM, Campagnoni AT, Pasquini LA, Pasquini JM (October 2012). "Intranasal administration of aTf protects and repairs the neonatal white matter after a cerebral hypoxic-ischemic event".
1720:
Burden-Gulley SM, Gates TJ, Craig SE, Gupta M, Brady-Kalnay SM (May 2010). "Stimulation of N-cadherin-dependent neurite outgrowth by small molecule peptide mimetic agonists of the N-cadherin HAV motif".
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death in animal models of demyelination. The presence of myelin debris has been correlated with damaging inflammation as well as poor regeneration, due to the presence of inhibitory myelin components.
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297:(NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body. This method is reliable because MRIs assess changes in proton density. "Spots" can occur as a result of changes in brain water content.
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537:
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Silvestroff L, Bartucci S, Pasquini J, Franco P (May 2012). "Cuprizone-induced demyelination in the rat cerebral cortex and thyroid hormone effects on cortical remyelination".
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lifestyle changes (i.e. smoking cessation, increased rest, and dietary changes), counselling, relaxation, physical exercise, patient education, and in some cases, deep brain
1497:
Newcombe J, Eriksson B, Ottervald J, Yang Y, Franzén B (February 2005). "Extraction and proteomic analysis of proteins from normal and multiple sclerosis postmortem brain".
171:
Symptoms and signs that present in demyelinating diseases are different for each condition. These symptoms and signs can present in a person with a demyelinating disease:
3973:
3411:
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1051:
Miller DJ, Duka T, Stimpson CD, Schapiro SJ, Baze WB, McArthur MJ, Fobbs AJ, Sousa AM, Sestan N, Wildman DE, Lipovich L, Kuzawa CW, Hof PR, Sherwood CC (October 2012).
2344:
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1766:"Development of oral agent in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: how the first available oral therapy, fingolimod will change therapeutic paradigm approach"
2141:
3071:
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458:
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Schoenemann PT, Sheehan MJ, Glotzer LD (February 2005). "Prefrontal white matter volume is disproportionately larger in humans than in other primates".
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is expressed in regions of active remyelination and may play an important role in generating a local environment conducive to remyelination. N-cadherin
3459:
2967:
3563:
3096:
3913:
2957:
2134:
1991:
1411:
Rodriguez M, Siva A, Cross SA, O'Brien PC, Kurland LT (February 1995). "Optic neuritis: a population-based study in
Olmsted County, Minnesota".
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2019:
The
Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary
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levels may become a viable strategy to promote remyelination and prevent irreversible damage in MS patients. It has also been shown that
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have been shown to reduce immune-mediated damage to the CNS, preventing further damage in patients with MS. The drug targets the role of
1815:
Ransohoff RM, Howe CL, Rodriguez M (November 2002). "Growth factor treatment of demyelinating disease: at last, a leap into the light".
560:
348:
3019:
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1534:"The cyclooxygenase-2 pathway via the PGEâ‚‚ EP2 receptor contributes to oligodendrocytes apoptosis in cuprizone-induced demyelination"
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have about a third of patients recover and the other two-thirds experience varying degrees of disability. In some cases, such as
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1041:"Symptoms of Demyelinating Disorders - Right Diagnosis." Right Diagnosis. Right Diagnosis, 01 Feb 2012. Web. 24 Sep 2012
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to suppress cerebrospinal fluid and show lesions more clearly, and is used for example in multiple sclerosis evaluation.
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has revealed several proteins which contribute to the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. For example,
376:. Finally, a division may be made based on the underlying cause of demyelination: the disease process can be
3833:
3727:
3154:
2947:
2703:
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growth and cell migration, key aspects of promoting axon growth and remyelination after injury or disease.
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546:
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1995:
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Fernández O, Fernández VE, Guerrero M (2015). "Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system".
812:"Effect of chronic antipsychotic exposure on astrocyte and oligodendrocyte numbers in macaque monkeys"
3589:
3477:
3401:
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2831:
2648:
2537:
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709:
409:
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40:
912:"A Tale of Treatable Infantile Neuroregression and Diagnostic Dilemma with Glutaric Aciduria Type I"
59:
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687:(aTf) can protect myelin and induce remyelination. Finally, electrical stimulation which activates
604:
476:
454:
318:
102:
810:
Konopaske GT, Dorph-Petersen KA, Sweet RA, Pierri JN, Zhang W, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (April 2008).
