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social welfare, in an isolated community on low hourly wages, churches, unions, friendly societies and lodges provided important security for their members. Miners had formed their own
Medical Association in 1883 (a doctor was contracted to visit Denniston twice a week) and an Accident and Relief Fund Association was formed in 1890. A hospital, which opened in 1910 – paid for by subscriptions, levies and fundraising efforts – was built in a central location to deal with emergencies from mines in all directions. Denniston did not have a cemetery as the ground was too hard; bodies were transported from Denniston to Waimangaroa for burial, initially down the Denniston Incline and later by road.
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Mine above the
Waimangaroa Gorge to carry coal from the mine to the top of the incline. Later, horse-power was replaced by a steam engine-powered moving endless rope to which mine tubs were hooked by chains for their journeys to and from the bins at Brakehead. By 1889, the double track tramway (now called a roperoad) had been extended through and beyond the Banbury Mine, past the Ironbrook Mine and on to the Coalbrookdale Mine—a distance of about 2.4 kilometres (1.5 miles). The roperoad system was renewed along a partly new alignment between 1900 and 1904. (An image of one of these roperoads can be seen below in External links.)
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The cottages were utilitarian small wooden buildings with roofs and chimneys of corrugated iron. There was no running water, no baths in houses, and toilets were tin sheds with cans that were emptied by night cart men. Large families were often confined to two-room huts for long periods during bad weather. There were no shrubs, flowers or gardens. Even after 20 years, these poor living conditions still prevailed.
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good road access to the plateau was established and the demand for coal declined, the townships shrank – and disappeared altogether once the incline and mines closed. A former schoolhouse, now used as a museum, is one of the few buildings remaining. Very few people now live on the plateau but the area is of increasing interest to tourists interested in its history. Future opencast mining is a possibility.
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grid, building foundations, chimneys, and the square water tanks that many houses had, are the main relics that can be seen. Most of the former building sites are empty and covered in low scrub and only a few buildings still stand. The former high school is occupied by the
Friends of the Hill and is used as a museum and information centre. Other remaining buildings are now privately owned.
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provision of buses enabled them and their families to live in more pleasant conditions down on the coastal plain. The school, last shop, and last hotel (the Red Dog Saloon, owned by Johnny Cotter) closed in the 1960s, and the Post Office closed in 1971. The last lodge, the
Buffaloes Lodge, closed in 1996 – though by then it had relocated from Denniston to the former Waimangaroa RSA rooms.
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The two drums were mounted beside each other on a common shaft, and the wire rope wound in opposite directions on each drum. So while one drum was letting the rope out and lowering a full wagon down the incline, the other drum was winding its rope in and pulling an empty wagon up the incline. Hydraulic pistons slowed the rotation of the winding drums to control the speed of the wagons.
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had wagons ascending and descending – otherwise the ropes would get crossed over. (An image of a full wagon descending the upper part of one incline can be seen below in
External links.) The southern side of the inclines was called the 'Company Side', as that was the side the company offices were located on; the northern side of the inclines was called the 'Donkey Side'.
316:, the hoppers of which could be detached from their wagon bodies and lifted by wharf crane over the hold of a ship, and the bottom discharge doors of the wagons then opened manually to discharge coal into the ships' holds. (Two images of a crane lifting a hopper out of a wagon and over a ship's hold can be seen below in External links.)
251:, and constructed the Denniston Incline, and the roperoads from the mines to the top of the incline. To raise additional capital to develop the mines further, the Westport Colliery Company was reformed into the Westport Coal Company in 1881. The company also operated mines in other places on the West Coast, including
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There were three main townships on the
Denniston Plateau – Denniston, Burnett's Face, and Coalbrookdale. There were no roads connecting the townships, and everyone walked alongside the roperoads to move about. The population of the plateau as a whole peaked in 1911, at just over 1400 inhabitants (the
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The mines on the
Denniston Plateau included the Banbury, Ironbridge, Coalbrookdale, Whareatea, and Sullivan mines. The first mine was the Banbury, which began production in 1880. A double track 0.61-metre (2-foot) gauge 560-metre long horse tramway was built from the top of the incline to the Banbury
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The
Denniston Incline was actually two inclines. The higher of the two began at Brakehead, and descended steeply to the appropriately named Middle Brake. Here wagons were disconnected from the first incline's rope, and placed on the rope of the second incline for a more gentle descent to Conns Creek,
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Little remains of the
Incline or the townships on the plateau but relics can be found throughout the area. Middle Brake is one of the most intact industrial areas remaining because its inaccessibility resulted in much equipment being left on site. At Brakehead and Denniston township, the main street
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Another township, Coalbrookdale, stretched for several hundred metres along sides of the roperoad in the lower
Coalbrookdale Valley, southwest of Burnett's Face. There were about 21 buildings in Coalbrookdale in 1891, and the population peaked in 1896 when there were 165 people living in the valley.
