2397:
135:
115:
374:; both of which provide jaw strength associated with grip and tear feeders. The thickness of the mandible is especially important, as it provides both high bite force and increased surface area for muscular attachment between the jaws, which allows for stronger mastication. The extremely thick mandibles also serve as a diagnostic characteristic of this genus. Despite this evidence that indicates they may have been grip and tear feeders,
1842:
1855:
1849:
340:
differ in unique and important ways. They had significantly shorter tails, and were likely much shorter overall than modern seals. Despite their small size compared with the seals of today, they had heavier, and likely more powerful jaws. Because of this, it is likely they had a stronger bite force
378:
possess long tooth rows, which is characteristic of pierce feeders. But, they likely lacked the diagnostic small mastication muscles that would be present on a true pierce feeder. Because they have traits that would lend themselves to either strategy, it is still heavily debated which feeding
628:
helped solidify the theory that modern seals evolved from terrestrial carnivores, and not the other way around. By comparing morphologies of D. oregonensis with extant terrestrial carnivores, it was determined that
Desmatophoca shares a
660:
have been found and successfully categorized, meaning there is still much to be discovered about this species. In fact, of 388 instances of fossil pinniped species being identified successfully, only 5% of these samples belong to
623:
in
Newport, Oregon. It was described and classified based solely off of a skull and partial jaw, and at the time, it helped shed light on the relationship between modern pinnipeds and other terrestrial carnivores. The use of
855:
Fulton, T. & C. Strobeck. (2010). Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia).
821:
Boessenecker, R. & Churchill M. (2018). The last of the desmatophocid seals: A new species of
Allodesmus form the upper Miocene of Washington, USA, and a revision of the taxonomy of Desmatophocidae.
360:
were determined to be either grip and tear feeders (biting prey and shaking it into smaller portions to consume) or pierce feeders (biting prey and using slight suction to draw it fully into the mouth).
408:
skulls is the unusually large and widely-spaced paraoccipital process, something not seen in modern carnivores. They also have a rudimentary postorbital process compared with extant seals and other
383:
utilized. Many agree it is likely the seals used some combination of pierce and rip and tear feeding, or potentially a new strategy not yet observed that served as a middle ground between the two.
637:. This fossil sample also helped throw out the theory that seals share their most recent common ancestor with dogs and other canines, which was a popular thought at the time.
656:
have only appeared from the same site, the
Astoria Foundation in the Pacific Northwest, there is a bias in the data that has been collected. Additionally, few fossil
389:
have morphologically similar skulls to other predators of fish and squid, indicating this was the prominent makeup of their diet. However, it has been proposed that
2566:
2507:
356:
skulls are characterized with large orbits, indicating the carnivorous pinnipeds were likely hunters reliant on sight. Through comparisons with extant pinnipeds,
842:
Berta, A., & R. J. Emry. (2002). The
Miocene pinniped Desmatophoca oregonensis Condon, 1906 (Mammalia, Carnivora), from the Astoria Formation, Oregon.
393:
were actually filter feeders, though their lack of diagnostic features (such as complex tooth cuspation and simple dentition). Further comparisons between
805:
Churchill, M., & M. Clementz. (2015). Functional
Implications of Variation in Tooth Spacing and Crown Size in Pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia: Carnivora).
2571:
2494:
888:
328:
were found in marine deposits in
Washington and Oregon, in the USA, which could indicate a geographic range of what is now the Pacific Northwest.
2591:
2576:
2586:
449:, and are closely related sister groups. The two genera both have large preoccipital processes, similar cranium shapes, and short rostrums.
2581:
398:
2396:
341:
than any seal alive today, making them formidable hunters of their time. Like modern seals, they were carnivorous, and their large
644:
was discovered in 1987 by Barnes, in the late
Miocene layer of the Astoria Formation that jetted into southwest Washington state.
371:
2428:
881:
134:
630:
2561:
324:, but without fossil samples obtained from this era, this is based primarily on conjecture. All samples of fossil
772:
Kienle, S., & Berta, A. (2018). The evolution of feeding strategies in phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae).
453:
is thought to be the more primitive of the two, lacking the two-rooted postcanine teeth and prenarial shelf of
2362:
874:
1841:
2449:
1854:
481:
share large orbits, bulbous cheektooth crowns, and expanded contact between the squamosal and the jugal.