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1973:
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1344:
1319:
Minagar A, Alexander JS (December 2003). "Blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis".
1301:
1255:
1178:
1135:
792:
725:
719:
572:
404:
144:
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31:
321:(CSF) can be extremely beneficial in the diagnosis of central nervous system infections. A CSF
3717:
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48:
607:, the patient can begin recovery as early as 2 to 12 weeks after the onset of the condition.
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114:
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Chaudhuri A (October 2013). "Multiple sclerosis is primarily a neurodegenerative disease".
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1001:
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recorded from the nervous system following the presentation of a stimulus as detected by
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to visualize internal structures of the body in detail. MRI makes use of the property of
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Rosati G (April 2001). "The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update".
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Various factors can contribute to the development of demyelinating diseases, including
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Incidence of demyelinating diseases varies by disorder. Some conditions, such as
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3255:
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2179:
684:
484:
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2017:
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refers to a specific combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that the
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Advances in
Neurology Volume 98: Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases
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160:
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Lotti M, Moretto A (2005). "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy".
43:
for CD68 highlights numerous macrophages (brown). Original magnification 10Ă—.
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The myelinoclastic disorders are typically associated with symptoms such as
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147:, evidence suggests that the body's immune system plays a significant role.
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POSER CM (March 1961). "Leukodystrophy and the concept of dysmyelination".
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491:. Both myelinoclastic and leukodystrophic modes of disease may result in
177:
16:
Any neurological disease in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged
2044:
691:
may provide a method by which regions of demyelination can be repaired.
275:
Various methods/techniques are used to diagnose demyelinating diseases:
3129:
1916:
1907:
1782:
1627:"Myelin recovery in multiple sclerosis: the challenge of remyelination"
1595:
655:
651:
322:
155:, are found at the site of lesions. Other immune system cells, such as
152:
121:
medications may also cause demyelination. Furthermore, deficiencies in
86:
74:
700:
Dog, Vizsla, Weimaraner, Australian Silky
Terrier, and mixed breeds).
3104:
2716:
2457:
2424:
2056:
587:
188:
183:
128:
Demyelinating diseases are traditionally classified into two types:
2972:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1532:
Palumbo S, Toscano CD, Parente L, Weigert R, Bosetti F (May 2012).
1123:
502:
1992:"Merck Veterinary Manual – Demyelinating Disorders: Introduction"
372:(PNS). They can also be classified by the presence or absence of
3149:
1234:
Weinshenker BG (1994). "Natural history of multiple sclerosis".
1213:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 112.
4047:
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3632:
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2130:
364:
Demyelinating diseases can be divided in those affecting the
1625:
Podbielska M, Banik NL, Kurowska E, Hogan EL (August 2013).
279:
Exclusion of other conditions that have overlapping symptoms
117:, can also lead to nerve demyelination. Chronic exposure to
861:"Vitamin-responsive epileptic encephalopathies in children"
3513:
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
1276:
Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis".
113:, and flea treatment preparations for pets, which contain
479:, because the demyelinating inflammation can affect the
3942:
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
1053:"Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution"
538:
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
345:
uses in an attempt to determine the correct diagnosis.
315:(EMG), or other electrophysiological recording method.
3223:
Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
1362:
Abbott R, Silber E, Felber J, Ekpo E (October 2005).
493:
lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
2034:
910:
Yoganathan S, Varman M, Oommen SP, Thomas M (2017).
619:
appear predominantly in males and begin in midlife.
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2298:
2289:
2275:
2235:
2178:
2169:
2038:
333:
Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
47:
24:
3974:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
3412:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
524:chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
140:named this second group dysmyelinating diseases.
3508:Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
1271:
1269:
654:have been identified and observed to stimulate
384:, wherein myelin is abnormal and degenerative.
416:Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases
143:In the most well-known demyelinating disease,
39:Photomicrograph of a demyelinating MS-lesion:
3605:
3072:
2142:
2016:Johnson RT (2004). "Demyelinating Diseases".
