95:
6234:
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isomorphisms... surrounded by an impenetrable sea of assumptions and highly controversial internal reconstructions that create an illusion of systemic reconstruction where there really is none". Nonetheless, Starostin concedes that Vajda's work "is, by all means, a step forward", and that it "may eventually point the way towards research on grammaticalization paths in
Yeniseian and Na-Dené".
184:
263:, with "lumpers" caricatured as bumbling amateurs willing to group together disparate, unrelated families based on chance resemblances and the "splitters" caricatured as rigid enforcers of orthodoxy willing to "shout down" researchers who disagree with their belief that long-range connections are impossible to establish.
1010:(1856), James Byrne (1892), and G.J. Ramstedt (1907), suggested that Yeniseian was a northern relative of the Sino–Tibetan languages. These ideas were followed much later by Kai Donner and Karl Bouda. A 2008 study found further evidence for a possible relation between Yeniseian and Sino–Tibetan, citing several possible
159:". The main cause of skepticism among other linguists, geneticists and researchers from related fields can be attributed to the significance of such a link being conclusively proven as there have been numerous attempts of establishing definite linguistic relationships between languages natively spoken throughout
739:
methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014) proposed that Dene–Yeniseian did not split into the two primary branches Na-Dene and
Yeniseian, but rather into four primary branches. Yeniseian is upheld as a single branch, whereas Na-Dene is assumed to be paraphyletic, being divided into several primary branches
373:
investigating the history of complex prefixing verb structures in various families possessing morphology of this sort. His conclusion was that, contrary to prevailing belief, such structures are often preserved intact with little change over several thousands of years, and as a result may actually be
2433:
Flegontov, Pavel; Changmai, Piya; Zidkova, Anastassiya; Logacheva, Maria D.; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Flegontova, Olga; Gelfand, Mikhail S.; Gerasimov, Evgeny S.; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Konovalova, Olga P.; Neretina, Tatiana; Nikolsky, Yuri V.; Starostin, George; Stepanova, Vita V.; Travinsky, Igor V.;
333:
The evidence offered by Vajda includes over 110 proposed cognate morphemes and about ten homologous prefix and suffix positions of the verbs. Vajda compared the existing reconstructions of Proto-Yeniseian and Proto-Na-Dene, augmented the reconstructions based on the apparent relationship between the
587:
endorsed Dene–Yeniseian, saying that "the morphological parallelism and phonological similarities among corresponding affixes is most suggestive, but most compelling evidence for actual relationship comes from those sound correspondences which can be accounted for by independently motivated regular
365:
In 2011 Vajda published a short annotated bibliography on Dene–Yeniseian languages. On March 24, 2012, the Alaska Native
Language Center hosted the Dene-Yeniseian Workshop at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. There were nine papers, the first new papers on Dene–Yeniseian since the 2010 volume was
1488:
It remains incumbent upon the proponents of the DY hypothesis to provide solutions to at least some of the unresolved problems identified in
Campbell's review or in DYC itself. My opinion is that every one of them requires a convincing solution before the relationship between Yeniseian and Na-Dene
803:
However, this phylogenetic study was criticized as methodologically flawed by
Yanovich (2020), since it did not employ sufficient input data to generate a robust tree that does not depend on the initial choice of the "tree prior", i.e. the model for the tree generation. In addition, Wilson (2023)
377:
As a result, he agreed with the consensus belief that lexical evidence of a genetic relationship becomes virtually undetectable after about 8,000 to 10,000 years of linguistic separation, but suggested that certain sorts of complex morphology may remain stable beyond this time period. Further
1459:
77:445-451. "In summary, the proposed Dene-Yeniseian connection cannot be embraced at present. The hypothesis is indeed stimulating, advanced by a serious scholar trying to use appropriate procedures. Unfortunately, neither the lexical evidence (with putative sound correspondences) nor the
572:
questioned the validity of the macrofamily, citing the fact that "Vajda’s 'regular correspondences' are not... properly 'regular' in the classic comparative-historical sense of the word". He also notes that Vajda's "treatment of the verbal morphology" involves "a tiny handful of intriguing
385:
Vajda presents comparanda for an ancient Dene-Yeniseian possessive connector prefix (possibly *ŋ) that appears in idiosyncratic ways in Dene (or
Athabaskan), Eyak, Tlingit, and Yeniseian nouns, postpositions, directionals, and demonstratives. Vajda also suggests one new lexical cognate: PA
1088:(2014) to look into support for the Sino–Dene hypothesis. Caveney considered a link between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dene were related to the Caucasian languages (Sino–Caucasian and Dene–Caucasian).
1095:
using the standard techniques of comparative linguistics supports a distant genetic link between the Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and
Yeniseian language families. Bradley argues that any similarities Sino-Tibetan shares with other language families of the East Asia area such as
591:
Campbell (2024: 365) doubts the validity of Dene–Yeniseian, saying that "neither the lexical evidence with putative sound correspondences nor the morphological evidence adduced has proven sufficient to support a genealogical relationship between Na-Dene and
Yeniseian".
361:
hypothesis (see below), while Vajda did not find the kinds of morphological correspondences with these other families that he did with
Yeniseian and Na-Dene, he did not rule out the possibility that such evidence exists, and urges that more work be done.
386:
directional *ñəs-d "ahead", "out on open water" and
Yeniseian root *es "open space". In terms of the sections within Vajda's 2010 paper, this 2013 article can be read as an addition to his §2 (which ends on p. 63). In a subsequent article,
545:, and Michael Dunn. Sicoli and Holton 2014, applying Bayesian analysis to typological data from Dene and Yeniseian languages, constructed phylogenies that suggest that the Dene-Yeniseian connection "more likely represents a radiation out of
1014:. Gao Jingyi (2014) identified twelve Sinitic and Yeniseian shared etymologies that belonged to the basic vocabulary, and argued that these Sino-Yeniseian etymologies could not be loans from either language into the other.
478:, Vajda clarifies that Dene-Yeniseian "as it currently stands is a hypothesis of language relatedness but not yet a proper hypothesis of language taxonomy". He leaves "open the possibility that either Yeniseian or
580:. Starostin states that the two families are related in a large sense, but there is no special relationship between them that would suffice to create a separate family between these two language families.
5666:
1084:. Around 1920 Sapir became convinced that Na-Dene was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families. Edward Vadja's Dene–Yeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as
238::34) states, without specifying which ones, that 26 of the 34 sets of words offered by Ruhlen are coincidental look-alikes, whereas 8 of Ruhlen's word sets follow Vajda's rules of sound correspondences.
2776:. Comparative-Historical Linguistics of the XXIst Century: Issues and Perspectives. Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities. Moscow, March 20-22, 2013.
1129:
302:
and Ben Potter, contains papers from the February 26–29, 2008, symposium plus several contributed papers. Accompanying Vajda's lead paper are primary data on Na-Dene historical phonology by
804:
has argued that a cluster of related technology words in proto-Athabaskan and Yeniseian languages suggests a linguistic continuum between the two continents that extended well into the
1120:
came through contact; but as there has been no recent contact between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and Yeniseian language families then any similarities these groups share must be residual.
