210:
Birmingham (now part of
Birmingham City University), made initial findings regarding its practical use. In 2012, professor Barry Molloy, utilizing a different replica, contributed important insights into the kinematics of the armor. In 2018, archaeologist Spyros Bakas, through a meticulous reconstruction of the panoply, provided crucial information on its distinctive features and the anatomy of its components, while also addressing the operational capabilities of the warrior. Most recently, in 2024, researchers from the University of Thessaly, led by professor Andreas Flouris, using Wardle's 1980s replica, added new conclusions on the ergonomics and kinematics of the warrior wearing the armor, showing that " group of special armed-forces personnel wearing a replica of the Dendra armour were able to complete an 11-hour simulated Late Bronze Age combat protocol that we developed from a series of studies based on the available evidence". This research indicates that the armour was perfectly suited to use in battle, not simply ceremonial as originally assumed.
20:
158:
protection to the wearer's armpits when his arms were in the raised position. There is also a deep neck guard. The Linear B ideogram depicting armour of this type makes the neck guard clearly discernible, and protection by a high bronze collar was a typical feature of Near
Eastern body armour. Three pairs of curved plates hang from the waist to protect the groin and the thighs. All these pieces are made of beaten bronze sheet and are backed with leather and loosely fastened by ox-hide thongs to allow some degree of movement. The complete
66:
157:
consists of two pieces, for the chest and back. These are joined on the left side by a hinge. There is a bronze loop on the right side of the front plate and a similar loop on each shoulder. Large shoulder guards fit over the cuirass. Two triangular plates are attached to the shoulder guards and gave
209:
The panoply has been the subject of extensive academic study and experimental research. While many scholars have discussed its functionality, significant experimental investigations have also been conducted. In 1988, Diana Wardle, using a replica crafted by students at the
Bournville College of Art,
129:
and lower arm-guards. The arm-guard is unique but greaves, probably made of linen, are often depicted in late
Mycenaean art. The few bronze examples that have been found only covered the shins and may have been worn over linen ones, as much for show of status Diane Fortenberry has suggested, as for
162:
thus forms a cumbersome tubular suit of armour, which fully protects the neck and torso, and extends down to the knees. It appears that lower arm guards and a set of greaves further protected the warrior, all made of bronze, as fragments of these were also found in the grave at Dendra. Slivers of
242:
Flouris, Andreas D.; Petmezas, Stavros B.; Asimoglou, Panagiotis I.; Vale, João P.; Mayor, Tiago S.; Giakas, Giannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z.; Koutedakis, Yiannis; Wardle, Ken; Wardle, Diana (22 May 2024).
109:, the oldest form of metal body armor, was used widely throughout the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East. In May 1960 Swedish archaeologists discovered the earliest example of a beaten bronze
245:"Analysis of Greek prehistoric combat in full body armour based on physiological principles: A series of studies using thematic analysis, human experiments, and numerical simulations"
608:
69:
Diagram of the "Cuirass" Tomb in which the Dendra armour was found, illustrating the location of the offerings based on information provided during the original excavation.
467:
121:(LHIIIa) Dendra Panoply, which consists of 15 separate pieces of bronze sheet, held together with leather thongs, that encased the wearer from neck to knees. The
598:
201:, Lower Egypt, or, alternatively, the body armour may be a 'bell' corselet of beaten bronze sheet, a type also found in central Europe at that time.
593:
175:
613:
452:
Wardle, Diana (1988). "Does reconstruction help? A Mycenaean Dress and the Dendra Suit of Armour". In E.B. French; K.A. Wardle (eds.).
588:
334:
in Crete: they "extend the chronological range of the Dendra type back to 1450 and forward to 1350", according to King 1970.
19:
357:
346:
182:
with a fringed leather apron that reaches to mid-thigh and possible shoulder guards, very much like that worn by the
130:
protection. Although we have only this one complete panoply to date, armor of similar type appears as an ideogram on
603:
178:) are wearing body armor. However, this armor is different. It may be either an embossed waist-length leather
482:
198:
164:
461:
298:
183:
551:
276:
65:
434:
294:
266:
256:
82:
39:
361:
350:
412:
271:
244:
327:
86:
582:
219:
118:
187:
171:
106:
509:"The Mycenaean Dendra Panoply. Experimental reconstruction & Interpretations"
261:
78:
74:
354:
568:
438:
343:
280:
556:
Early Greek Armour and
Weapons: From the End of the Bronze Age to 600 B.C.
365:
572:
331:
131:
94:
326:
Isolated bronze shoulder pieces and apron plates are known from Dendra,
179:
159:
154:
150:
135:
122:
110:
98:
90:
50:
42:
143:
126:
114:
54:
46:
24:
508:
45:(full-body armor) made of bronze plates uncovered in the village of
139:
64:
18:
117:, dated at the end of the 15th century BC. It forms part of the
102:
513:
MA Thesis, Archaeological
Institute of the University of Warsaw
376:
Fortenberry, "Single
Greaves in the Late Helladic Period"
163:
boars' tusks were also discovered, which once made up a
483:"The Origins of Plate Armour in the Aegean and Europe"
425:Greenhalgh, Peter (1980). "The Dendra Charioteer".
541:, iv) (Göteborg) 1977. The official publication.
609:Archaeological discoveries in the Peloponnese
81:, and lower protection plates) from the late
8:
89:; some bronze bands have been also found at
394:The Linear B Arms and Armour Tablets— Again
531:The Cuirass Tomb and Other Finds at Dendra
466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
237:
235:
270:
260:
231:
459:
176:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
558:(Edinburgh/Chicago) 1964: 71–73, 76f.