1499:J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
422:Leukodystrophic or dysmyelinating disorders:
8:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
400:Myelinoclastic or demyelinating disorders:
4055:
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3909:
3892:
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3649:
3642:
3629:
3612:
3598:
3590:
3379:
3079:
3065:
3057:
2867:
2858:
2627:
2295:
2286:
2175:
2149:
2135:
2127:
2035:
459:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
58:
30:
21:
3460:Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
1915:
1791:
1781:
1652:
1642:
1557:
1387:
1086:
1076:
937:
927:
886:
876:
835:
3564:List of multiple sclerosis organizations
742:
507:Guillain–Barré syndrome – demyelination
3569:List of people with multiple sclerosis
3445:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
3392:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
2938:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2611:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
226:Ocular paralysis (cranial nerve palsy)
134:demyelinating leukodystrophic diseases
573:Multiple sclerosis § Medications
130:demyelinating myelinoclastic diseases
7:
3544:Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome
3430:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
2789:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1002:10.1001/archneur.1961.00450090089013
859:Agadi S, Quach MM, Haneef Z (2013).
561:Progressive inflammatory neuropathy
392:The demyelinating disorders of the
349:Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
3020:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
511:The demyelinating diseases of the
380:, wherein myelin is destroyed; or
163:), also contribute to the damage.
14:
2723:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2526:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
3772:lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
3574:Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline
3450:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
3440:Marburg acute multiple sclerosis
3397:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
3251:Management of multiple sclerosis
3218:Radiologically isolated syndrome
3198:Expanded Disability Status Scale
2743:For more detailed coverage, see
2721:For more detailed coverage, see
2692:For more detailed coverage, see
2658:For more detailed coverage, see
2609:For more detailed coverage, see
1764:Gasperini C, Ruggieri S (2012).
1550:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07363.x
1364:"Osmotic demyelination syndrome"
1031:from the original on 2012-07-28.
781:10.2165/00139709-200524010-00003
577:Management of multiple sclerosis
3171:Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
1864:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.018
1691:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.010
4066:Complex regional pain syndrome
3875:Template:Cranial nerve disease
3455:Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
3367:Research in multiple sclerosis
3087:Demyelinating diseases of the
1735:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.002
828:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.018
529:Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy
382:dysmyelinating leukodystrophic
368:(CNS) and those affecting the
125:can result in dysmyelination.
1:
3937:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3036:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2921:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2779:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1829:10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02321-9
1511:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.073
1290:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7
715:Multiple sclerosis borderline
522:and its chronic counterpart,
3534:Central pontine myelinolysis
3503:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
3498:Metachromatic leukodystrophy
3193:Clinically isolated syndrome
3164:Investigations and diagnosis
3005:Progressive muscular atrophy
755:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
601:central pontine myelinolysis
440:Central pontine myelinolysis
378:demyelinating myelinoclastic
319:Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
229:Impaired muscle coordination
41:Immunohistochemical staining
3947:Familial amyloid neuropathy
3922:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
3539:Marchiafava–Bignami disease
2515:Primary progressive aphasia
586:stimulation (to ameliorate
534:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
262:Evolutionary considerations
4136:
4076:Nerve compression syndrome
2837:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2543:Posterior cortical atrophy
2364:Striatonigral degeneration
2215:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
570:
429:such as those produced by
329:that caused the infection.
325:examination may yield the
295:nuclear magnetic resonance
283:Magnetic resonance imaging
4054:
4043:
4001:Pectoralis minor syndrome
3908:
3891:
3641:
3628:
3622:peripheral nervous system
3620:Diseases relating to the
3435:Balo concentric sclerosis
2943:Spinal muscular atrophies
2911:Primary lateral sclerosis
2769:Intracranial hypertension
2549:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1962:10.1007/s12031-012-9791-8
1333:10.1191/1352458503ms965oa
1167:10.1007/s00702-013-1080-3
975:10.1016/j.med.2015.04.001
513:peripheral nervous system
370:peripheral nervous system
38:
29:
4027:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
4006:Thoracic outlet syndrome
3010:Progressive bulbar palsy
2801:Intracranial hypotension
2784:Choroid plexus papilloma
2198:Herpesviral encephalitis
1380:10.1136/bmj.331.7520.829
1155:J Neural Transm (Vienna)
1057:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1023:Laetoli (January 2008).
731:Myelin Repair Foundation
672:in disease progression.
