668:
156:
2004:
378:
1998:
135:
115:
415:
measuring 275 cm (9.02 ft) in length, 105 cm (3.44 ft) in height and 1,283 kilograms (2,829 lb) in body mass; the largest known humerus, which is 1.3 times that of the Keton specimen in length, probably belonged to an individual with a mass of 2.8 metric tons (3.1 short
767:
Kumiko Matsui; Katsuo
Sashida; Sachiko Agematsu; Naoki Kohno (2017). "Habitat preferences of the enigmatic Miocene tethythere Desmostylus and Paleoparadoxia (Desmostylia; Mammalia) inferred from the depositional depth of fossil occurrences in the Northwestern Pacific realm". Palaeogeography,
454:
had a lifestyle of active swimming and possibly feeding at the surface, unlike other desmostylians that were primarily slow swimmers and/or bottom walkers and sea grass feeders.
2077:
2166:
1282:
598:
since variation in tooth morphology between individuals assigned to one of these species has proven to be to greater than the differences between species.
2171:
2151:
2064:
594:
Several other species were later described based on minor differences in tooth morphology. Most or all of these species have been synonymized with
2161:
743:
Inuzuka, N. (1996). Body size and mass estimates of desmostylians(Mammalia). The
Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 102(9), 816–819.
2181:
2156:
935:"A paleoecological paradox: the habitat and dietary preferences of the extinct tethythere Desmostylus, inferred from stable isotope analysis"
512:
386:
2141:
1085:
439:
is thought to have lived in shallow water in coastal regions, usually less than 30 meters deep. Recent isotope work indicates that
982:
Inuzuka, Norihisa; Domning, Daryl P.; Ray, Clayton E. (1984). "Summary of taxa and morphological adaptations of the
Desmostylia".
2146:
1275:
879:
1062:
789:
Hayashi, S.; Houssaye, A.; Nakajima, Y.; Chiba, K.; Ando, T.; Sawamura, H.; Inuzuka, N.; Kaneko, N.; Osaki, T. (2013).
1933:
1268:
155:
2191:
2186:
2003:
2176:
1698:
625:
958:
2136:
1962:
725:
549:
518:
1195:(Mammalia, Desmostylia): A new specimen from the Middle Miocene Tachikaraushinai Formation, Hokkaido, Japan"
637:
2131:
2019:
1190:
2103:
1003:
731:
1654:
1619:
1815:
2051:
1162:
1103:
1019:
946:
934:
802:
126:
1007:
791:"Bone Inner Structure Suggests Increasing Aquatic Adaptations in Desmostylia (Mammalia, Afrotheria)"
1589:
1234:
673:
1997:
1873:
1846:
1531:
1458:
1342:
1291:
1230:
1127:
1043:
970:
649:
303:
150:
1633:
2108:
1575:
1448:
1418:
2090:
2082:
1744:
1661:
1115:
1091:
1081:
1035:
962:
838:
820:
2095:
1857:
1209:
1147:
1027:
991:
954:
828:
810:
340:
1893:
1884:
1566:
645:
641:
1023:
950:
806:
1866:
1808:
1760:
995:
833:
790:
689:
351:
2125:
1778:
1640:
1610:
1047:
583:
343:
223:
72:
974:
17:
1907:
1833:
1767:
1691:
1626:
1478:
1408:
1369:
425:
408:
355:
263:
1163:"Discovery of a desmostylian tooth from Kitami City, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan"
815:
768:
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 471: 254–265. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.005.
1922:
1794:
1734:
1721:
1672:
1596:
1582:
1522:
1498:
1428:
1321:
621:
377:
333:
210:
47:
2042:
134:
1900:
1787:
1705:
1681:
1552:
1508:
1488:
1468:
1438:
1359:
1327:
663:
629:
329:
114:
92:
57:
1152:
1131:
1095:
1031:
966:
824:
564:
551:
533:
520:
1647:
1545:
1538:
1039:
167:
97:
1119:
842:
1078:
The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
612:. It has been reproposed as distinct species based on cranial morphology.
364:
2036:
1939:
1309:
744:
398:
347:
187:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2069:
1972:
1951:
1753:
1379:
578:
444:
429:
102:
77:
1214:
1968:
1315:
1303:
1260:
633:
443:
more likely lived (or spent a large amount of time) in freshwater or
336:
197:
177:
2013:
1242:
Journal of the
College of Science, Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan
1391:
653:
421:
394:
390:
376:
359:
2056:
417:
2017:
1264:
420:. The animal's jaws were elongated and sported forward-facing
702:
692:
1108:
University of
California Publications in Geological Sciences
933:
Clementz, Mark T.; Hoppe, Kathryn A.; Koch, Paul L. (2003).
959:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0506:APPTHA>2.0.CO;2
511:
based on a set of isolated teeth that he had found near
880:"Mission San Jose, east (Miocene of the United States)"
416:
tons). It had a short tail and powerful legs with four
620:
Fossils have been discovered from along the northern
608:
based on a well-preserved partial skull and named by
1830:
1731:
1687:
1607:
1563:
1519:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1375:
1365:
1355:
2026:
1950:
1921:
1883:
1856:
1829:
1777:
1743:
1730:
1719:
1671:
1606:
1562:
1518:
1389:
1340:
1106:(1959). "A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia".
447:ecosystems foraging for aquatic freshwater plants.
1008:"Notice of a new fossil sirenian, from California"
867:
777:
411:-like creature, with the adult Keton specimen of
1191:"Reinterpretation of some cranial structures of
711:), pillar, referring to the shape of the molars.
605:
1170:Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum
609:
362:–7.250 Mya) and in existence for approximately
293:
1140:The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan
721:
719:
717:
1276:
911:
909:
8:
450:Its less dense bone structure suggests that
1161:Tomida, Yukimitsu; Ohta, Toshikazu (2007).
2014:
1838:
1740:
1727:
1397:
1348:
1337:
1283:
1269:
1261:
855:
133:
113:
31:
1213:
1151:
915:
832:
814:
281:
681:
1189:Uno, Hikaru; Kimura, Masaichi (2004).
755:
745:https://doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.102.816
577:). Marsh described his specimen as a
900:
504:
387:National Museum of Nature and Science
269:
243:
7:
2167:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
996:10.1111/j.1440-1738.1994.tb00131.x
25:
587:(a genus of extinct dugongs) and
2172:Chattian genus first appearances
2152:Miocene mammals of North America
2002:
1996:
666:
154:
868:Inuzuka, Domning & Ray 1984
778:Clementz, Hoppe & Koch 2003
591:(an obsolete name for dugong).
1235:"Notes on a New Fossil Mammal"
1:
2162:Fossil taxa described in 1888
1080:. London: Marshall Editions.
628:northward along the coast of
581:and proposed affinities with
465:(synonyms and invalid names:
2182:Fossils of the United States
2157:Prehistoric placental genera
816:10.1371/journal.pone.0059146
606:Yoshiwara & Iwasaki 1902
513:Mission San Jose, California
2142:Tortonian genus extinctions
1012:American Journal of Science
610:Tokunaga & Iwasaki 1914
435:Most likely fully aquatic,
294:Tokunaga & Iwasaki 1914
2208:
703:
693:
495:Vanderhoofius coalingensis
314:Vanderhoofius coalingensis
1993:
1841:
1400:
1351:
1336:
1298:
626:Baja California Peninsula
309:
302:
255:
250:
151:Scientific classification
149:
141:
132:
121:
112:
34:
27:Extinct family of mammals
1233:; Iwasaki, Jūzō (1902).
1202:Paleontological Research
1153:10.5575/geosoc.21.255_33
1076:Palmer, Douglas (1999).
1032:10.2475/ajs.s3-35.205.94
507:named the type specimen
2147:Miocene mammals of Asia
734:. Retrieved March 2013.
424:, which were elongated
1130:; Iwasaki, C. (1914).