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In 1952, a monocable aerial ropeway 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) in length was commissioned (with buckets carrying coal suspended from the rope) to carry coal from the new Whareata and Sullivan mines to Brakehead, and the roperoad was abandoned. The Coalbrookdale and Ironbridge mines had reached the end
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With recognition of the historic nature of Denniston and its increasing status as a local tourist icon and one that is close to Westport, a group of mainly locals, The Friends of the Hill, seek to preserve Denniston's heritage and interpret it for the benefit of people visiting one of New Zealand's
386:
The development of the Ironbridge Mine led to the establishment of the settlement known as Burnett's Face, about 2 kilometres southeast from Denniston. It was initially a cluster of tents, but by 1891 there were wooden cottages, a school, two hotels, a butchery, a bakery, several stores, two halls,
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Denniston had a communal recreation and sports ground, its own sports clubs and Returned Services Association, and churches included Presbyterian, Methodist, Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Salvation Army. There were five lodges (Masonic, Druids, Odd Fellows, Orange and Buffaloes). In the days before
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Settlement soon spread up onto the plateau itself, and by 1887, there were three hotels, a postal and telegraph office, four general stores, three butchers and three bakers in Denniston. Living conditions were squalid and visitors complained about the unsanitary and 'smelly' nature of the township.
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The upper part of each incline had essentially two sets of railway tracks side by side (three rails, with the inner rail shared by both tracks), while below the midsection of each incline (where wagons passed each other) the two sets of track were 'interwoven'. Each side of the inclines alternately
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The Westport Colliery Company, predecessor to the Westport Coal Company, was formed in 1878 to mine the high quality coal on the Mount Rochfort Plateau, commonly known as the Denniston Plateau. To access the coal, the company extended the nearby Wellington Coal Company's branch railway on the south
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that used gravity to lower 12.5 ton gross laden weight New Zealand Railways' coal wagons one at a time from Brakehead, at Denniston, at the top to Conns Creek below. Each descending wagon hauled an empty one up the incline by means of wire ropes, each wagon attached to its own rope and brake drum.
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The townships of the Denniston Plateau, and the Denniston Incline itself, existed solely to extract coal from the plateau. Living conditions at Denniston were harsh; the rocky, windswept plateau is often immersed in cloud, receives a high annual rainfall, and very low temperatures are common. Once
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Denniston played a key role in the development of the union movement in New Zealand, and the country's first miner's union was formed at Denniston in 1884. A report to the coal industry in 1919 attributed much of the industrial unrest and dissatisfaction of the Deniston miners to their 'sordid'
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The Westport Coal Company's coal production from the Denniston Plateau increased to an annual peak in 1910, when 464 men working underground produced 348,335 tons of coal. Production then declined. In all, the incline carried an estimated 12.6 million tons of coal during its life. Some mining
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The peak of population came in 1926, when there were 910 living in the township. During the 1932–35 Depression, and after World War 2, people began to move away from Denniston, with many houses being moved in sections for re-erection at Waimangaroa or Westport. For the remaining workers, the
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The first settlement, known as "The Camp", was located on a rock ledge above the Waimangaroa River. It was built below the level of the plateau between two escarpments for protection from relentless winds. The first workers developed the Banbury Mine, but many did not stay long owing to the
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View of the wharf area, Westport, with crane on rails lifting coal hopper to unload coal wagon with man looking on, commercial buildings and other crane operating beside the wharf background, Westport Harbour. The Press (Newspaper): Negatives. Ref: 1/1-008350-G. Alexander Turnbull Library,
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By the 1960s, demand for coal was falling and the Denniston Incline closed on 16 August 1967. The Conns Creek branch, which connected to the foot of the incline, was cut back to become a 1-kilometre (0.62-mile) long spur siding where the coal carried by truck from the bins at Brakehead was
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The community at Denniston served no other purpose than to support the operations of the coal mines and the incline. Once a usable road was put through from Waimangaroa to the plateau, people started to drift away from the plateau to the warmer climate of Waimangaroa or Westport below.
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The Denniston Incline closed in 1967. The plateau now has a population of fewer than 10 people, and virtually all the buildings and structures are gone, although many historical relics remain – scattered throughout the plateau and incline area amongst the scrub vegetation.
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The Denniston Incline and the key historical areas of the plateau are now managed by the New Zealand Department of Conservation. At Brakehead, replicas have been built of some of the former trackwork and three original Q wagons placed on the site.