545:-associated conditions (
3969:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3927:Dejerine–Sottas disease
3728:Cheiralgia paresthetica
2522:Frontotemporal dementia
2208:Encephalitis lethargica
1644:10.3390/brainsci3031282
1078:10.1073/pnas.1117943109
750:"demyelinating disease"
640:has been implicated in
520:Guillain–Barré syndrome
451:(syphilitic myelopathy)
176:Blurred double vision (
4115:Neurological disorders
4071:Mononeuritis multiplex
3996:Brachial plexus injury
3902:Polyradiculoneuropathy
3826:superior gluteal nerve
3798:Tarsal tunnel syndrome
3780:Meralgia paraesthetica
3685:Ulnar nerve entrapment
3662:Carpal tunnel syndrome
3376:Demyelinating diseases
3089:central nervous system
2827:Hepatic encephalopathy
662:Immunomodulatory drugs
508:
394:central nervous system
366:central nervous system
309:electroencephalography
149:Acquired immune system
95:genetic predisposition
4086:Peripheral neuropathy
3961:demyelinating disease
3695:Ulnar tunnel syndrome
2885:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2842:Static encephalopathy
2565:Mitochondrial disease
2403:Spasmodic torticollis
2313:Basal ganglia disease
1468:10.1007/s100720170011
1244:10.1002/ana.410360704
929:10.4103/jpn.JPN_35_17
547:peripheral neuropathy
506:
455:Leukoencephalopathies
71:demyelinating disease
25:Demyelinating disease
3834:Trendelenburg's sign
3478:Adrenoleukodystrophy
3402:MOG antibody disease
3204:Serological and CSF
3155:Uhthoff's phenomenon
2832:Toxic encephalopathy
2538:Lewy bodies dementia
1425:10.1212/wnl.45.2.244
1209:Freedman MS (2005).
722:(multiple sclerosis)
710:Degenerative disease
536:and its counterpart
412:, or Devic's disease
410:Neuromyelitis optica
305:electrical potential
151:cells, specifically
103:autoimmune reactions
3852:Piriformis syndrome
3738:long thoracic nerve
3306:Monomethyl fumarate
2880:Friedreich's ataxia
2263:Meningoencephalitis
2203:Limbic encephalitis
1770:Drug Des Devel Ther
1238:. 36 Suppl: S6–11.
1069:2012PNAS..10916480M
878:10.1155/2013/510529
605:transverse myelitis
477:transverse myelitis
339:Diagnostic criteria
3667:Ape hand deformity
3407:Multiple sclerosis
3291:Interferon beta-1b
3286:Interferon beta-1a
3281:Glatiramer acetate
3271:Diroximel fumarate
3244:Approved treatment
3097:Signs and symptoms
2916:Pseudobulbar palsy
2654:Status epilepticus
2605:Multiple sclerosis
2442:Myoclonic epilepsy
2305:movement disorders
2251:Acute disseminated
2193:Viral encephalitis
1908:10.1002/glia.22374
1783:10.2147/DDDT.S8927
1596:10.1002/glia.22367
916:J Pediatr Neurosci
865:Epilepsy Res Treat
726:The Myelin Project
720:The Lesion Project
683:administration of
509:
405:multiple sclerosis
289:technique used in
167:Signs and symptoms
145:multiple sclerosis
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3860:
3859:
3759:
3758:
3718:Radial neuropathy
3587:
3586:
3552:
3551:
3483:Alexander disease
3266:Dimethyl fumarate
3208:Oligoclonal bands
3176:McDonald criteria
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
2850:
2849:
2755:
2754:
2694:Template:Headache
2660:Template:Epilepsy
2581:
2580:
2555:Vascular dementia
2398:Status dystonicus
2271:
2270:
2246:Encephalomyelitis
2124:
2123:
1284:(9648): 1502–17.
969:(77): 4601–4609.
689:neural stem cells
543:Copper deficiency
403:Typical forms of
235:Loss of sensation
232:Weakness (muscle)
67:
66:
19:Medical condition
4127:
4120:Myelin disorders
4056:
4045:
3932:Refsum's disease
3910:
3893:
3816:Morton's neuroma
3768:
3650:
3643:
3630:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3380:
3350:Other treatments
3228:Dawson's fingers
3081:
3074:
3067:
3058:
2868:
2859:
2817:Brain herniation
2628:
2468:Intention tremor
2463:Essential tremor
2328:Postencephalitic
2296:
2287:
2176:
2157:Diseases of the
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1919:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1505:(1–2): 191–202.