2533:
2481:
2369:
1486:
718:
Berta, A. (1994). A New
Species of Phocoid Pinniped Pinnarctidion from the Early Miocene of Oregon.
1609:
1496:
1418:
1149:
1139:
789:. (2019). What do we know about the fossil record of pinnipeds? A historiographical investigation.
2304:
2294:
2237:
2153:
1315:
1228:
1019:
2218:
2086:
2044:
1569:
1529:
1355:
1345:
1199:
129:
2348:
1702:
1295:
1271:
1056:
290:, it shares some morphological similarities with modern true seals. Two species are recognized:
2538:
2275:
1848:
1760:
1033:
2520:
2512:
2423:
2322:
2227:
1917:
1669:
1599:
1549:
1077:
984:
975:
620:
2525:
2198:
750:
Wortman, J. T. (1906). A new fossil seal from the marine
Miocene of the Oregon coast region.
2284:
866:
114:
1964:
1887:
1122:
1093:
342:
287:
212:
17:
1944:
1459:
956:
2555:
2331:
2077:
2024:
1385:
1063:
786:
72:
2264:
2182:
2004:
1650:
1629:
1452:
1445:
1182:
1159:
1047:
998:
991:
513:
446:
255:
2093:
2054:
1974:
1726:
1659:
1620:
1579:
1396:
1285:
1261:
1110:
47:
2472:
2338:
2209:
2163:
2104:
2065:
2034:
1994:
1984:
1954:
1928:
1903:
1896:
1872:
1800:
1679:
1639:
1589:
1559:
1539:
1476:
1428:
1378:
1366:
1335:
1211:
1012:
935:
634:
553:
491:
431:
92:
57:
2143:
2133:
1743:
1736:
1719:
1466:
1438:
1408:
1325:
1305:
1251:
1239:
1005:
941:
929:
321:
186:
146:
97:
286:, and is named from the Greek "phoca", meaning seal. A taxon of the family
2466:
2355:
2311:
2248:
2014:
1770:
1712:
1512:
1278:
1171:
1026:
917:
898:
465:
367:
313:
279:
199:
166:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2499:
2116:
1690:
1070:
283:
272:
102:
77:
305:, due to the small number of fossil samples obtained and identified.
2123:
923:
911:
176:
156:
2443:
776:
6), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 02 November 2018, Vol.38(6).
336:
Despite sharing morphological similarities with extant true seals,
1750:
275:
2486:
1777:
2447:
2412:
1870:
954:
870:
616:
by Professor Thomas Condon in 1906, a year before his death.
594:(named for Oregon, the state it was discovered in) and
2344:
2300:
2290:
2260:
2233:
2194:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2112:
2074:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1884:
1766:
1756:
1732:
1708:
1698:
1675:
1665:
1635:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1374:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1224:
1195:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1106:
1044:
972:
469:, and both are found within the broad monophyly of
316:. There is some scientific debate as to whether any
2456:
2321:
2274:
2247:
2217:
2208:
2181:
2103:
2073:
2064:
1927:
1883:
1799:
1689:
1649:
1619:
1510:
1395:
1365:
1238:
1209:
1180:
1169:
1120:
1091:
1043:
971:
688:Ray, C. (1976). Fossil Marine Mammals of Oregon.
619:It was found in the middle Miocene layer of the
824:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184
397:teeth with extant seals indicates they were a
882:
844:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 93
8:
2444:
2409:
2253:
2214:
2187:
2070:
1933:
1880:
1867:
1796:
1518:
1217:
1188:
1177:
1128:
1099:
968:
964:
951:
889:
875:
867:
113:
31:
345:indicate a sight-based hunting strategy.