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It is named for R. B. Denniston, manager of the first major mine to open on the West Coast in the 1870s. During the first few decades of the 20th century, up to 1400 people lived in the townships on the Denniston Plateau to service the large
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inhospitable conditions. However, by 1883 there were about a hundred residents, a school, and a brass band. The company's offices were above The Camp and Brakehead, alongside the tramway from the mine to the top of the incline.
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The system did not always function as intended and collisions, derailments and runaways were not unknown. The remains of several wrecked wagons still lie beside, or even some distance from, the incline formation.
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School children during a nature lesson, Denniston Incline, West Coast. Pascoe, John Dobree, 1908–1972: Photographic albums, prints and negatives. Ref: 1/4-001332-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New
255:, and by 1905, the company was by far the largest coal producer in New Zealand. The Westport Coal Company's mines and the Denniston Incline were taken over by the New Zealand State Mines Department in 1948.
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Wharf area, Westport, with crane on rails lifting coal hopper, ship and Westport Harbour beyond. The Press (Newspaper): Negatives. Ref: 1/1-008349-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.
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A bridle track was built between Waimangaroa and Denniston by 1885. Prior to this, the only access for people and goods had been to ride in coal wagons travelling at high speed up or down the incline.
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in an area of 200 hectares of conservation land on the southern Denniston Plateau. Mining commenced in 2014, but was suspended in 2016 in response to the closure in June of the Holcim cement works at
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transferred into railway wagons. A few months later, in 1968, the aerial ropeway from the mines also closed in favour of trucking of coal down the hill directly from the mines. In May 1968, the
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Coal tubs on cable roperoad railway. Humphreys, W: Photographs of the Westport Coal Company's operation at Denniston. Ref: PA1-o-990-12. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.
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on the other side of the valley was higher, with a total fall of 700 metres (2,300 feet), and over twice as long as the Denniston Incline, with a length of 3.6 kilometres (2.2 miles).
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The Denniston incline fell a total of 516 metres (1,693 feet) in 1,670 metres (83 chains or 1.04 miles), with some sections having gradients steeper than 1 in 1.3. The short-lived
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Denniston is listed as a Category 1 Historic Place on the New Zealand Heritage List, and considered to have special or outstanding historical or cultural significance or value.
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where the accumulated wagons would then be marshalled into trains before being taken to Westport. The drum from Middle Brake is now on display at Westport's Coaltown Museum.
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caused much damage to the incline, making the closure irreversible. Thus, what was once described as the "Eighth Wonder of the World" by locals, faded into history.
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In March 2013 the Environment Court gave Bathurst the go-ahead, though groups such as Forest & Bird vowed to continue fighting.
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A journey through Denniston: Stories and research from the interpretation panels at Denniston Coalfields Historic Area: Part
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Coal is still mined on the Denniston Plateau, at a small scale, and 9 kilometres (5.6 miles) to the north at the
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of their economic lives and closed in 1944 and 1945 respectively; Banbury Mine had closed in 1890.
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Wagons could be delivered from Denniston to Conns Creek at a rate of 12 to 18 wagons per hour. The
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Denniston. Archaeological Survey Report for the Department of Conservation, West Coast Conservancy
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There was a licensed hotel from 1894 to c.1921. The last permanent resident departed in 1956.
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to mine for coal on the Denniston Plateau, a move strongly opposed by environmentalists.
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most famous coalfield settlements. The growth of interest in Denniston has been aided by
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and two billiard saloons. Its main road was the constantly running roperoad
312:). The railway wagons used on the incline were mainly the common "Q" class
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The Denniston Incline began operation in April 1880. It was a self-acting
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NZ Institute of Professional Engineers Heritage page on Denniston Incline
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746:. New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Incorporated. p. 23.
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there. Coal was transported in railway wagons from the plateau via the
716:
The Cyclopedia of New Zealand . Part of: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand
584:. New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Incorporated. p. 5.
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Te Ara Encyclopedia: Coal Mining & the Dennison Incline (video)
718:. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia Company Limited. 1905. p. 312.
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bank of the Waimangaroa River by 1.1 kilometres (0.68 miles) to
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continued and the Escarpment Mine operated from 1964 to 1982.
1371:
Image of crane unloading wagon hopper into ship at Westport:
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Image of crane lifting wagon hopper from wagon at Westport:
982:. Christchurch: Cadsonbury Publications. pp. 106–119.
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The setting and history of Denniston is similar to that of
382:
The coal-mining settlement of Burnett's Face (circa 1910)
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population of Denniston township peaked later, in 1926).