856:Tomida & Ohta 2007
401:
2104:Paleobiology Database
1134:Desmostylus japonicus
1104:Reinhart, Roy Herbert
916:Uno & Kimura 2004
732:Paleobiology Database
688:"bound pillar", from
602:Desmostylus japonicus
380:
354:subepoch through the
1231:Yoshiwara, Shigeyasu
1193:Desmostylia hesperus
487:Desmostylella typica
463:Desmostylus hesperus
127:Royal Ontario Museum
18:Desmostylus hesperus
1128:Tokunaga, Shigeyasu
1024:1888AmJS...35...94M
951:2003Pbio...29..506C
807:2013PLoSO...859146H
674:Paleontology portal
648:, and south to the
616:Fossil distribution
561: /
546:, paleocoordinates
530: /
1343:Paenungulatomorpha
1292:Paenungulatomorpha
1063:"O. C. Marsh 1888"
650:Shimane Prefecture
402:
2192:Fossils of Russia
2187:Fossils of Mexico
2119:
2118:
2091:Open Tree of Life
2020:Taxon identifiers
2011:
2010:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1917:
1916:
1825:
1824:
1745:Paleoparadoxiidae
1715:
1714:
1655:Postschizotherium
1620:Hengduanshanhyrax
1215:10.2517/prpsj.8.1
604:was described by
321:
320:
296:
284:
272:
246:
43:Oligocene–Miocene
16:(Redirected from
2199:
2177:Fossils of Japan
2112:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2015:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1858:Arsinoitheriidae
1839:
1832:
1816:Ounalashkastylus
1741:
1733:
1728:
1689:
1609:
1565:
1521:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1398:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1338:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1239:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1199:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1123:
1099:
1070:
1058:
1056:
1054:
999:
978:
919:
913:
904:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
876:
870:
865:
859:
853:
847:
846:
836:
818:
786:
780:
775:
769:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
723:
712:
706:
705:
696:
695:
686:
676:
671:
670:
669:
576:
575:
573:
572:
571:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
545:
544:
542:
541:
540:
535:
531:
528:
527:
526:
523:
515:(type locality:
368:
346:living from the
292:
280:
268:
242:
235:
222:
209:
159:
158:
137:
117:
107:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2137:Miocene mammals
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2022:
2012:
2007:
1995:
1979:
1946:
1913:
1894:Crivadiatherium
1885:Palaeoamasiidae
1879:
1852:
1821:
1773:
1724:
1711:
1667:
1602:
1567:Titanohyracidae
1558:
1514:
1394:
1385:
1345:
1332:
1294:
1289:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1165:
1160:
1126:
1102:
1088:
1075:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1002:
981:
932:
928:
923:
922:
914:
907:
899:
895:
885:
883:
878:
877:
873:
866:
862:
854:
850:
788:
787:
783:
776:
772:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
724:
715:
687:
683:
672:
667:
665:
662:
646:Hokkaido, Japan
642:Sakhalin Island
618:
569:
567:
563:
560:
555:
552:
550:
548:
547:
538:
536:
532:
529:
524:
521:
519:
517:
516:
491:D. coalingensis
475:D. californicus
460:
375:
363:
358:subepoch (28.4
291:
279:
277:D. coalingensis
267:
241:
233:
220:
207:
153:
142:Restoration of
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1867:Arsinoitherium
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1809:Kronokotherium
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1761:Paleoparadoxia
1757:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1227:
1186:
1158:
1124:
1100:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1000:
990:(4): 522–537.
979:
945:(4): 506–519.
929:
927:
924:
921:
920:
905:
893:
871:
860:
848:
781:
770:
760:
748:
736:
713:
680:
679:
678:
677:
661:
658:
617:
614:
565:36.8°N 117.6°W
534:37.6°N 121.9°W
459:
456:
374:
371:
352:Late Oligocene
319:
318:
317:
316:
307:
306:
300:
299:
298:
297:
285:
273:
253:
252:
248:
247:
231:
227:
226:
218:
214:
213:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
139:
138:
130:
129:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2204:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Desmostylians
2130:
2129:
2127:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1779:Desmostylidae
1776:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1641:Parapliohyrax
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1611:Pliohyracidae
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1590:Rupestrohyrax
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1247:
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584:Metaxytherium
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492:
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468:
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455:
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442:
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433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
407:was a large,
406:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
372:
370:
367:million years
366:
361:
357:
353:
350:stage of the
349:
345:
344:Desmostylidae
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
326:
315:
311:
310:
308:
305:
301:
295:
290:
286:
283:
282:Reinhart 1959
278:
274:
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249:
245:
240:
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224:Desmostylidae
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84:
79:
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69:
64:
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1908:Palaeoamasia
1906:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1845:
1834:Embrithopoda
1814:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1768:Neoparadoxia
1766:
1759:
1752:
1704:
1697:
1692:Gigantohyrax
1690:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1627:Kvabebihyrax
1625:
1618:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1551:
1544:
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1530:
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1497:
1487:
1479:Saghatherium
1477:
1467:
1457:
1447:
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1427:
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1409:Dimaitherium
1407:
1378:
1370:Hadrogeneios
1368:
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1326:Superorder:
1320:Infraclass:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1241:
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1111:
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1018:(8): 94–96.
