378:, the canal is surrounded by a specially differentiated cylindrical zone, not composed of cellulose, through which the canal passes. This is termed the pore-organ. The canals are no doubt in all cases occupied by threads of mucilage in process of excretion. At the inner surface of the wall they terminate in lens- or button-shaped swellings, while from the outer end of the pore-organ there sometimes arise delicate radiating or club-shaped masses of mucilage through which the canal passes and which appear to be more or less permanent in character. In most cases, however, these are absent or only represented by small perforated buttons.
855:
268:
64:
249:
235:, consist of cells that are unconstricted at the middle, lack median suture lines, and do not have mucilage-secreting pores in the cell wall. Meanwhile, placoderm desmids, corresponding to the order Desmidiales, consist of cells with two symmetrical halves, and mucilage-secreting pores in the cell wall. Here, the term "desmids" and "placoderm desmids" will be used interchangeably to refer to the Desmidiales.
42:
325:, are of more than one piece, has two distinct layers, the inner composed mainly of cellulose, the outer is stronger and thicker, often furnished with spines, granules, warts et cetera. It is made up of a base of cellulose impregnated with other substances including iron compounds, which are especially prominent in some species of
866:
Desmids are found in freshwater habitats all over the world, but strongly prefer bogs, mires, and other nutrient-poor wetlands. They generally have strict ecological requirements: most species prefer waters with low amounts of dissolved calcium and magnesium, low salinity levels, and somewhat acidic
226:
The term "desmid" typically refers to a group of microscopic, mostly single-celled algae in the class
Zygnematophyceae. Within the desmids, a distinction is typically made between "saccoderm" and "placoderm" desmids. Saccoderm desmids, corresponding to the family
892:, making successful dispersal less likely. Therefore, they can be grouped into several regions each with their own characteristic desmid floras. The Indo-Malayan to North Australian realm, for example, is characterized by species such as
912:
Although desmids are incredibly diverse, with up to hundreds of them being found in a single site, their interactions with the environment are relatively unknown. Desmids are host to a wide array of parasites, particularly
295:. Although most desmid species are unicellular, some genera form chains of cells, called filaments. A few genera form non-filamentous colonies, with individual cells connected by threads or remnants of parent cell walls.
176:) emerged. Desmids consist of single-celled (sometimes filamentous or colonial) microscopic green algae. Because desmids are highly symmetrical, attractive, and come in a diversity of forms, they are popular subjects for
394:. During cell division, the two halves of a cell separate, and each half develops into a new cell. After division, a cell may be asymmetric since the recently formed half is smaller than the original half.
340:
and generally attractive shapes, among those elongated, star-shaped and rotund configurations, which provide the basis for their classification. The largest among them may be visible to the unaided eye.
982:
Gontcharov AA, Marin BA, Melkonian MA (January 2003). "Molecular phylogeny of conjugating green algae (Zygnemophyceae, Streptophyta) inferred from SSU rDNA sequence comparisons".
1242:
Hall, John D.; McCourt, Richard M. (2014). "Chapter 9. Conjugating Green Algae
Including Desmids". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.).
1286:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society -Biological Minerals Formed from Strontium and Barium Sulphates. II. Crystallography and Control of Mineral Morphology in Desmids
1640:
367:, uniformly distributed across the cell-wall but always appear to be absent in the region of the isthmus, or, in highly ornamented forms, as many genera of
1458:
834:
was formerly included in the
Desmidiales, but analysis of cell wall structure and DNA sequences show that the group is more closely related to the
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1508:
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can be found. These form carbohydrates for energy storage. The cell-wall, of two halves (termed semicells), which, in a few species of
1499:
Survey of Clare Island 1990 - 2005, noting the
Desmidiales recorded. Ed. Guiry, M.D., John, D.M., Rindi, F. and McCarthy, T.K. 2007.
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separated by a narrow bridge or isthmus, wherein the spherical nucleus is located. Each semi-cell houses a large, often folded
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1619:
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63:
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Coesel, Peter F.M. (2001). "The significance of desmids as indicators of the trophic status of freshwaters".