1494:
1488:
1487:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1374:(7520): 829–30.
1359:
1353:
1352:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1187:
1186:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
979:
978:
958:
952:
951:
941:
931:
907:
901:
900:
890:
880:
856:
850:
849:
839:
807:
801:
800:
764:
758:
747:
695:In other animals
555:optic neuropathy
464:Leukodystrophies
313:electromyography
301:Evoked potential
253:Hearing problems
115:organophosphates
63:
62:
34:
22:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4090:
4050:
4031:
4015:
3978:
3951:
3904:
3879:
3856:
3838:
3820:
3802:
3784:
3755:
3732:
3704:
3671:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3588:
3583:
3579:Pathophysiology
3548:
3522:
3518:CAMFAK syndrome
3488:Canavan disease
3464:
3416:
3371:
3345:
3239:
3159:
3091:
3085:
3055:
3042:
2968:Congenital DSMA
2889:
2846:
2805:
2751:
2739:Sleep disorders
2727:
2704:Cerebrovascular
2698:
2664:
2621:
2615:
2577:
2559:
2484:
2430:Choreoathetosis
2303:
2280:
2267:
2231:
2165:
2155:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2047:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1902:(10): 1540–54.
1892:
1891:
1887:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1637:(4): 1282–324.
1624:
1623:
1619:
1590:(10): 1468–80.
1580:
1579:
1575:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1190:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1063:(41): 16480–5.
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1025:"Demyelination"
1022:
1021:
1017:
987:
986:
982:
960:
959:
955:
909:
908:
904:
858:
857:
853:
816:Biol Psychiatry
809:
808:
804:
766:
765:
761:
748:
744:
739:
706:
697:
677:thyroid hormone
642:oligodendrocyte
629:
613:
596:
579:
569:
501:
434:
390:
362:
351:(FLAIR) uses a
287:medical imaging
273:
264:
259:
256:Speech problems
238:Impaired vision
169:
57:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3898:Polyneuropathy
3896:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3866:Cranial nerves
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3751:Backpack palsy
3748:
3746:Winged scapula
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Froment's sign
3687:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3635:Mononeuropathy
3633:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Krabbe disease
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3320:+hyaluronidase
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3183:Poser criteria
3180:
3179:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Optic neuritis
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2940:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:Cerebral edema
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:Template:Sleep
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2573:Leigh syndrome
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2309:
2307:
2300:Extrapyramidal
2293:
2284:
2282:encephalopathy
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2159:nervous system
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2095:
2072:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:Classification
2032:
2031:External links
2029:
2026:
2025:
2008:
1983:
1950:J Mol Neurosci
1939:
1885:
1842:
1817:Trends Immunol
1807:
1756:
1712:
1668:
1617:
1573:
1524:
1489:
1446:
1403:
1354:
1311:
1265:
1226:
1219:
1188:
1161:(10): 1463–6.
1145:
1124:10.1038/nn1394
1102:
1043:
1034:
1015:
980:
953:
922:(4): 356–359.
902:
851:
802:
759:
741:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
728:
723:
717:
712:
705:
702:
696:
693:
685:apotransferrin
628:
625:
621:Optic neuritis
617:tabes dorsalis
612:
609:
595:
592:
568:
565:
564:
563:
558:
540:
531:
526:
500:
497:
473:optic neuritis
469:
468:
467:
466:
461:
452:
449:tabes dorsalis
442:
437:
432:
420:
419:
418:
413:
407:
389:
386:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:pulse sequence
346:
336:
330:
316:
298:
280:
272:
269:
263:
260:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
219:
218:Incoordination
216:
210:
205:
204:Hand paralysis
202:
199:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
168:
165:
159:(and possibly
138:Poser criteria
79:nervous system
77:affecting the
73:refers to any
65:
64:
51:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4042:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:Radiculopathy
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3844:sciatic nerve
3841:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3808:plantar nerve
3805:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3341:Teriflunomide
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:Radiological
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Reye syndrome
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Hydrocephalus
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2587:Demyelinating
2584:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Restless legs
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:Blepharospasm
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Hemiballismus
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:Brain abscess
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2009:
1998:on 2010-12-19
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:(1): 144–53.