537:
and a response by Vajda published in late 2011 that imply that the proposal is not settled at the present time. Other reviews and notices of the volume appeared in 2011 and 2012 by
1138:
259:
As alluded to by Fortescue's comment, scientific investigations of long-range language family relationships have been complicated by an ideological dispute between the so-called
490:
At the time of publication, Vajda's proposals had been favorably reviewed by several specialists of Na-Dene and Yeniseian languages—although at times with caution—including
1521:
1057:. A narrower binary Dene–Yeniseian family has recently been well received. The validity of the rest of the family, however, is viewed as doubtful or rejected by nearly all
2143:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 100–118.
2121:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 33–99.
2527:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 1–24.
6199:
2162:
230:
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2911:
March 24, 2012 Dene-Yeniseian Workshop, University of Alaska Fairbanks, sponsored by ANLC; lecture by Ed Vajda and other papers now available via ANLC and YouTube.
6528:
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6403:
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1455:
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1501:
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369:
Vajda's presentations at the 2012 workshop augmented his proposal with additional linguistic and non-linguistic evidence. He discussed a study he did with
2932:– Presents evidence that the ancestors of the Yeniseian-speaking people went west from the Bering land bridge, whereas the ancestors of Na-Dene went east.
2915:
6523:
163:
to those of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and most have been widely rejected due to their being mostly based on superficial if not erroneous
6549:
5656:
1963:
6209:
447:
of far eastern Siberia, who appear genetically unrelated to the Yeniseians). Eventually all descendants in Eurasia were eliminated by the spread of
6453:
6148:
6503:
1932:(1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed.,
6123:
2243:
1570:
467:(the North American reindeer population) were never domesticated, and thus the modern Na-Dene people were not similarly threatened. In fact,
4489:
5873:
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themselves have received the Dene–Yeniseian hypothesis well, being aware of similar features they observe on documentaries on television.
224:
The first peer-reviewed publication to propose the existence of a distinct Dene–Yeniseian family was written by the macrofamily supporter
404:, which are passed unchanged down the male and female lines, respectively, except for mutations. His most compelling DNA evidence is the
6554:
6343:
6168:
3461:
2523:
Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (2010). "The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, Bridging Asia and North America.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
287:, indicating that the Yeniseian and Na-Dene families might be related. The summation of Vajda's research was published in June 2010 in
6393:
2104:
409:
398:
148:
4646:
6273:
2532:
2506:
2148:
2126:
1973:
394:
5739:
4622:
576:
Instead of forming a separate family, Starostin believes that both Yeniseian and Na-Dene are part of a much larger grouping called
1183:
6493:
6408:
6303:
4992:
3861:
1460:
morphological evidence adduced is sufficient to support a distant genetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian." (pg. 450).
5581:
5569:
6458:
3780:
3716:
2959:
1173:
Bernard Comrie (2008) "Why the Dene-Yeniseic Hypothesis is Exciting". Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska: Dene-Yeniseic Symposium.
4393:
4144:
3635:
2097:
Yeniseian peoples and languages : a history of Yeniseian studies : with an annotated bibliography and a source guide
6413:
5958:
2318:
5646:
4506:
3641:
2817:
Wilson, Joseph A. P. (2016). "The Union of Two Worlds: Reconstructing Elements of Proto-Athabaskan Folklore and Religion".
6204:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5474:
5258:
5253:
4859:
3466:
3252:
3246:
3170:
2012:
Caveney, Geoffrey (2014). "Sino-Tibetan ŋ- and Na-Dene *kw- / *gw- / *xw-: 1st Person Pronouns and Lexical Cognate Sets".
276:
5626:
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3841:
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471:
spread throughout Siberia rather recently and there were many other hunter-gatherer peoples in Siberia in modern times.
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6163:
6068:
5801:
5771:
4869:
4854:
3854:
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147:
Reception among experts has been somewhat favorable; thus, Dene–Yeniseian has been called "the first demonstration of a
5651:
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3486:
221:
prefixing verb structure, which differs from most of the other languages in Asia and—to a lesser extent—North America.
6513:
5749:
5090:
4985:
4849:
4843:
3901:
3819:
3792:
3496:
1363:
Vajda, Edward. "Geography, Demography and Time Depth: Explaining how Dene–Yeniseian is possible". Presentation at the
4415:
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6508:
6289:
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3671:
3501:
3187:
2952:
1587:
736:
390:, Vajda discusses features in Ket that arose due to prolonged areal contact with suffixal agglutinating languages.
4634:
4610:
4585:
4558:
4541:
3449:
3020:
6518:
6118:
6083:
6038:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5674:
5596:
5591:
5247:
5233:
5008:
4827:
3551:
3506:
3476:
2975:
5357:
4306:
4138:
3193:
3009:
2436:"Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry"
503:
366:
published. As of July 2012, there are no plans to publish the papers, but video from the workshop is available.
6488:
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6308:
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6003:
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5641:
5586:
5187:
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4874:
4681:
4318:
3200:
1153:
1092:
793:
783:
280:
172:
2910:
1367:
2929:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6463:
6328:
6128:
6103:
6018:
5998:
5948:
5918:
5908:
5455:
5350:
5300:
5279:
5270:
5152:
5069:
5029:
3879:
3804:
3207:
3157:
338:
linking the two into a putative Proto-Dene-Yeniseian language. He suggested that Yeniseian tone differences
214:
152:
6468:
6383:
6358:
6214:
6093:
6088:
5968:
5611:
5606:
5371:
5343:
5334:
5293:
4893:
4741:
4536:
4531:
4312:
4265:
3895:
3812:
3471:
3455:
3263:
3164:
3027:
3003:
1117:
1001:
740:
instead. Based on this novel classification, they suggest that Yeniseian represents a back-migration from
198:
175:
similarities. Consequently, Dene-Yeniseian is deemed only as "plausible" by linguistic scholars at large.
156:
5364:
3229:
2901:
459:) except for the modern Yeniseians, who were able to survive in swampy refuges far to the west along the
374:
stronger evidence of a genetic connection than the lexical relationships that are traditionally sought.
6433:
6368:
6338:
6313:
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6108:
6063:
6043:
6033:
5933:
5763:
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4119:
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4070:
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3556:
3546:
3145:
2996:
260:
253:
4640:
4365:
1208:
2856:"A New Perspective on Later Migration(s)The Possible Recent Origin of Some Native American Haplotypes"
1085:
1006:
As noted by Tailleur and Werner, some of the earliest proposals of genetic relations of Yeniseian, by
852:
94:
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6443:
6373:
6353:
6133:
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6028:
5913:
5903:
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4015:
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3646:
3623:
3595:
3526:
3437:
3218:
2935:
2723:
2662:
2457:
2330:
1708:"Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History"
1625:
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405:
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4008:
4001:
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3907:
3890:
3629:
3295:
3282:
3176:
3126:
2983:
1877:"Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies // 確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源"
1808:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1026:
1007:
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133:
114:
6243:
2498:
Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.'