154:
is a small settlement, 15 kilometres (9 miles) east of
694:. Christchurch: Cadsonbury Publications. p. 92.
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and a decline in global prices for hard coking coal.
170:, 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level in the
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525:"Denniston | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
399:. By the 1950s, little remained of the settlement.
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607:"Bathurst suspends mining operations at Denniston"
660:"West Coast mayors tell Aucklanders to back off"
553:"Coal Mining on the Denniston Plateau 1882–2010"
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1677:Blackwater River (Little Grey River tributary)
980:Great Expectations: The Colonisation of Buller
692:Great Expectations: The Colonisation of Buller
637:. Southern Archaeology Ltd, Dunedin. p. 6
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1358:Coal skips on roperoad on Denniston plateau:
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1297:"Bathurst closer to Denniston Plateau mine"
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851:. Wellington: Government Printer. p.
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1672:Blackwater River (Buller River tributary)
744:Denniston's Incline: Coal from the Clouds
582:Denniston's Incline: Coal from the Clouds
267:Bottom of Denniston Incline, c.1880s–90s.
558:. New Zealand Department of Conservation
2048:Rail transport in the West Coast Region
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1351:Loaded coal wagon descending incline:
166:of New Zealand. It is situated on the
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2043:Ghost towns in the West Coast Region
302:was the standard NZR track gauge of
2058:Closed railway lines in New Zealand
1128:Petchey, P. G. (2007), pp. 63, 65.
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1382:Video clip of incline operating:
1188:. The Friends of the Hill Society
1150:Petchey, P. G. (2007), pp. 18–80.
968:Petchey, P. G. (2007), pp. 50–80.
458:, set in the 1880s at Denniston.
54:
1229:Petchey, P. G. (2007), pp. 1, 5.
1020:Petchey, P. G. (2007), pp.50–57.
605:Hartley, Simon (15 March 2016).
221:Top of Denniston Incline in 2013
53:
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29:Place in West Coast, New Zealand
848:The New Zealand Mining Handbook
1088:Hawes, C. (2004), pp. 111–112.
1011:Hawes, C, (2004), pp. 106–108.
1:
1171:Petchey, P. G. (2007), p. 57.
1159:Petchey, P. G. (2007), p. 26.
1110:Petchey, P. G. (2007), p. 51.
1061:Petchey, P. G. (2007), p. 11.
1052:Hawes, C. (2004), p. 112-113.
865:Petchey, P. G .(2007), p. 16.
2053:Railway lines in New Zealand
1261:Petchey, P. G. (2007), p. 2.
1243:. Department of Conservation
1034:Petchey, P. G. (2007), p.50.
1883:Pancake Rocks and Blowholes
1732:Metro Cave / Te Ananui Cave
2079:
1806:Facilities and attractions
391:linking the mine with the
1858:Karamea Centennial Museum
1833:Granity Community Library
1427:
1119:Hawes, C. (2004), p. 110.
1079:Hawes, C. (2004), p. 108.
1070:Hawes, C. (2004), p. 112.
1043:Hawes, C. (2004), p. 109.
1002:Hawes, C. (2004), p. 111.
242:The Westport Coal Company
72:
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1913:Stillwater–Ngākawau Line
1893:Punakaiki Marine Reserve
1848:Kahurangi Marine Reserve
1797:Wharepapa / Arthur Range
1367:Wellington, New Zealand.
1340:20 November 2004 at the
1271:Pattrick, Jenny (2003).
454:, a historical novel by
337:The townships and people
305:3 ft 6 in
1853:Kahurangi National Park
978:Hawes, Carolyn (2004).
690:Hawes, Carolyn (2004).
480:Escarpment Mine Project
429:Denniston Plateau today
320:The mines and roperoads
199:Escarpment Mine Project
1873:Ngakawau Hydro Project
1818:Charming Creek Tramway
1792:Waitakere / Nile River
1211:. Heritage New Zealand
1186:"Welcome to Denniston"
742:Prebble, Bill (2008).
580:Prebble, Bill (2008).
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92:41.73139°S 171.78944°E
1985:Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō
1888:Paparoa National Park
631:Petchey, P G (2007).
434:Heritage preservation
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1928:Victoria Forest Park
1757:Ōpārara Basin Arches
1316:Information panels:
1184:Historic Denniston.
423:Inangahua earthquake
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97:-41.73139; 171.78944
2063:Coal in New Zealand
2010: /
1777:Perpendicular Point
1640:Geographic features
1101:(2008), pp. 29, 84.
904:(2008), pp. 29, 33.
878:(2008). pp. 33, 38.
845:Galvin, P. (1906).
412:Decline and closure
395:at the head of the
362:living conditions.