894:
900:
859:
1405:
Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Wong, Gane K.-S.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2018).
1531:
371:, grouped symmetrically around the bases of the spines, warts and so on with which the cell is provided.
885:
884:
Although the
Desmidiales are cosmopolitan, a number of species appear to be restricted to continents or
868:
722:
1075:
Kanetsuna, Y. (2002). "New and interesting desmids (Zygnematales, Chlorophyceae) collected from Asia".
1380:
701:
527:
191:, most classifications recognize three to five families, usually within their own order, Desmidiales.
1740:
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mucilage from pores in the cell wall that acts as a protecting agent. These pores are either, as in
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in marshes. As desmids are sensitive to changes in their environments, they are useful as
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1407:"Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history"
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888:; this is likely because desmids have strict ecological requirements and do not produce
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In the inner layer of the wall the pore is a simple canal, but in the outer, except in
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1332:"Nuclear DNA content estimates in green algal lineages: chlorophyta and streptophyta"
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871:. Desmid species are generally found attached to aquatic vegetation, such as
206:. In general, desmids prefer acidic waters (pH between 4.8 and 7.0), so many
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1501:
New Survey of Clare Island. Volume 6: The
Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae.
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In adverse conditions, desmids may reproduce sexually through a process of
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1299:"Barium accumulation by desmids of the genus Closterium (Zygnemaphyceae)"
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1220:"Freshwater Algae in Northwest Washington, Volume III. Desmids, Part A"
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pH. In waters with higher amounts of nutrients, desmids rapidly become
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17:
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830:, reducing the number of families from four to three. A fifth family
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881:; that is, free-floating in the water column after being disturbed.
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284:
195:
187:. Although they are sometimes grouped together as a single family
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401:, which are also found among other closely related taxa in the
898:, while equatorial Africa is characterized by species such as
838:, and so is now placed together with that family in the order
413:
Classification of the families and genera in the
Desmidiales:
333:
and is not soluble in an ammoniacal solution of copper oxide.
1244:
Freshwater Algae of North
America: Ecology and Classification
1297:
A.J. Brook; A. Fotheringham; J. Bradly; A. Jenkins (1980).
958:
356:. The function of these crystals is completely unknown.
1139:
Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995.
1172:, page 1. (Berkeley: University of California Press).
1143:, page 468. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
842:. However, the Zygnemataceae may have emerged in the
1538:
352:at either end of the cell which exhibit continuous
1224:A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs
210:may be found in the fissures between patches of
1385:University of California Museum of Paleontology
298:The cell of a desmid is often divided into two
921:. They are also grazed by microscopic aquatic
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1115:Brook, A. J.; Williamson, D. B. (2010).
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359:Many desmids also secrete translucent,
202:, found mostly but not exclusively in
7:
1656:410491ec-508c-463e-b1d1-dd084569aff1
1117:A Monograph on Some British Desmids
1040:Prescott, G. W. (1948). "Desmids".
957:Guiry, M. D.; Guiry, G. M. (2023).
336:Desmids assume a variety of highly
194:The Desmidiales comprise around 40
1141:Algae:An Introduction to Phycology
25:
826:is sometimes included within the
180:, both amateur and professional.
1226:. Western Washington University.
1089:10.1046/j.1440-1835.2002.00263.x
266:
247:
183:The desmids belong to the class
62:
1194:Biodiversity & Conservation
344:Desmids possess characteristic
218:for water and habitat quality.
963:National University of Ireland
1:
1459:"5. Biogeography of desmids"
1457:Coesel, Peter F. M. (1996).
1303:British Phycological Journal
1246:(2 ed.). Elsevier Inc.
1521:Microphotographs of desmids
1218:Matthews, Robin A. (2023).
1119:. London: The Ray Society.
1767:
1411:American Journal of Botany
1381:"Desmidiales: The desmids"
172:in which the land plants (
1330:Kapraun DF (April 2007).