1038:
358:
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2923:
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2414:
2195:. Alaska Native Language Center Working Papers. Vol. 11. Fairbanks, AK: ANLC. pp. 79–91
2021:
1912:
1904:
1857:
1849:
1729:
1688:
1506:
248:. He writes, "I have attempted throughout to find a middle way between the cavalier optimism of '
4702:
4665:
2262:
Aronoff, Mark. (2015) "Thoughts on Morphology and Cultural Evolution." L. Bauer et al. (eds.).
2235:
Vajda, Edward J. (2017). "Patterns of Innovation and Retention in Templatic Polysynthesis." In
495:
303:
6333:
6058:
6023:
5978:
5973:
5882:
5729:
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5399:
5322:
5215:
4707:
4696:
4676:
4616:
4521:
4501:
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4131:
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4063:
4051:
3988:
3934:
3912:
3885:
3825:
3798:
3617:
3578:
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3536:
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3335:
3317:
3311:
3213:
3131:
3045:
3014:
2834:
2797:
2759:
2741:
2698:
2680:
2622:
2528:
2502:
2483:
2406:
2356:
2348:
2298:
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2122:
2100:
2062:
1969:
1908:
1896:
1876:
1841:
1653:
1566:
1230:
1147:
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1062:
1054:
1042:
519:
491:
479:
393:
In his 2012 presentation, Vajda also addressed non-linguistic evidence, including analyses of
241:
210:
202:
141:
105:
2239:, M. Fortescue, M. Mithun, and N. Evans (eds.), pp. 363–391. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
439:, as are the modern Yeniseians, but unlike nearly all other Siberian groups (except for some
5691:
5684:
5631:
5559:
5554:
5511:
5504:
5434:
5378:
5316:
5222:
5194:
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2338:
2290:
2139:(2010b). "Yeniseian, Na-Dene, and Historical Linguistics.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
2052:
1888:
1833:
1719:
1680:
1643:
1633:
1479:
1401:
1220:
1156: – Proposed language family including Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut and possibly Nivkh
1022:
976:
767:
652:
569:
475:
468:
456:
436:
306:, along with critiques by several linguistic specialists and articles on a range of topics (
2593:"Genetic Evidence for the Phylogenetic Relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian Speakers"
1671:
Yanovich, Igor (2020). "Phylogenetic linguistic evidence and the Dene-Yeniseian homeland".
1374:, Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, March 24, 2012. Available
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244:
independently suggested the possible existence of a Dene–Yeniseian family in his 1998 book
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4919:
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4779:
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3741:
3736:
3601:
3516:
3397:
3390:
3370:
3352:
3257:
3240:
3039:
2780:
Wilson, Joseph A. P. (2018). "Postscript to the Union of Two Worlds: An Expository Note".
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2158:
2136:
2114:
2092:
1371:
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838:
821:
511:
370:
151:
between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional
129:
55:
49:
2543:
2185:
1962:
Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (2008).
209:. The putative relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian families was first proposed by
2727:
2666:
2592:
2461:
2334:
1629:
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3063:
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2754:
2711:
2478:
2435:
1822:"The Yeniseian Languages of the 18th Century and Ket and Sino-Tibetan Word Comparisons"
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577:
507:
354:
315:
284:
225:
533:
One significant exception is the critical review of the volume of collected papers by
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3034:
2879:
2855:
2846:
2809:
2693:
2650:
2418:
1929:
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1861:
1733:
1692:
1109:
924:
774:
674:
584:
562:
542:
534:
460:
440:
417:
347:
218:
206:
187:
168:
38:
2634:
2117:(2010a). "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
463:
because it is too mosquito-infested for reindeer to survive easily. Contrarily, the
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5143:
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558:
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335:
272:
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1988:
1965:
Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
1522:"Ancient Migration Patterns to North America Are Hidden in Languages Spoken Today"
1113:
895:
2772:
2736:
1638:
6247:
2906:; the 2011 2nd printing has corriagenda for 14 articles in the 2010 ist printing
1945:
1837:
452:
444:
432:
343:
339:
307:
4977:
2936:"Linguist's 'big data' research supports waves of migration into the Americas"
5776:
5495:
5445:
5311:
3357:
1433:
1375:
1105:
1097:
1066:
1046:
866:
805:
789:
689:
596:
538:
527:
499:
413:
408:
subclade, which he notes arose c. 15,000 years ago and is found in nearly all
401:
353:
Vajda and others also note that no compelling evidence has been found linking
311:
299:
183:
6258:
2871:
2838:
2801:
2745:
2684:
2675:
2410:
2352:
2302:
2066:
2057:
2040:
1900:
1845:
1588:"The Ket Language: From Descriptive Linguistic to Interdisciplinary Research"
1406:
1389:
1234:
1225:
2944:
757:
625:
523:
81:
72:
2763:
2626:
2583:
2487:
2360:
1657:
2702:
2608:
2392:
1724:
1707:
1684:
1076:
A link between the Na–Dene languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as
2434:
Tříska, Martin; Tříska, Petr; Tatarinova, Tatiana V. (11 February 2016).
1547:
Kiparsky, Paul (2015). "New perspectives in historical linguistics". In:
1538:
Starostin, George (2012). "Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment". p. 137
1011:
741:
546:
448:
327:
319:
99:
Distribution of Dene-Yeniseian languages in North Asia and North America
2025:
1853:
1821:
5012:
638:
464:
323:
249:
191:
160:
137:
67:
42:
2617:
2469:
2212:
1748:
118:
Striped areas indicate the area of the former extent of the languages.
5104:
4934:
4832:
2712:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
1614:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
1101:
5851:
2343:
1139:
Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas § Haplogroup Q
2930:
Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia
2452:
2294:
1483:
1364:
252:' and the pessimism of orthodox 'splitters' on the matters of deep
1314:
The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
1030:
423:
Using this and other evidence, he proposes a Proto-Dene-Yeniseian
182:
2591:
Rubicz, Rohina; Melvin, Kristin L.; Crawford, Michael H. (2002).
2377:"Review of The Dene–Yeniseian Connection (Kari and Potter, eds.)"
808:, clouding any conclusive evidence for the back-migration model.
420:(65%), who have intermarried with the Ket people for centuries.
1037:. The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by others to "
428:
6262:
5855:
4981:
4953:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2948:
482:(or both) might have a closer relative elsewhere in Eurasia".
1989:
The Preliminary Genealogical Tree For Eurasia (short variant)
16:
Proposed language family spanning the Old World and New World
506:, as well as a number of other respected linguists, such as
2191:. In Hargus, Sharon; Vajda, Edward; Hieber, Daniel (eds.).
2186:"Vestigial possessive morphology in Na-Dene and Yeniseian."