404:A distinct diagnostic characteristic of
774:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(
674:
2567:Prehistoric pinnipeds of North America
720:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14
425:is the genus within the larger clade
320:species may have been present in the
7:
838:
836:
834:
832:
817:
815:
801:
799:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
684:
682:
680:
678:
301:Little information exists regarding
528:
506:
484:
463:have a close sister taxon as well,
25:
370:are thick, and they possess wide
2572:Miocene mammals of North America
2395:
1853:
1847:
1840:
429:, which also contains the genus
133:
590:consists of two known species:
2429:List of fossil pinnipedimorphs
642:Desmatophoca, D. brachycephala
1:
2592:Prehistoric carnivoran genera
2577:Fossil taxa described in 1906
791:Royal Society Open Science, 6
2587:Carnivorans of North America
43:Early Miocene–Middle Miocene
858:Journal of Biogeography, 37
631:most recent common ancestor
27:Extinct genus of carnivores
2608:
2582:Pinnipeds of North America
807:The Anatomical Record, 298
785:Valenzuela-Toro, A. &
296:Desmatophoca brachycephala
18:Desmatophoca brachycephala
2419:
2408:
2393:
2256:
2190:
1936:
1879:
1866:
1837:
1795:
1521:
1220:
1191:
1131:
1102:
967:
963:
950:
906:
550:
533:
526:
511:
504:
489:
312:did not survive into the
308:Unlike modern pinnipeds,
242:
237:
130:Scientific classification
128:
121:
112:
34:
292:Desmatophoca oregonensis
123:Desmatophoca oregonensis
665:comprising 11 species.
690:Systematic Zoology, 25
640:The second species of
282:that lived during the
2534:Paleobiology Database
901:and their stem-allies
349:Skull and dentition
372:coronoid processes
2562:Miocene pinnipeds
2549:
2548:
2521:Open Tree of Life
2450:Taxon identifiers
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2424:List of pinnipeds
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
1862:
1861:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1506:
1505:
1087:
1086:
976:Amphicynodontidae
621:Astoria Formation
583:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
473:. All members of
264:
263:
233:
16:(Redirected from
2599:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2445:
2410:
2399:
2346:
2302:
2292:
2262:
2254:
2235:
2215:
2196:
2188:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2114:
2076:
2071:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1934:
1886:
1881:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1797:
1768:
1758:
1734:
1710:
1700:
1677:
1667:
1637:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1519:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1376:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1226:
1218:
1197:
1189:
1178:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1129:
1108:
1100:
1046:
974:
969:
965:
952:
891:
884:
877:
868:
861:
853:
847:
840:
827:
819:
810:
803:
794:
783:
777:
770:
755:
748:
723:
716:
693:
686:
663:Desmatophocidae,
596:D. brachycephala
529:
507:
485:
246:D. brachycephala
231:
224:
211:
138:
137:
117:
107:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2452:
2442:
2433:
2415:
2400:
2375:
2317:
2270:
2243:
2204:
2169:
2099:
2060:
1965:Kamtschatarctos
1923:
1888:Desmatophocidae
1875:
1858:
1839:
1815:
1783:
1685:
1645:
1615:
1515:
1502:
1391:
1361:
1234:
1214:
1205:
1185:
1174:
1165:
1125:
1123:Pinnipediformes
1116:
1096:
1094:Pinnipedimorpha
1083:
1039:
959:
946:
902:
895:
865:
864:
854:
850:
841:
830:
820:
813:
804:
797:
784:
780:
771:
758:
749:
726:
717:
696:
687:
676:
671:
652:Because fossil
650:
633:with bears and
614:D. oregonensis,
612:discovered was
606:
584:
575:
566:
461:Desmatophocidae
427:Desmatophocidae
420:
410:Desmatophocidae
351:
334:
288:Desmatophocidae
230:
222:
213:Desmatophocidae
209:
132:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2120:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1945:Archaeodobenus
1937:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1706:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1487:Properiptychus
1480:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
980:
978:
961:
960:
957:Pan-Pinnipedia
955:
948:
947:
945:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
907:
904:
903:
896:
894:
893:
886:
879:
871:
863:
862:
848:
828:
811:
795:
778:
756:
754:(603), 89-92).