1955:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:(1): 357–67.
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:(11): 512–6.
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:(3): 418–27.
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:(2): 117–39.
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(2): 244–50.
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:(2): 242–52.
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:(3): 323–32.
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
949:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
903:
898:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
852:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
822:(8): 759–65.
821:
817:
813:
806:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
760:
757:
756:
751:
746:
743:
736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
701:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:Manipulating
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
626:
624:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
602:
593:
591:
589:
585:
578:
574:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:, and rarely
552:
548:
544:
541:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
521:
518:
517:
516:
514:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
465:
462:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
428:
424:
423:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
406:
402:
401:
399:
398:
397:
395:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
327:microorganism
324:
320:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
278:
277:
276:
270:
268:
261:
255:
252:
249:
247:
243:
241:Unsteady gait
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
217:
215:
211:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
179:
175:
174:
172:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
83:myelin sheath
80:
76:
72:
61:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
4011:Phantom limb
3960:
3790:tibial nerve
3710:radial nerve
3654:median nerve
3422:Inflammatory
3301:Mitoxantrone
3135:Incontinence
3030:
2929:
2902:
2863:Degenerative
2600:Inflammatory
2586:
2547:
2480:Stiff-person
2318:Parkinsonism
2291:Degenerative
2188:Encephalitis
2171:Inflammation
2161:, primarily
2108:
2097:
2074:
2051:
2018:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1986:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1729:(5): 842–9.
1726:
1722:
1715:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1327:(6): 540–9.
1324:
1320:
1314:
1281:
1277:
1235:
1229:
1210:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1115:
1112:Nat Neurosci
1111:
1105:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1037:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
966:
962:
956:
919:
915:
905:
868:
864:
854:
819:
815:
805:
775:(1): 37–49.
772:
768:
762:
753:
745:
698:
674:
660:
646:
630:
614:
611:Epidemiology
597:
580:
510:
470:
445:Myelopathies
427:neuropathies
391:
381:
377:
374:inflammation
363:
274:
265:
250:Incontinence
222:Paresthesias
170:
142:
133:
129:
127:
111:weed killers
92:
85:surrounding
70:
68:
3677:ulnar nerve
3316:Ocrelizumab
3311:Natalizumab
3256:Alemtuzumab
3015:Fazio–Londe
2855:Both/either
2649:Generalised
2508:Early-onset
2503:Alzheimer's
2238:spinal cord
1917:11336/67318
1685:(1): 70–7.
1538:J Neurochem
990:Arch Neurol
769:Toxicol Rev
670:macrophages
487:. Many are
485:spinal cord
481:optic nerve
285:(MRI) is a
246:paraparesis
214:anaesthesia
208:Hemiparesis
157:macrophages
123:vitamin B12
119:neuroleptic
4109:Categories
3988:plexopathy
3957:Autoimmune
3723:Wrist drop
3700:Ulnar claw
3470:Hereditary
3384:Autoimmune
3360:Daclizumab
3296:Laquinimod
3276:Fingolimod
3261:Cladribine
3235:Frexalimab
3120:Dysarthria
3110:Depression
2623:paroxysmal
2595:Autoimmune
2388:Dyskinesia
2258:Meningitis
2236:Brain and
2110:DiseasesDB
2002:2012-10-30
1852:Exp Neurol
1776:: 175–86.
1679:Exp Neurol
1456:Neurol Sci
1321:Mult Scler
1236:Ann Neurol
1220:0781751705
871:: 510529.