1184:"Dene-Yeniseian Languages | Alaska Native Language Center"
2266:
pp. 77-88. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
416:(90%), but almost nowhere else in Eurasia except for the
1950:
The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
1390:"The Dene-Yeniseian connection: a reply to G. Starostin"
1065:
now groups Na-Dene with Sino-Tibetan and Yeniseian with
1143:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1134:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1132: – Prehistoric migration from Asia to the Americas
2916:"New language research supports land bridge evidence"
2084:
Primary Dene–Yeniseian research papers by Edward Vajda
1359:
1357:
213:
in 1923. Much of the early evidence adduced has been
1936:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318
6422:
6296:
6187:
6147:
5889:
5762:
5715:
5665:
5538:
5493:
5453:
5444:
5408:
5333:
5269:
5232:
5142:
5019:
4907:
4884:
4812:
4656:
4378:
4346:
4264:
4153:
3959:
3926:
3779:
3687:
3431:
3345:
3122:
3073:
2982:
2319:"Linguistics: Deep relationships between languages"
2264:
Semantics of Complex Words, Studies in Morphology 3
1470:Vajda, Edward J. (2011). "A Response to Campbell".
607:Dene–Yeniseian is generally classified as follows:
357:with either Na-Dene or Yeniseian. As for the wider
80:
61:
48:
31:
21:
2193:Working papers in Athabaskan (Dene) Languages 2012
293:Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
279:summarized ten years of research, based on verbal
2553:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 64–102
944:
915:
886:
857:
2551:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
1549:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
1141: – Genetics on the peopling of the Americas
2710:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (12 March 2014).
2655:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1952:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
1595:Tomsk Journal of Linguistics & Anthropology
231:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
217:; in particular, both families have a complex
6274:
5867:
4993:
2960:
2544:"New perspectives in historical linguistics."
2283:International Journal of American Linguistics
1472:International Journal of American Linguistics
1456:International Journal of American Linguistics
350:, as still present in the Na-Dene languages.
8:
5837:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4963:Families with more than 30 languages are in
455:peoples (e.g. the speakers of the so-called
2248:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
201:have long sought to link the various known
6281:
6267:
6259:
5874:
5860:
5852:
5542:
5450:
5000:
4986:
4978:
4820:
4386:
4270:
3967:
3785:
3442:
3137:
2988:
2967:
2953:
2945:
1420:
1337:
1251::34) who quotes Trombetti, Alfredo. 1923.
1150: – Hypothetical Asian language family
2753:
2735:
2692:
2674:
2616:
2477:
2451:
2400:
2342:
2056:
1723:
1647:
1637:
1502:"Pause Is Seen in a Continent's Peopling"
1405:
1287:
1275:
1224:
938:
909:
2902:Ordering information and news items for
2570:, ed. by James Kari and Ben A. Potter".
1563:The Indigenous Languages of the Americas
1551:ed. by C. Bowern and B. Evans. pp 65–67.
1440:, 25 August 2008. Accessed 22 July 2017.
826:
2773:Assessing the Sino-Caucasian Hypothesis
1301:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
1209:"Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment"
1166:
966:
246:Language Relations Across Bering Strait
2276:, ed. by James Kari and Ben A. Potter"
2244:Morphology in Dene-Yeniseian Languages
1999:
1612:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (2014).
1349:
1325:
1264:
1248:
427:located in eastern Siberia around the
387:
379:
256:relationship between the continents".
235:
18:
1565:. New York: Oxford University Press.
60:
7:
2941:– Follow up study to the link above.
2649:Ruhlen, Merritt (10 November 1998).
2549:. In Bowern, C.; Evans, B. (eds.).
1033:with Sino-Tibetan, which he called
667:
645:
618:
610:
2213:"Metathesis and Reanalysis in Ket"
1934:Handbook of North American Indians
378:evidence for Dene–Yeniseian is in
271:At a symposium in Alaska in 2008,
14:
991:Proposed external classifications
614:Dene–Yeniseian
6404:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6242:
6233:
6232:
2501:. London and New York: Cassell.
2237:Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis
2217:Modern & Classical Languages
2041:"Ancient Connections of Sinitic"
1747:Vajda, Edward; Nefedov, Andrey.
1449:Lyle Campbell, 2011, "Review of
1394:Journal of Language Relationship
1213:Journal of Language Relationship
1207:Starostin, George (2012-02-01).
412:and nearly all of the Yeniseian
298:This 369-page volume, edited by
93:
2566:Rice, Keren (2011). "Review of
1303:(2nd Edition), MIT Press, 2004.
435:. These people would have been
144:of northwestern North America.
6200:British Indian Ocean Territory
2402:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-5D78-7
2317:Diamond, Jared (August 2011).
2014:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1909:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
1893:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
342:in the presence or absence of
330:) by experts in these fields.
1:
2904:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2854:Wilson, Joseph A. P. (2008).
2831:10.1080/0015587X.2015.1119976
2794:10.1080/0015587x.2017.1375255
2568:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
2525:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2274:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
2141:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2119:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2039:Bradley, David (2023-07-24).
1451:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
1434:The languages of the Caucasus
979:are attached with the prefix
289:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
277:Western Washington University
6529:United States Virgin Islands
6290:Languages of North America
2924:Dene–Yeniseian Swadesh lists
2737:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
2270:Campbell, Lyle (July 2011).
2250:. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
2167:Oxford Bibliographies Online
1639:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
1365:2012 Dene–Yeniseian Workshop
945:
916:
887:
858:
2651:"The origin of the Na-Dene"
2495:Fortescue, Michael (1998).
2255:Reviews, related work, etc.
753:(Sicoli & Holton, 2014)
549:with a back migration into
443:peoples located around the
406:Q1 Y-chromosomal haplogroup
283:and reconstructions of the
6571:
6555:Proposed language families
5657:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
2163:"Dene-Yeniseian Languages"
1489:can be considered settled.
1130:Settlement of the Americas
1080:had also been proposed by
999:
983:, which means "someone's".
939:
910:
880:
851:
737:computational phylogenetic
731:Sicoli & Holton (2014)
234:, United States. However,
6504:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6228:
5825:
5545:
4948:
4823:
4389:
4273:
3970:
3788:
3445:
3140:
2991:
2976:Primary language families
812:Ket and Navajo word pairs
687:
672:
665:
650:
643:
623:
616:
261:"lumpers" and "splitters"
92:
50:Linguistic classification
26:
6550:Dené–Yeniseian languages
6524:Turks and Caicos Islands
5949:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3793:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2872:10.1177/0308275X08094389
2860:Critique of Anthropology
2676:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994
2058:10.3390/languages8030176
1875:高晶一, Jingyi Gao (2017).
1820:Sedláček, Kamil (2008).
1586:Kryukova, Elena (2013).
1407:10.31826/jlr-2012-080110
1226:10.31826/jlr-2012-080109
794:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
784:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
266:
6210:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5834:have no living members.
5717:East and Southeast Asia
4960:have no living members.
2542:Kiparsky, Paul (2015).
2242:Vajda, Edward (2019). "
1881:Central Asiatic Journal
1826:Central Asiatic Journal
1706:Wilson, Joseph (2023).
1561:Campbell, Lyle (2024).
1421:Kari & Potter (2010
1338:Kari & Potter (2010
1253:Elementi di glottologia
6454:British Virgin Islands
4940:Unclassified languages
4894:list of sign languages
3862:Northeastern Tasmanian
2584:10.1075/dia.28.2.04ric
2375:Dunn, Michael (2012).
1388:Vajda, Edward (2012).