201:was established by
88: /
2014:41.733°S 171.800°E
1908:Seddonville Branch
1823:Conns Creek Branch
1480:Inangahua Junction
1273:The Denniston Rose
1141:(2008), pp. 40–41.
822:(2008), pp. 62–63.
809:(2008), pp. 45–46.
783:(2008). pp. 50–61.
770:(2008), pp. 42–43.
666:. 8 December 2011.
664:New Zealand Herald
476:Bathurst Resources
452:The Denniston Rose
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203:Bathurst Resources
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1843:Inland Pack Track
1762:Ōtūmahana Estuary
1697:Denniston Plateau
1662:Ballroom Overhang
1635:
1634:
1275:. Black Swan NZ.
1239:Places to visit.
1207:Search the List.
753:978-0-908573-84-4
611:Otago Daily Times
591:978-0-908573-84-4
529:nzhistory.govt.nz
500:Millerton Incline
397:Denniston Incline
259:Denniston incline
184:Denniston Incline
168:Denniston Plateau
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16:(Redirected from
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1954:District Council
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1898:Reefton Hospital
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462:Future mining
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73:Coordinates:
49:
33:
27:
19:
1995:
1923:Truman Track
1838:Heaphy Track
1828:Fenian Track
1787:Scotts Beach
1687:Buller River
1682:Buller Gorge
1657:Awarau River
1525:
1460:Blacks Point
1377:
1346:
1315:
1300:
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1272:
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1155:
1146:
1138:
1137:Prebble, B.
1133:
1124:
1115:
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1098:
1097:Prebble, B.
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955:Prebble, B.
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929:Prebble, B.
914:
913:Prebble, B.
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831:Prebble, B.
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728:Prebble, B.
724:
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685:
677:
676:Prebble, B.
672:
663:
639:. Retrieved
633:
626:
614:. Retrieved
610:
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581:
560:. Retrieved
532:. Retrieved
528:
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164:South Island
151:
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144:Te Tai Tonga
26:
2017: /
1742:Mount Haast
1647:Allen River
1581:Waimangaroa
1566:Seddonville
1514:Seddon Ward
1470:Crushington
1247:28 December
1215:23 December
1192:23 December
641:27 December
562:28 December
474:. In 2010,
300:track gauge
249:Conns Creek
188:Conns Creek
136:Electorates
111:New Zealand
95: /
83:171°47′22″E
2032:Categories
1947:Government
1727:Lewis Pass
1607:Charleston
1282:1869415612
511:References
180:coal mines
160:West Coast
120:West Coast
80:41°43′53″S
1980:Ngāi Tahu
1702:Fox River
1612:Punakaiki
1576:Summerlea
1556:Mokihinui
1551:Millerton
1526:Denniston
1455:Big River
1301:3 News NZ
472:Millerton
346:Denniston
253:Millerton
231:Millerton
158:, on the
152:Denniston
61:Denniston
36:Denniston
2005:171°48′E
1627:Westport
1571:Stockton
1561:Ngakawau
1475:Ikamatua
1465:Cronadun
1434:Westport
1354:Zealand.
1347:Images:
1338:Archived
489:See also
213:Overview
156:Westport
126:District
2002:41°44′S
1622:Te Kuha
1541:Karamea
1531:Granity
1521:Arapito
1495:Reefton
1378:Video:
616:23 June
389:skipway
273:ropeway
237:History
162:of the
108:Country
1536:Hector
1505:Waiuta
1490:Maruia
1279:
986:
750:
698:
588:
534:14 May
116:Region
1959:Mayor
1485:Lyell
1329:Part
1326:Part
1323:Part
1139:(Ed.)
1099:(Ed.)
957:(Ed.)
944:(Ed.)
931:(Ed.)
915:(Ed.)
902:(Ed.)
889:(Ed.)
876:(Ed.)
833:(Ed.)
820:(Ed.)
807:(Ed.)
794:(Ed.)
781:(Ed.)
768:(Ed.)
730:(Ed.)
678:(Ed.)
556:(PDF)
470:near
1430:Seat
1277:ISBN
1249:2016
1217:2016
1194:2016
984:ISBN
748:ISBN
696:ISBN
643:2016
618:2022
586:ISBN
564:2016
536:2022
393:bins
1973:Iwi
853:387
186:to
2034::
1432::
1299:.
1176:^
1164:^
1025:^
922:^
662:.
651:^
609:.
572:^
544:^
527:.
174:.
1412:e
1405:t
1398:v
1285:.
1251:.
1219:.
1196:.
992:.
855:.
756:.
704:.
645:.
620:.
594:.
566:.
538:.
308:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