1316:10.1080/00071618000650251
1004:10.1007/s00239-002-2383-4
160:, bond or chain), are an
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59:Scientific classification
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850:Habitat and distribution
259:, a single-celled desmid
895:Micrasterias ceratofera
860:Frontenac National Park
283:The structure of these
1170:The Biology of Desmids
1168:Brook, Alan J., 1981.
901:Allorgeia incredibilis
886:biogeographical realms
863:
386:Desmids most commonly
276:, a filamentous desmid
149:, commonly called the
1503:Royal Irish Academy.
1077:Phycological Research
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51:Micrasterias furcata
996:2003JMolE..56...89G
198:and 5,000 to 6,000
1746:Green algae orders
1475:10.1007/BF00010818
1348:10.1093/aob/mcl294
1054:10.1007/BF02861551
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858:A sphagnum bog in
723:Pseudomicrasterias
274:Desmidium swartzii
256:Cosmarium botrytis
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1664:Open Tree of Life
1532:Taxon identifiers
1509:978-1-904890-31-7
1424:10.1002/ajb2.1048
1267:van Egmond, Wim.
1253:978-0-12-385876-4
1126:978-0-903874-42-7
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311:photosynthesizing
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189:Desmidiaceae
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130:Desmidiaceae
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85:(unranked):
72:
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1741:Desmidiales
1570:Desmidiales
1564:Wikispecies
1540:Desmidiales
959:"AlgaeBase"
927:crustaceans
874:Utricularia
869:outcompeted
822:The family
800:Triploceras
793:Triplastrum
765:Streptonema
751:Staurastrum
612:Groenbladia
598:Euastridium
549:Cosmaridium
535:Brachytheca
454:Gonatozygon
399:conjugation
390:by asexual
338:symmetrical
307:chloroplast
300:symmetrical
289:unicellular
204:fresh water
174:Embryophyta
170:green algae
147:Desmidiales
109:Desmidiales
1735:Categories
1200:: 177–187.
968:2023-04-29
941:References
925:, such as
814:Xanthidium
807:Vincularia
779:Tetmemorus
674:Onychonema
633:Hyalotheca
570:Croasdalea
426:Closterium
376:Closterium
361:gelatinous
327:Closterium
319:Closterium
239:Morphology
166:Charophyta
89:Charophyta
1682:100370723
1579:AlgaeBase
1433:0002-9122
1269:"Desmids"
828:Peniaceae
772:Teilingia
681:Oocardium
626:Heimansia
584:Desmidium
556:Cosmarium
521:Bambusina
514:Amscottia
507:Allorgeia
469:Peniaceae
388:reproduce
369:Cosmarium
315:pyrenoids
138:Peniaceae
119:Families
1677:Tropicos
1591:BioLib:
1549:Wikidata
1483:11752270
1441:29603143
1366:17272304
1336:Ann. Bot
1097:85054464
1020:35734083
1012:12569426
935:ciliates
931:rotifers
919:chytrids
605:Euastrum
591:Docidium
346:crystals
293:flagella
35:Desmids
1692:5953123
1607:6059706
1555:Q199077
1357:2802934
1062:4353406
992:Bibcode
908:Ecology
660:Mateola
392:fission
208:species
200:species
164:in the
151:desmids
105:Order:
95:Class:
18:Desmids
1718:886288
1689:uBio:
1669:897405
1653:NZOR:
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331:Penium
323:Penium
196:genera
158:desmos
113:Bessey
1713:WoRMS
1479:S2CID
1093:S2CID
1058:JSTOR
1016:S2CID
877:, or
285:algae
162:order
73:Clade
1641:NCBI
1615:ITIS
1505:ISBN
1437:PMID
1429:ISSN
1392:2017
1362:PMID
1248:ISBN
1174:ISBN
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1121:ISBN
1008:PMID
329:and
321:and
309:for
1700:WFO
1628:NBN
1602:EoL
1471:doi
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1419:doi
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1352:PMC
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