1255:. Bologna. pp.486, 511
1002:Sino-Tibetan languages
952:
923:
894:
865:
553:than a migration from
205:around the world into
199:historical linguistics
194:
157:historical linguistics
6394:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4915:Constructed languages
2770:Vajda, Edward. 2013.
2609:10.1353/hub.2003.0011
2393:10.1353/lan.2012.0036
1838:10.13173/CAJ/2008/2/6
1725:10.3390/humans3030015
1685:10.1075/dia.17038.yan
1104:(which is actually a
1061:. An updated tree by
843:Vajda 2010a citation
474:In his 2012 reply to
186:
6124:United Arab Emirates
3462:Binanderean–Goilalan
2918:Anchorage Daily News
1526:Smithsonian Magazine
1453:(Kari and Potter)",
1059:historical linguists
816:Below is a table of
6409:Trinidad and Tobago
6304:Antigua and Barbuda
6151:limited recognition
5475:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
5259:Northwest Caucasian
5254:Northeast Caucasian
4744:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4647:Tequiraca–Canichana
4490:Harákmbut–Katukinan
3253:Northwest Caucasian
3247:Northeast Caucasian
3171:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2728:2014PLoSO...991722S
2667:1998PNAS...9513994R
2661:(23): 13994–13996.
2462:2016NatSR...620768F
2335:2011Natur.476..291D
1630:2014PLoSO...991722S
1091:A 2023 analysis by
1053:and, occasionally,
1027:Yeniseian languages
959:cf. Vajda 2010a:93
930:cf. Vajda 2010a:84
901:cf. Vajda 2010a:88
872:cf. Vajda 2010a:83
641:
334:two, and suggested
134:Yeniseian languages
115:Yeniseian languages
6344:Dominican Republic
5883:Languages of Asia
5740:Austronesian–Ongan
5539:Proposed groupings
4366:Tarascan/Purépecha
3855:Northern Tasmanian
3613:South Bougainville
3574:North Bougainville
2440:Scientific Reports
2099:. London: Curzon.
1507:The New York Times
1370:2012-09-10 at the
1045:of North America,
637:
346:consonants in the
195:
190:region of central
132:consisting of the
6537:
6536:
6426:other territories
6256:
6255:
6193:other territories
5849:
5848:
5758:
5757:
5750:Sino-Austronesian
5534:
5533:
5009:Language families
4975:
4974:
4925:Language isolates
4903:
4902:
4808:
4807:
4374:
4373:
4260:
4259:
3955:
3954:
3902:Western Tasmanian
3820:Eastern Tasmanian
3775:
3774:
3497:East Geelvink Bay
3427:
3426:
3118:
3117:
2470:10.1038/srep20768
2329:(7360): 291–292.
1572:978-0-19-767346-1
1148:Karasuk languages
1063:Georgiy Starostin
1043:Na-Dene languages
1041:" to include the
977:inalienable nouns
963:
962:
792:(excluding South
727:
726:
718:
717:
709:
708:
700:
699:
520:Michael Fortescue
399:mitochondrial DNA
242:Michael Fortescue
211:Alfredo Trombetti
203:language families
149:genealogical link
142:Na-Dene languages
123:
122:
106:Na-Dene languages
6562:
6494:Saint Barthélemy
6424:Dependencies and
6297:Sovereign states
6283:
6276:
6269:
6260:
6246:
6236:
6235:
6205:Christmas Island
5891:Sovereign states
5876:
5869:
5862:
5853:
5817:Proto-Euphratean
5543:
5451:
5419:Great Andamanese
5002:
4995:
4988:
4979:
4821:
4775:Huaorani/Waorani
4659:(extant in 2000)
4623:Esmeralda–Yaruro
4394:Andoque–Urequena
4387:
4271:
4077:Plateau Penutian
3968:
3943:(Northern Daly?)
3786:
3672:Northwest Papuan
3636:Trans–New Guinea
3502:East New Britain
3477:Central Solomons
3443:
3188:Great Andamanese
3138:
2989:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2850:
2813:
2767:
2757:
2739:
2706:
2696:
2678:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2620:
2587:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2538:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2491:
2481:
2455:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2404:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2346:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2280:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2209:Vajda, Edward J.
2204:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2182:Vajda, Edward J.
2177:
2175:
2173:
2159:Vajda, Edward J.
2154:
2137:Vajda, Edward J.
2132:
2115:Vajda, Edward J.
2110:
2093:Vajda, Edward J.
2071:
2070:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1817:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1749:"Vocabulary Ket"
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1467:
1461:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1385:
1379:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1312:Merritt Ruhlen,
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1144:
1135:
1086:Geoffrey Caveney
1025:posits that the
1023:Sergei Starostin
1021:" hypothesis of
984:
971:
948:
942:
941:
919:
913:
912:
890:
884:
861:
855:
827:
754:
668:
646:
619:
611:
588:sound changes".
570:George Starostin
476:George Starostin
469:reindeer herding
457:Altaic languages
437:hunter-gatherers
410:Native Americans
267:Vajda's proposal
112:
103:
97:
19:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6427:
6425:
6418:
6292:
6287:
6257:
6252:
6224:
6192:
6183:
6164:Northern Cyprus
6150:
6143:
5885:
5880:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5821:
5812:Paleo-Laplandic
5807:Pre-Finno-Ugric
5754:
5711:
5675:Greater Siangic
5661:
5647:Uralic–Yukaghir
5597:Ibero-Caucasian
5592:Elamo-Dravidian
5530:
5489:
5440:
5404:
5329:
5265:
5248:North Caucasian
5228:
5138:
5077:Paleo-Sardinian
5015:
5006:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4944:
4930:Mixed languages
4899:
4880:
4815:
4804:
4658:
4652:
4507:Katembri–Taruma
4381:
4370:
4342:
4256:
4149:
3962:
3951:
3922:
3771:
3683:
3642:Turama–Kikorian
3552:Lower Mamberamo
3507:East Strickland
3435:
3423:
3341:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3069:
2978:
2973:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2853:
2816:
2779:
2709:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2590:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2344:10.1038/476291a
2316:
2307:
2305:
2278:
2269:
2226:
2224:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2091:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1486:. p. 452:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:Wayback Machine
1362:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1299:Lyle Campbell,
1298:
1294:
1288:Fortescue (1998
1286:
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1276:Fortescue (1998
1274:
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1263:
1259:
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1133:
1126:
1004:
998:
993:
988:
987:
972:
968:
814:
801:
752:
733:
728:
719:
710:
701:
605:
512:Johanna Nichols
504:Heinrich Werner
488:
371:Johanna Nichols
285:proto-languages
269:
197:Researchers in
181:
130:language family
119:
117:
110:
108:
101:
56:language family
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6568:
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6557:
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6514:Sint Eustatius
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6459:Cayman Islands
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6420:
6419:
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6288:
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6285:
6278:
6271:
6263:
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6250:
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5986:
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5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5856:
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5846:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
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5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
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5688:
5687:
5682:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Uralo-Siberian
5639:
5634:
5629:
5627:Serbi–Mongolic
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5587:Dravido-Korean
5584:
5582:Dené–Yeniseian
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5570:Dené–Caucasian
5567:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5188:Hurro-Urartian
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5070:Paleo-Corsican
5066:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:Indo-Pakistani
4852:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4660:
4654:
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4651:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Piaroa–Saliban
4551:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4455:
4450:
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4438:
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4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4384:
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4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4348:
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4343:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4319:Tequistlatecan
4316:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3971:
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3949:
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3938:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3842:Marrku–Wurrugu
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3429:
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3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3201:Hurro-Urartian
3197:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
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3067:
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3055:
3049:
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3037:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2897:
2896:External links
2894:
2892:
2891:
2866:(3): 267–278.