737:References
681:intranasal
666:fingolimod
648:N-cadherin
634:proteomics
571:See also:
551:myelopathy
489:idiopathic
435:deficiency
201:Clumsiness
194:Dysarthria
161:mast cells
99:infectious
81:where the
4081:Neuralgia
3336:Siponimod
3331:Ponesimod
3189:Clinical
3140:Nystagmus
3125:Dysphagia
2620:Episodic/
2498:Tauopathy
2449:Akathisia
2437:Myoclonus
2420:Athetosis
2352:Tauopathy
1751:207357858
1631:Brain Sci
1612:205834726
1484:207051545
1413:Neurology
1306:195686659
1140:205430527
594:Prognosis
567:Treatment
515:include:
431:vitamin B
396:include:
343:clinician
291:radiology
271:Diagnosis
107:sheep dip
54:Neurology
49:Specialty
3326:Ozanimod
3115:Diplopia
2986:SMALED2B
2981:SMALED2A
2678:Migraine
2670:Headache
2636:epilepsy
2632:Seizures
2490:Dementia
2393:Dystonia
1978:15779187
1970:22588976
1934:28658807
1926:22736466
1872:22421533
1837:12401395
1802:22888218
1743:20153391
1723:Peptides
1707:33883037
1699:22735489
1663:24961530
1604:22689449
1568:21699540
1519:15652809
1476:11603614
1441:25800388
1398:16210283
1349:10189144
1341:14664465
1298:18970977
1175:23982272
1132:15665874
1097:23012402
1029:Archived
1010:13737358
963:Medicine
948:29675077
897:23984056
846:17945195
797:29313644
789:16042503
704:See also
664:such as
652:agonists
627:Research
584:thalamic
457:such as
447:such as
244:Spastic
212:Genital
178:Diplopia
101:agents,
4059:General
3356:Former
3130:Fatigue
2998:SMA-PME
2993:SMA-PCH
2976:SMALED1
2688:Tension
2683:Cluster
2408:Meige's
2225:Amoebic
2104:D003711
1880:1534460
1793:3414371
1654:4061877
1559:3220805
1433:7854520
1389:1246086
1260:7140070
1252:8017890
1183:8575687
1088:3478650
1065:Bibcode
939:5890558
888:3745849
837:2386415
656:neurite
588:tremors
323:culture
311:(EEG),
198:Fatigue
153:T-cells
87:neurons
75:disease
3105:Ataxia
2717:Stroke
2531:Pick's
2458:Tremor
2425:Chorea
2022:. NIH.
1976:
1968:
1932:
1924:
1878:
1870:
1835:
1800:
1790:
1749:
1741:
1705:
1697:
1661:
1651:
1610:
1602:
1566:
1556:
1517:
1482:
1474:
1439:
1431:
1396:
1386:
1347:
1339:
1304:
1296:
1278:Lancet
1258:
1250:
1217:
1181:
1173:
1138:
1130:
1095:
1085:
1008:
946:
936:
895:
885:
844:
834:
795:
787:
575:, and
303:is an
189:Clonus
184:Ataxia
56:
4049:Other
4020:Other
3557:Other
3527:Other
3031:both:
2963:DSMA1
2958:SMAX2
2953:SMAX1
2933:only:
2906:only:
2810:Other
2732:Other
2644:Focal
2277:Brain
2180:Brain
2115:17472
2093:357.0
2070:G61.0
1974:S2CID
1930:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1747:S2CID
1703:S2CID
1608:S2CID
1480:S2CID
1437:S2CID
1345:S2CID
1302:S2CID
1256:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1136:S2CID
793:S2CID
638:COX-2
360:Types
3986:and
3959:and
3914:HMSN
3900:and
3873:See
3150:Pain
2634:and
2345:PKAN
2340:NBIA
2099:MeSH
2080:9-CM
1966:PMID
1922:PMID
1896:Glia
1868:PMID
1833:PMID
1798:PMID
1739:PMID
1695:PMID
1659:PMID
1600:PMID
1584:Glia
1564:PMID
1515:PMID
1472:PMID
1429:PMID
1394:PMID
1337:PMID
1294:PMID
1248:PMID
1215:ISBN
1171:PMID
1128:PMID
1093:PMID
1006:PMID
944:PMID
893:PMID
869:2013
842:PMID
785:PMID
475:and
425:CNS
132:and
3764:Leg
3646:Arm
2948:SMA
2931:LMN
2904:UMN
2895:MND
2761:CSF
2712:TIA
2357:PSP
2333:NMS
2302:and
2163:CNS
2089:341
2085:340
2076:ICD
2066:G37
2062:G35
2053:ICD
1958:doi
1912:hdl
1904:doi
1860:doi
1856:235
1825:doi
1788:PMC
1778:doi
1731:doi
1687:doi
1683:237
1649:PMC
1639:doi
1592:doi
1554:PMC
1546:doi
1542:121
1507:doi
1503:815
1464:doi
1421:doi
1384:PMC
1376:doi
1372:331
1368:BMJ
1329:doi
1286:doi
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