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1004:Marsh, O. C.
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939:Paleobiology
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903:, p. 96
896:
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874:
863:
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851:
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601:
600:
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570:36.8; -117.6
539:37.6; -121.9
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499:D. japonicus
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:D. mirabilis
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:
451:
449:
440:
436:
434:
412:
409:hippopotamus
404:
403:
383:D. japonicus
382:
356:Late Miocene
324:
323:
322:
313:
289:D. japonicus
288:
276:
259:
237:
236:
143:
122:
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29:
2028:Desmostylus
1934:Proboscidea
1923:Proboscidea
1874:Namatherium
1847:Stylolophus
1802:Desmostylus
1795:Cornwallius
1735:Desmostylia
1722:Tethytheria
1699:Heterohyrax
1682:Dendrohyrax
1673:Procaviidae
1597:Titanohyrax
1583:Antilohyrax
1532:Brachyhyrax
1523:Geniohyidae
1499:Selenohyrax
1459:Regubahyrax
1429:Megalohyrax
1322:Placentalia
1208:(1): 1–10.
1146:(255): 33.
1067:Fossilworks
1053:17 December
918:, p. 1
886:17 December
756:Palmer 1999
727:Desmostylus
622:Pacific Rim
596:D. hesperus
568: /
537: /
509:D. hesperus
471:D. cymatias
452:Desmostylus
441:Desmostylus
437:Desmostylus
413:D. hesperus
405:Desmostylus
373:Description
334:herbivorous
325:Desmostylus
260:D. hesperus
238:Desmostylus
211:Desmostylia
144:D. hesperus
123:Desmostylus
36:Desmostylus
2126:Categories
1901:Hypsamasia
1788:Behemotops
1634:Meroehyrax
1553:Pachyhyrax
1509:Thyrohyrax
1489:Seggeurius
1469:Rukwalorax
1439:Microhyrax
1392:Hyracoidea
1360:Abdounodus
1328:Afrotheria
1221:1 December
1180:1 December
1132:"Notes on
984:Island Arc
926:References
901:Marsh 1888
638:Washington
630:California
505:Marsh 1888
467:D. watasei
270:Marsh 1888
244:Marsh 1888
1967:includes
1940:elephants
1938:includes
1648:Pliohyrax
1576:Afrohyrax
1546:Geniohyus
1539:Bunohyrax
1449:Namahyrax
1419:Helioseus
1302:Kingdom:
1096:313633743
1048:129254943
967:211272891
825:837402105
381:Skull of
332:genus of
174:Kingdom:
168:Eukaryota
2043:Q2469946
2037:Wikidata
1973:manatees
1706:Procavia
1662:Prohyrax
1316:Mammalia
1310:Chordata
1308:Phylum:
1304:Animalia
1040:79838746
1006:(1888).
975:12567121
843:23565143
795:PLOS ONE
589:Halicore
579:sirenian
556:117°36′W
525:121°54′W
483:D. minor
430:incisors
399:Holotype
348:Chattian
304:Synonyms
251:Species
217:Family:
198:Mammalia
188:Chordata
184:Phylum:
178:Animalia
164:Domain:
2096:3616362
2083:1443427
2070:4831540
2057:4526588
1969:dugongs
1963:Sirenia
1952:Sirenia
1754:Ashoroa
1380:Ocepeia
1314:Class:
1251:13 June
1176:: 57–61
1120:3474601
1020:Bibcode
947:Bibcode
834:3615000
803:Bibcode
730:in the
553:36°48′N
522:37°36′N
497:), and
458:Species
445:estuary
426:canines
385:at the
339:of the
330:extinct
230:Genus:
204:Order:
194:Class:
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709:stulos
704:στῦλος
699:desmos
694:δεσμός
634:Oregon
493:(syn.
418:hooves
341:family
337:mammal
328:is an
2109:36958
2078:IRMNG
1238:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
1044:S2CID
971:S2CID
690:Greek
660:Notes
654:Japan
624:from
422:tusks
395:Japan
391:Tokyo
2065:GBIF
1971:and
1961:see
1932:see
1253:2023
1223:2013
1182:2013
1116:OCLC
1092:OCLC
1082:ISBN
1055:2021
1036:OCLC
963:OCLC
888:2021
839:PMID
821:OCLC
428:and
365:21.2
264:type
48:PreꞒ
2052:EoL
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