2851:
2814:
2777:
2768:
2707:
2646:
2603:(6): 743–760.
2588:
2578:(2): 255–271.
2563:
2539:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2492:
2430:
2387:(2): 429–432.
2372:
2314:
2295:10.1086/660977
2289:(3): 445–451.
2267:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2233:
2205:
2178:
2155:
2149:
2133:
2127:
2111:
2106:978-0700712908
2105:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2031:
2020:(2): 461–487.
2004:
1992:
1981:
1974:
1954:
1938:
1922:
1887:(1–2): 51–58.
1867:
1832:(2): 219–305.
1812:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1739:
1718:(3): 177–192.
1698:
1679:(3): 410–446.
1663:
1604:
1578:
1571:
1553:
1540:
1531:
1513:
1510:. 13 Mar 2014.
1493:
1484:10.1086/660978
1478:(3): 451–452.
1462:
1442:
1425:
1413:
1400:(1): 138–152.
1380:
1353:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1316:, Wiley, 1994.
1305:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1257:
1240:
1219:(1): 117–138.
1199:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:Uralo-Siberian
1151:
1145:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1039:Dene–Caucasian
1035:Sino-Yeniseian
1019:Sino-Caucasian
1000:Main article:
997:
994:
992:
989:
986:
985:
965:
964:
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960:
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813:
810:
800:
799:
798:
797:
787:
780:
779:
778:
771:
762:
760:
750:Dene-Yeniseian
746:
744:back to Asia.
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
720:
716:
715:
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711:
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657:
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649:
644:
642:
634:
633:
630:
629:
622:
617:
615:
609:
604:
603:Classification
601:
578:Dene-Caucasian
508:Bernard Comrie
492:Michael Krauss
487:
484:
359:Dene–Caucasian
316:ethnogeography
268:
265:
226:Merritt Ruhlen
180:
177:
128:is a proposed
126:Dene–Yeniseian
121:
120:
109:
100:
98:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
63:
59:
58:
52:
46:
45:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
22:Dene–Yeniseian
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6567:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6421:
6415:
6414:United States
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6239:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:South Ossetia
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
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6127:
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6115:
6112:
6110:
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6027:
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6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
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6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
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5778:
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5773:
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5751:
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5708:
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5703:
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5698:
5695:
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5690:
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5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:Eskimo–Uralic
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
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5551:
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5541:
5537:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:Paleosiberian
5452:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:Austroasiatic
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5301:Austroasiatic
5298:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5280:Indo-European
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5153:Indo-European
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:Indo-European
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Original Thai
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4629:Hibito–Cholón
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4145:Yuman–Cochimí
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3880:Southern Daly
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:Darwin Region
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Demta–Sentani
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:Indo-European
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:Austroasiatic
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:(3): e91722.
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:Human Biology
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2534:9781555001124
2530:
2526:
2521:
2510:
2508:9781847141644
2504:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:9781555001124
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:9781555001124
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1975:9781134149629
1971:
1968:. Routledge.
1967:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:Goddard, Ives
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:Tailleur 1994
1764:
1761:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:(3): e91722.
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:Bill Poser. "
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:Vajda (2010b)
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:Ruhlen (1998)
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Austroasiatic
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:David Bradley
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1073:hypothesis).
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
995:
990:
982:
978:
975:
970:
967:
958:
956:
955:
951:
947:
937:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
918:
908:
905:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
889:
883:
879:
876:
875:
871:
869:
868:
864:
860:
854:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
829:
828:
825:
823:
819:
811:
809:
807:
795:
791:
788:
785:
781:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
764:
763:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
747:
745:
743:
738:
730:
723:
722:
714:
713:
705:
704:
696:
695:
692:
691:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
670:
669:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
648:
647:
640:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
621:
620:
613:
612:
608:
602:
600:
598:
593:
589:
586:
585:Paul Kiparsky
581:
579:
574:
571:
566:
564:
563:North America
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:Jared Diamond
540:
536:
535:Lyle Campbell
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
483:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:Yenisei River
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Paleosiberian
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
418:Selkup people
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
396:
391:
389:
388:Vajda (2013b)
383:
381:
380:Vajda (2013a)
375:
372:
367:
363:
360:
356:
351:
349:
348:syllable coda
345:
341:
337:
336:sound changes
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
222:
220:
219:agglutinative
216:
212:
208:
207:macrofamilies
204:
200:
193:
189:
188:Yenisei River
185:
178:
176:
174:
173:morphological
170:
169:lexicological
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
116:
107:
96:
91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
64:
57:
53:
51:
47:
44:
40:
39:North America
36:
30:
25:
20:
6519:Sint Maarten
6499:Saint Martin
6189:Dependencies
6119:Turkmenistan
6084:Saudi Arabia
5838:
5831:
5830:Families in
5787:Pre-Goidelic
5782:Pre-Germanic
5612:Indo-Semitic
5607:Indo-Pacific
5602:Indo-Hittite
5517:
5510:
5503:
5433:
5410:Indian Ocean
5377:
5372:Austronesian
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5344:Sino-Tibetan
5342:
5321:
5299:
5294:Sino-Tibetan
5292:
5285:
5278:
5246:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
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5158:
5151:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5098:North Picene
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5042:
5035:
5028:
4964:
4957:
4956:Families in
4891:
4842:
4740:
4728:
4578:
4546:
4537:Pano-Tacanan
4494:
4457:
4445:
4416:Arutani–Sape
4408:
4353:
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4328:
4313:Oto-Manguean
4311:
4294:
4287:
4234:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4167:
4160:
4137:
4130:
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4069:
4062:
4050:
4038:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3981:
3974:
3933:
3900:
3896:Western Daly
3874:Pama–Nyungan
3872:
3860:
3853:
3840:
3818:
3813:Eastern Daly
3811:
3803:
3758:
3634:
3622:
3600:
3583:
3561:
3532:Kaure–Kosare
3492:Doso–Turumsa
3482:Chimbu–Wahgi
3472:Bulaka River
3456:Austronesian
3454:
3415:
3408:
3389:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3264:Sino-Tibetan
3262:
3245:
3228:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3175:
3165:Austronesian
3163:
3156:
3144:
3090:
3028:Nilo-Saharan
3026:
3019:
3004:Austronesian
3002:
2995:
2937:
2926:(incomplete)
2917:
2903:
2883:. Retrieved
2863:
2859:
2825:(1): 26–50.
2822:
2818:
2788:(1): 78–90.
2785:
2781:
2771:
2719:
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2658:
2654:
2638:. Retrieved
2600:
2596:
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2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2550:
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2497:
2446:(1): 20768.