724:
694:
673:
672:
670:
667:
649:
646:
626:D. oregonensis
605:
602:
592:D. oregonensis
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
558:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
532:
527:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
510:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
488:
483:
419:
418:Classification
416:
391:D. oregonensis
350:
347:
333:
330:
262:
261:
260:
259:
254:Condon, 1906 (
252:D. oregonensis
249:
240:
239:
235:
234:
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2604:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2332:Arctocephalus
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2078:Dusignathinae
2072:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:Proneotherium
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1610:Sarmatonectes
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1498:
1497:Virginiaphoca
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1453:Leptonychotes
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1419:Australophoca
1413:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:Pinnarctidion
1144:
1142:
1141:
1140:Pacificotaria
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:Potamotherium
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
993:
989:
987:
986:
982:
981:
979:
977:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
949:
943:
939:
937:
933:
931:
927:
925:
921:
919:
915:
913:
909:
908:
905:
900:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
873:
872:
869:
860:(5), 814-829.
859:
852:
849:
845:
839:
837:
835:
833:
829:
826:(1), 211-235.
825:
818:
816:
812:
809:(5), 878-902.
808:
802:
800:
796:
793:(11), 191394.
792:
788:
787:N. D. Pyenson
782:
779:
775:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
725:
722:(3), 405-413.
721:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
695:
692:(4), 420-436.
691:
685:
683:
681:
679:
675:
668:
666:
664:
659:
655:
647:
645:
643:
638:
636:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:
611:
603:
601:
600:
597:
593:
589:
579:
578:
570:
569:
561:
560:
557:
556:
555:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
538:
531:
530:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
509:
508:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
482:
480:
479:Desmatophoca,
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
433:
428:
424:
417:
415:
414:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
382:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
348:
346:
344:
339:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:
269:
257:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
241:
236:
229:
228:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2458:Desmatophoca
2457:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2337:
2330:
2310:
2305:Proterozetes
2303:
2295:Oriensarctos
2293:
2283:
2265:Thalassoleon
2263:
2238:Pithanotaria
2236:
2226:
2197:
2183:Panotariidae
2162:
2154:Protodobenus
2152:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2115:
2092:
2085:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2005:Pelagiarctos
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1916:
1911:Desmatophoca
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1846:
1776:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:Histriophoca
1725:
1718:
1711:
1701:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1651:Cystophorini
1638:
1628:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1384:
1377:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1316:Palmidophoca
1314:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1229:Magnotherium
1227:
1198:
1160:Pteronarctos
1158:
1148:
1138:
1109:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:Semantoridae
1032:
1025:
1020:Pachycynodon
1018:
1011:
1004:
999:Amphicynodon
997:
992:Amphicticeps
990:
983:
940:Infraorder:
857:
851:
843:
823:
806:
790:
781:
773:
751:
719:
689:
662:
658:Desmatophoca
657:
654:Desmatophoca
653:
651:
641:
639:
625:
618:
613:
610:Desmatophoca
609:
607:
598:
595:
591:
588:Desmatophoca
587:
585:
552:
551:
537:Desmatophoca
536:
535:
534:
512:
490:
478:
477:, including
474:
470:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:Desmatophoca
450:
447:monophyletic
443:Desmatophoca
442:
438:
435:
430:
426:
423:Desmatophoca
422:
421:
412:
409:
406:Desmatophoca
405:
403:
395:Desmatophoca
394:
390:
387:Desmatophoca
386:
385:
381:Desmatophoca
380:
376:Desmatophoca
375:
365:Desmatophoca
364:
363:
358:Desmatophoca
357:
354:Desmatophoca
353:
352:
338:Desmatophoca
337:
335:
326:Desmatophoca
325:
318:Desmatophoca
317:
310:Desmatophoca
309:
307:
303:Desmatophoca
302:
298:
295:
291:
268:Desmatophoca
267:
266:
265:
256:type species
251:
248:Barnes, 1987
245:
232:Condon, 1906
227:Desmatophoca
226:
225:
193:
122:
36:Desmatophoca
35:
29:
2228:Callorhinus
2219:Callorhinae
2094:Gomphotaria
2087:Dusignathus
2055:Titanotaria
2045:Pseudotaria
1975:Nanodobenus
1720:Halichoerus
1621:Erignathini
1580:Monotherium
1570:Monachopsis
1530:Cryptophoca
1467:Ommatophoca
1397:Lobodontini
1356:Terranectes
1346:Pristiphoca
1286:Neomonachus
1262:Auroraphoca
1200:Devinophoca
1111:Enaliarctos
752:Science, 24
648:Limitations
332:Description
2556:Categories
2370:Phocarctos
2349:Hydrarctos
2339:Arctophoca
2285:Eumetopias
2164:Valenictus
2105:Odobeninae
2066:Neodobenia
2035:Prototaria
1995:Osodobenus
1985:Neotherium
1955:Imagotaria
1929:Odobenidae
1904:Atopotarus
1897:Allodesmus
1873:Otarioidea
1810:see below↓
1801:Otarioidea
1744:Pagophilus
1703:Batavipusa
1680:Pachyphoca
1660:Cystophora
1640:Platyphoca
1630:Erignathus
1590:Phocanella
1560:Leptophoca
1540:Frisiphoca
1477:Piscophoca
1429:Hadrokirus
1379:Callophoca
1367:Miroungini
1336:Pontophoca
1296:Eomonachus
1272:Messiphoca
1212:Monachinae
1172:Pinnipedia
1057:Necromites
1013:Kolponomos
936:Caniformia
934:Suborder:
897:Genera of
846:, 113-147.