7:
539:Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology
355:Dendra panoply modern reconstruction
310:Cynthia King, "The Homeric Corslet"
301:, is dated to the eighth century BC.
186:depicted on the mortuary temple of
14:
599:Ancient Greek military equipment
77:(body cuirass, shoulder guards,
594:1960 archaeological discoveries
548:, "the Dendra armour" (Osprey)
378:American Journal of Archaeology
312:American Journal of Archaeology
546:The Mycenaeans: c 1650–1100 BC
97:. Bronze scales were found at
1:
191:
456:. Bristol. pp. 469–476.
454:Problems in Greek Prehistory
344:Dendra panoply: illustration
262:10.1371/journal.pone.0301494
16:Full body armor from Greece
630:
614:Individual suits of armour
383:.4 (October 1991:623–627).
439:10.1017/S0003598X00043374
507:Bakas, Spyros (2018).
481:Molloy, Barry (2012).
174:(Mycenae, ca 1200 BC,
70:
27:
589:15th-century BC works
295:Late Geometric Period
68:
22:
73:Several elements of
575:Museum, on YouTube.
170:The figures on the
85:have been found at
360:2008-02-27 at the
349:2008-02-27 at the
184:Peoples of the Sea
165:boars'-tusk helmet
71:
28:
552:Anthony Snodgrass
544:Nicolas Grguric,
535:The Chamber Tombs
366:modern recreation
142:(Sh series), and
38:is an example of
621:
604:Mycenaean Greece
517:
516:
504:
498:
497:
487:
478:
472:
471:
465:
457:
449:
443:
442:
433:(212): 201–205.
422:
416:
410:
404:
390:
384:
374:
368:
341:
335:
324:
318:
308:
302:
291:
285:
284:
274:
264:
239:
196:
193:
83:Mycenaean period
23:The armour from
629:
628:
624:
623:
622:
620:
619:
618:
579:
578:
565:
526:
521:
520:
506:
505:
501:
485:
480:
479:
475:
458:
451:
450:
446:
424:
423:
419:
411:
407:
391:
387:
375:
371:
362:Wayback Machine
351:Wayback Machine
342:
338:
325:
321:
309:
305:
292:
288:
255:(5): e0301494.
241:
240:
233:
228:
216:
207:
194:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
627:
625:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
581:
580:
577:
576:
569:Dendra panoply
564:
563:External links
561:
560:
559:
549:
542:
525:
522:
519:
518:
499:
473:
444:
417:
405:
392:M. Snodgrass,
385:
369:
336:
319:
317:.3 1970:294-96
303:
286:
230:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
215:
212:
206:
203:
195: 1155 BC
125:includes both
62:
59:
32:Dendra panoply
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
626:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
584:
574:
570:
567:
566:
562:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
529:Paul Åstrom,
528:
527:
523:
514:
510:
503:
500:
495:
491:
484:
477:
474:
469:
463:
455:
448:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
418:
414:
409:
406:
403:(1965:97–98).
402:
399:
395:
389:
386:
382:
379:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
345:
340:
337:
333:
329:
323:
320:
316:
313:
307:
304:
300:
296:
293:One from the
290:
287:
282:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
236:
232:
225:
221:
220:Argos panoply
218:
217:
213:
211:
204:
202:
200:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
161:
156:
152:
147:
146:(Si series).
145:
141:
138:(Sc series),
137:
134:tablets from
133:
128:
124:
120:
119:Late Helladic
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:breast plates
76:
67:
60:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
40:Mycenaean-era
37:
36:Dendra armour
33:
26:
21:
555:
545:
538:
534:
530:
512:
502:
493:
489:
476:
453:
447:
430:
426:
420:
413:Illustration
408:
400:
397:
393:
388:
380:
377:
372:
339:
322:
314:
311:
306:
289:
252:
248:
208:
199:Medinet Habu
188:Ramesses III
172:Warrior Vase
169:
148:
107:scale armour
72:
35:
31:
29:
297:, found at
75:body armour
61:Description
583:Categories
524:References
496:: 273–294.
462:cite book
427:Antiquity
573:Nafplion
533:Part I:
358:Archived
347:Archived
332:Phaistos
281:38776294
272:11111059
249:PLOS ONE
214:See also
205:Research
132:Linear B
95:Phaistos
490:Talanta
180:corslet
160:panoply
155:cuirass
151:panoply
136:Knossos
127:greaves
123:panoply
111:cuirass
99:Mycenae
91:Mycenae
51:Argolid
49:in the
43:panoply
398:Kadmos
328:Thebes
279:
269:
190:(died
144:Tiryns
115:Dendra
87:Thebes
55:Greece
47:Dendra
25:Dendra
486:(PDF)
299:Argos
226:Notes
197:) at
140:Pylos
494:XLIV
468:link
330:and
277:PMID
149:The
103:Troy
101:and
93:and
30:The
435:doi
267:PMC
257:doi
153:'s
113:at
34:or
585::
571:,
554:,
511:.
492:.
488:.
464:}}
460:{{
431:54
429:.
396:,
381:95
364:;
353:;
315:74
275:.
265:.
253:19
251:.
247:.
234:^
192:c.
167:.
105:;
57:.
53:,
537:(
515:.
470:)
441:.
437::
415:.
401:4
283:.
259::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