2443:
2439:
2422:. Retrieved
2384:
2380:
2364:. Retrieved
2326:
2322:
2306:. Retrieved
2286:
2282:
2273:
2263:
2247:
2236:
2225:. Retrieved
2220:
2216:
2197:. Retrieved
2192:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:
2140:
2118:
2096:
2078:Bibliography
2048:
2044:
2034:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1995:
1984:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1946:Trask, R. L.
1941:
1933:
1925:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1742:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1581:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1438:Language Log
1437:
1428:
1416:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1345:
1333:
1326:Vajda (2010b
1321:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1260:
1252:
1249:Vajda (2010a
1243:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1169:
1118:Austronesian
1090:
1082:Edward Sapir
1077:
1075:
1034:
1016:
1008:M.A. Castrén
1005:
996:Sino-Tibetan
980:
969:
815:
802:
786:(California)
773:
766:
749:
734:
688:
673:
651:
624:
606:
594:
590:
582:
575:
567:
559:Western Asia
555:Central Asia
551:Central Asia
532:
516:Victor Golla
489:
473:
433:Aldan Rivers
422:
395:Y-chromosome
392:
384:
376:
368:
364:
352:
332:
297:
292:
288:
273:Edward Vajda
270:
258:
245:
240:
236:Vajda (2010a
229:
223:
196:
165:phonological
146:
125:
124:
86:
62:Subdivisions
41:and central
34:distribution
6489:Puerto Rico
6399:Saint Lucia
6349:El Salvador
6248:Asia portal
6149:States with
6069:Philippines
6009:South Korea
6004:North Korea
5899:Afghanistan
5637:Ural-Altaic
5617:Indo-Uralic
5429:Sentinelese
5160:Afroasiatic
5126:Eteocypriot
4850:Germanosign
4754:Mura-Pirahã
4635:Lule–Vilela
4611:Bora-Witoto
4586:Uru–Chipaya
4559:Ticuna–Yuri
4542:Peba–Yaguan
4527:Nambikwaran
4330:Uto-Aztecan
4266:Mesoamerica
4120:Uto-Aztecan
4109:Tsimshianic
4071:Palaihnihan
3941:Malak-Malak
3678:Papuan Gulf
3652:West Papuan
3557:Lower Sepik
3547:Lakes Plain
3450:Arai–Samaia
3438:the Pacific
3146:Afroasiatic
3021:Niger–Congo
2997:Afroasiatic
2572:Diachronica
2272:"Review of
2223:(66): 14–16
2000:Ruhlen 1998
1793:Donner 1930
1781:Werner 1994
1673:Diachronica
1188:www.uaf.edu
453:pastoralist
445:Pacific Rim
402:haplogroups
344:glottalized
308:archaeology
215:typological
153:comparative
136:of central
6544:Categories
6484:Montserrat
6479:Martinique
6474:Guadeloupe
6329:Costa Rica
6129:Uzbekistan
6104:Tajikistan
6019:Kyrgyzstan
5999:Kazakhstan
5919:Bangladesh
5909:Azerbaijan
5777:Pre-Celtic
5745:East Asian
5735:Austro-Tai
5725:Andamanese
5575:Eurasiatic
5496:North Asia
5446:North Asia
5358:Hmong–Mien
5312:Burushaski
5271:South Asia
5242:Kartvelian
5209:Philistine
5119:Eteocretan
5063:Tartessian
4844:Francosign
4692:Chiquitano
4672:Alacalufan
4480:Guaicuruan
4453:Chapacuran
4436:Cahuapanan
4404:Araucanian
4307:Mixe–Zoque
4302:Misumalpan
4016:Comecrudan
3868:Nyulnyulan
3647:Upper Yuat
3624:Torricelli
3596:Senu River
3527:Foja Range
3433:New Guinea
3358:Burushaski
3219:Kartvelian
3194:Hmong–Mien
3010:Khoe–Kwadi
2885:5 November
2640:5 November
2618:1808/16191
2557:5 November
2514:5 November
2453:1508.03097
2424:5 November
2366:5 November
2308:5 November
2227:5 November
2199:5 November
2172:5 November
2051:(3): 176.
1809:Bouda 1957
1805:Bouda 1963
1754:2022-09-06
1193:2024-06-17
1161:References
1106:sprachbund
1098:Hmong-Mien
1067:Burushaski
1047:Burushaski
806:Common Era
790:Athabaskan
690:Athabaskan
597:Ket people
539:Keren Rice
528:Bill Poser
500:James Kari
451:-breeding
414:Ket people
340:originated
312:prehistory
300:James Kari
281:morphology
228:(1998) in
179:Early work
37:northwest
32:Geographic
27:(proposed)
6469:Greenland
6384:Nicaragua
6359:Guatemala
6215:Hong Kong
6169:Palestine
6094:Sri Lanka
6089:Singapore
5969:Indonesia
5802:Pre-Vedic
5792:Pre-Greek
5764:Substrata
5667:Arunachal
5565:Nostratic
5550:Alarodian
5485:Yeniseian
5335:East Asia
5287:Dravidian
5144:West Asia
5112:Tyrsenian
4875:Tanzanian
4816:languages
4713:Hodï/Joti
4657:Isolates
4596:Yanomaman
4532:Otomákoan
4496:Jirajaran
4485:Guajiboan
4447:Catacaoan
4426:Barbacoan
4355:Cuitlatec
4324:Totonacan
4283:Jicaquean
4162:Chimariko
4058:Muskogean
4040:Kalapuyan
4034:Iroquoian
4009:Chumashan
4002:Chinookan
3995:Chimakuan
3913:Yangmanic
3908:Worrorran
3891:Wagaydyic
3781:Australia
3630:Trans-Fly
3296:Yeniseian
3283:Tyrsenian
3177:Dravidian
2880:143597218
2847:163659417
2839:0015-587X
2810:165672534
2802:0015-587X
2746:1932-6203
2685:0027-8424
2419:145787050
2411:1535-0665
2353:0028-0836
2303:0020-7071
2211:(2013b).
2184:(2013a).
2067:2226-471X
2045:Languages
1917:165893686
1901:0008-9192
1862:163603829
1846:0008-9192
1734:260154176
1693:209542004
1278::213–215)
1235:2219-4029
1078:Sino-Dene
758:Yeniseian
626:Yeniseian
583:In 2015,
568:In 2012,
524:Eric Hamp
496:Jeff Leer
486:Reception
304:Jeff Leer
82:Glottolog
73:Yeniseian
54:Proposed
6434:Anguilla
6369:Honduras
6339:Dominica
6314:Barbados
6238:Category
6159:Abkhazia
6109:Thailand
6064:Pakistan
6044:Mongolia
6039:Maldives
6034:Malaysia
5934:Cambodia
5797:Vasconic
5772:Atlantic
5526:Eskaleut
5480:Yukaghir
5395:Koreanic
5390:Tungusic
5385:Mongolic
5323:Harappan
5234:Caucasus
5216:Sumerian
5091:Ligurian
4908:See also
4885:Isolates
4860:Japanese
4800:Yuracaré
4682:Candoshi
4641:Macro-Jê
4606:Zaparoan
4601:Zamucoan
4591:Witotoan
4574:Tucanoan
4569:Tiniguan
4564:Timotean
4548:Quechuan
4517:Matacoan
4512:Mascoian
4502:Jivaroan
4465:Chibchan
4459:Charruan
4410:Arawakan
4347:Isolates
4278:Chibchan
4154:Isolates
4126:Wakashan
4087:Salishan
4029:Eskaleut
3935:Giimbiyu
3927:Isolates
3836:Jarrakan
3831:Iwaidjan
3688:Isolates
3542:Kutubuan
3410:Sumerian
3346:Isolates
3301:Yukaghir
3270:Tungusic
3236:Mongolic
3224:Koreanic
3183:Eskaleut
3074:Isolates
3058:Ubangian
2938:Phys.org
2819:Folklore
2782:Folklore
2764:24621925
2716:PLOS ONE
2635:18265356
2627:12617487
2488:26865217
2381:Language
2361:21850102
2161:(2011).