669:References
608:The first
586:The genus
554:Allodesmus
492:Odobenidae
455:Allodesmus
439:Allodesmus
432:Allodesmus
399:generalist
200:Pinnipedia
2276:Zalophini
2249:Otariinae
2210:Otariidae
2144:Pliopedia
2134:Ontocetus
1761:Planopusa
1737:Nanophoca
1439:Homiphoca
1409:Acrophoca
1326:Pliophoca
1306:Noriphoca
1252:Afrophoca
1240:Monachini
1034:Wangictis
1006:Drassonax
942:Arctoidea
930:Carnivora
910:Kingdom:
899:pinnipeds
635:mustelids
604:Discovery
514:Phocoidea
475:Phocoidea
471:Phocoidea
445:are both
401:species.
379:strategy
368:mandibles
322:Oligocene
278:of early
187:Carnivora
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
2473:Q1635102
2467:Wikidata
2356:Neophoca
2323:Otariini
2312:Zalophus
2124:Odobenus
2015:Pontolis
1918:Eodesmus
1771:Praepusa
1713:Gryphoca
1670:Miophoca
1600:Prophoca
1513:Phocinae
1446:Hydrurga
1386:Mirounga
1279:Monachus
1183:Phocidae
1078:Semantor
1027:Parictis
985:Allocyon
924:Mammalia
918:Chordata
916:Phylum:
912:Animalia
466:Phocidae
314:Holocene
280:pinniped
238:Species
206:Family:
177:Mammalia
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
2526:3612992
2513:1026777
2500:4833158
2487:4524896
2199:Eotaria
2117:Aivukus
1691:Phocini
1460:Lobodon
1071:Puijila
928:Order:
922:Class:
284:Miocene
273:extinct
219:Genus:
183:Order:
173:Class:
2363:Otaria
343:orbits
271:is an
2539:36914
2508:IRMNG
2414:Lists
1751:Phoca
1550:Kawas
276:genus
194:Clade
2495:GBIF
1778:Pusa
441:and
294:and
48:PreꞒ
2482:EoL
2558::
2536::
2523::
2510::
2497::
2484::
2469::
831:^
814:^
798:^
759:^
727:^
697:^
677:^
196::
98:Pg
2345:†
2301:†
2291:†
2261:†
2234:†
2195:†
2160:†
2150:†
2140:†
2130:†
2113:†
2075:†
2051:†
2041:†
2031:†
2021:†
2011:†
2001:†
1991:†
1981:†
1971:†
1961:†
1951:†
1941:†
1885:†
1767:†
1757:†
1733:†
1709:†
1699:†
1676:†
1666:†
1636:†
1606:†
1596:†
1586:†
1576:†
1566:†
1556:†
1546:†
1536:†
1526:†
1493:†
1483:†
1473:†
1435:†
1425:†
1415:†
1405:†
1375:†
1352:†
1342:†
1332:†
1322:†
1312:†
1302:†
1292:†
1268:†
1258:†
1248:†
1225:†
1196:†
1156:†
1146:†
1136:†
1107:†
1045:†
973:†
890:e
883:t
876:v
599:.
458:.
436:.
413:.
299:.
258:)
223:†
210:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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