2095:(2001).
2026:24774894
1948:(2000).
1854:41928491
1658:24621925
1618:PLOS ONE
1368:Archived
1124:See also
1055:Etruscan
1012:cognates
940:тиг, тих
742:Beringia
547:Beringia
449:reindeer
425:homeland
328:folklore
320:genetics
140:and the
6464:Curaçao
6449:Bonaire
6444:Bermuda
6374:Jamaica
6354:Grenada
6309:Bahamas
6134:Vietnam
6049:Myanmar
6029:Lebanon
5959:Georgia
5914:Bahrain
5904:Armenia
5832:italics
5730:Austric
5707:Kho-Bwa
5702:Hrusish
5680:Siangic
5622:Karasuk
5522: ?
5435:Kenaboi
5400:Japonic
5365:Kra–Dai
5326: ?
5317:Kusunda
5223:Elamite
5195:Kassite
5181:Kaskian
5084:Camunic
5056:Iberian
5013:Eurasia
4958:italics
4935:Pidgins
4920:Creoles
4870:Swedish
4838:Chinese
4785:Urarina
4770:Puinave
4724:Itonama
4718:Irantxe
4687:Chimane
4617:Chimuan
4522:Nadahup
4441:Cariban
4421:Aymaran
4382:America
4224:Waikuri
4217:Tonkawa
4210:Timucua
4203:Takelma
4196:Siuslaw
4185:Kutenai
4169:Esselen
4132:Wintuan
4093:Shastan
4064:Na-Dene
4052:Maiduan
3989:Caddoan
3963:America
3917:Wagiman
3915:(incl.
3886:Tangkic
3826:Garawan
3799:Bunuban
3760:Tambora
3727:Maybrat
3695:Abinomn
3618:Teberan
3579:Pauwasi
3569:Mairasi
3537:Kiwaian
3417:Tambora
3403:Shompen
3385:Kusunda
3378:Kenaboi
3364:Elamite
3336:Siangic
3318:Kho-Bwa
3312:Hrusish
3230:Kra–Dai
3214:Japonic
3123:Eurasia
3098:Sandawe
3081:Bangime
3046:Songhay
2755:3951421
2724:Bibcode
2703:9811914
2663:Bibcode
2479:4750364
2458:Bibcode
2331:Bibcode
1649:3951421
1626:Bibcode
1114:Kra–Dai
1071:Karasuk
1029:form a
954:tłʼiish
896:(a)keeʼ
824:words.
768:Tlingit
653:Tlingit
639:Na-Dene
465:caribou
324:kinship
291:in the
254:genetic
250:lumpers
192:Siberia
161:Eurasia
138:Siberia
68:Na-Dene
43:Siberia
6389:Panama
6379:Mexico
6324:Canada
6319:Belize
6179:Taiwan
6114:Turkey
6079:Russia
6014:Kuwait
5994:Jordan
5984:Israel
5944:Cyprus
5929:Brunei
5924:Bhutan
5692:Mijiic
5685:Digaro
5632:Pontic
5560:Borean
5555:Altaic
5519:Rouran
5512:Turkic
5505:Uralic
5494:Other
5379:Turkic
5307:Nihali
5202:Gutian
5174:Hattic
5167:Turkic
5133:Minoan
5105:Sicani
5050:Basque
5044:Turkic
5037:Uralic
5021:Europe
4833:BANZSL
4795:Yamana
4780:Trumai
4749:Movima
4703:Fulniô
4666:Aikanã
4580:Tupian
4475:Chonan
4399:Arauan
4337:Xincan
4289:Lencan
4242:Yokuts
4139:Yukian
4104:Tanoan
4099:Siouan
4082:Pomoan
4023:Coosan
3849:Mirndi
3742:Porome
3737:Pawaia
3591:Senagi
3563:Madang
3512:Eleman
3467:Border
3398:Nihali
3391:Minoan
3371:Hattic
3353:Basque
3324:Mijiic
3306:Digaro
3290:Uralic
3276:Turkic
3127:Europe
2984:Africa
2878:
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2837:
2808:
2800:
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1712:Humans
1691:
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1233:
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1102:Altaic
1051:Basque
974:Navajo
935:snake
848:stone
839:Navajo
822:Navajo
782:South
735:Using
526:, and
502:, and
326:, and
113:
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6439:Aruba
6364:Haiti
6220:Macau
6139:Yemen
6099:Syria
6074:Qatar
6054:Nepal
5989:Japan
5964:India
5954:Egypt
5939:China
5470:Nivkh
5424:Ongan
4790:Warao
4759:Nukak
4730:Kunza
4708:Guató
4697:Cofán
4677:Camsá
4470:Choco
4431:Boran
4380:South
4361:Huave
4296:Mayan
4247:Yuchi
4230:Washo
4180:Karuk
4175:Haida
4114:Utian
4046:Keres
3983:Alsea
3976:Algic
3961:North
3753:Taiap
3747:Sulka
3602:Sepik
3517:Engan
3258:Ongan
3241:Nivkh
3109:Shabo
3092:Jalaa
3086:Hadza
3040:Mande
2876:S2CID
2843:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2694:25007
2631:S2CID
2547:(PDF)
2448:arXiv
2415:S2CID
2279:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
2022:JSTOR
1913:S2CID
1905:JSTOR
1858:S2CID
1850:JSTOR
1730:S2CID
1689:S2CID
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6059:Oman
6024:Laos
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5974:Iran
5839:bold
5697:Miju
5465:Ainu
4965:bold
4892:See
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3722:Kuot
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3667:Yuat
3662:Yawa
3608:Skou
3585:Ramu
3436:and
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3132:Asia
3130:and
3103:Laal
3064:Kadu
3052:Ijaw
3015:Kx'a
2887:2018
2835:ISSN
2798:ISSN
2760:PMID
2742:ISSN
2699:PMID
2681:ISSN
2642:2018
2623:PMID
2559:2018
2529:ISBN
2516:2018
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2484:PMID
2426:2018
2407:ISSN
2368:2018
2357:PMID
2349:ISSN
2310:2018
2299:ISSN
2229:2018
2201:2018
2174:2018
2145:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2063:ISSN
1970:ISBN
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1807:and
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