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disappeared, and comparisons with pre-1914 photographs show cases of damage to the relief carvings. The khatchkar of
Catholicos Stephanos, dated 1340, was, by 1956, badly mutilated with large sections of its carvings hacked off. In 1956 only the bottom third of another ornate khachkar, dated 1444, was left – it was intact when photographed by Bachmann in 1911. The 19th-century tombstone of Khatchatur Mokatsi, still intact in 1956, was later smashed into fragments. "In the 1950s the island was used as a military training ground." In 2005 the structure was closed to visitors as it underwent a heavy restoration, being opened as a museum by the Turkish government a year later.
468:
696:
1314:
1307:
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809:
1059:, the Church was once again converted into a Mosque (1579–1877). After the Russian capture of Kars in 1877 it was converted to a Russian Orthodox church. In 1918, after the fall of Kars to the Turkish army, the cathedral was again turned into a mosque. In 1919, following the retreat of Turks and during the first republic of Armenia, the cathedral was restored as an Armenian church. In 1920, Kars again fell to Turkey and it ceased to function as a church. It operated briefly as a mosque in the 1920s before being used as a petrol storage depot. It functioned as the
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of Lesser
Armenia during Byzantine, Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and Ottoman reigns until the Armenian genocide in 1915. In 1915 Sourb Nshan monastery was the main repository of medieval Armenian manuscripts in the Sebastia region and at least 283 manuscripts are recorded. The library was not destroyed during World War I and most of the manuscripts survived. In 1918 about 100 of them were transferred to the Armenian Patriarchate in Jerusalem.
968:
1004:
920:
894:
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769:
531:), indicate an Armenian name. Throughout Ottoman history, Turkish and Kurdish tribesmen have settled into Armenian villages and changed the native Armenian names (i.e. the Armenian Norashen was changed to Norşin). This was especially true after the Armenian genocide, when much of eastern Turkey was depopulated of its Armenian population.
318:
1283:
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After the
Armenian genocide the cathedral was repaired and was used as a school. In 1950 the Municipality of Arapgir decided to demolish the cathedral. On 18 September 1957 the cathedral was blown up with dynamite. And later, the land where the cathedral stood was sold to a peasant named Hüseyin for
860:
At an unknown date after the
Armenian genocide, the monastery was subjugated under the control of the Turkish military and its entire site now lies within the compound of an army base and its access is restricted. The dome of its church was still intact in the early 1960s, but the whole structure is
652:
The Saint
Karapet Monastery was an Armenian monastic complex in the Taron Province of Greater Armenia, about 35 kilometers northwest of Mush, now in the Kurdish village of Chengeli in eastern Turkey. Founded in the fourth century by Saint Gregory the Illuminator, it was one of the oldest monasteries
186:
until the late 18th century. Unofficially, a number of schools existed in the Bitlis region, but the first school "in real terms" was opened in 1790 by Shnork
Migirdic and Amira Miricanyan. During Patriarch Garabet's reign from 1823 to 1831, Armenian schools were established at unprecedented levels.
927:
Sourb Nshan monastery was established by prince Atom-Ashot, the son of King
Senekerim. The monastery was named after a celebrated relic that Senekerim had brought from Varagavank monastery, and which was returned there after his death. This was one of notable center of enlightenment and scholarship
1075:
The church was confiscated and became the property of the
Turkish state. It has been sold to the local municipality, who planned to demolish it and build a school on the site. The plan never took hold. However, during this time, its bell tower was destroyed. In the 1950s it was used as a depot for
1140:
During the
Armenian genocide, the monks of Aghtamar were massacred, the church looted, and the monastic buildings destroyed. The church remained disused through the decades after 1915. After the 1920s, the church was exposed to extensive vandalism. The ornate stone balustrade of the royal gallery
1257:
in 2002. Their information is confirmed by the physical evidence on the site. The dome of the surviving church is intact but the side walls have been blown outwards; the destroyed churches have been entirely leveled with their masonry blasted into the gorge below. This is damage that cannot have
1252:
visited the site and found that four of the five churches had been destroyed, with only the Church of Saint Sargis surviving in a badly damaged condition. According to local people, the churches were blown up by the
Turkish army using high explosives, which was reaffirmed by citizens of
283:, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar).
900:
During the Armenian genocide an upwards of 12,000 Armenian women and children, crossed to the isle over a period of three days while a few dozen men covered their retreat from Hamidiye regiments. All starved to death before help could arrive. The Monastery is currently in ruins.
212:
with 36,839 students and 897 teachers. During the Armenian genocide, the Armenian population of the empire was targeted a mass extermination. Most schools in Anatolia were destroyed or were set to be used for other purposes. As of 2005, 18 Armenian schools were functioning in
2178:
1167:
The Cathedral of Arapgir named Holy Mother of God was built in the 13th century. It was one of the biggest churches in Western Armenia. It was able to house 3,000 people. The cathedral was attacked and looted and burnt in 1915 during the Armenian genocide.
451:
was banned from use in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments, and was subsequently replaced with words like Anatolia or Kurdistan. Armenian name changing continued under the early Republican era up until the 21st century. It included the
1107:
during the years 915–921. It was built of pink volcanic tufa by the architect-monk Manuel with an interior measuring 14.80m by 11.5m and the dome reaching 20.40m above ground. The architecture of the church is based on a form that had been developed in
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were printed using the Armenian script. Not only did Armenians read Armeno-Turkish, but so did the non-Armenian (including the Ottoman Turkish) elite. The Armenian script was also used alongside the Arabic script on official documents of the
1051:. The Church was called the Holy Apostles Church due to the sculptures of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus located in the exterior of the Church. In 1064 to the 1100s (decade), the Church was converted into a Mosque when it was captured by the
1010:
Nowadays, Ktuts monastery appears to be in a better condition than most Armenian monasteries, possibly due to its location. However, there is still overgrowth on the roof due to the fact the monastery has not been maintained since 1915.
1290:
This church was completed shortly after the year 1035. It had a unique design: 19-sided externally, 8-apsed internally, with a huge central dome set upon a tall drum. It was built by Prince Ablgharib Pahlavid to house a fragment of the
274:
The 19th century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time during which Armenian culture flourished is known as the Revival period (Zartonk). The Revivalist authors of
1880:
Animal name changes: Red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica becomes Vulpes Vulpes. Wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana becomes Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus. Roe deer known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus becomes Capreolus Cuprelus
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1930:
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The monastery ceased to function in 1915, during the Armenian genocide, and was demolished in 1951. The Kurdish-populated village of Yemişlik grew up on the site, and a mosque now stands where the monastery once stood.
672:
After the Armenian genocide, it was destroyed to its foundations. It was blown up by the Turkish army several times. Today what remains of Surb Karapet consists of a few shapeless ruins and carved stones and
1521:
Currently, only one-sixth of that land is inhabited by Armenians, due first to variously coerced emigrations and finally to the genocide of the Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1915.
199:
in 1839, the Armenians had some thirty-seven schools, including two colleges, with 4,620 students; several museums, printing presses, hospitals, public libraries and eight different published journals in
2391:
142:
1200:
1650:
The Armenian community in Istanbul has 18 schools, 17 cultural and social organizations, three daily newspapers, five periodicals, two sports clubs, 57 churches, 58 foundations and two hospitals.
95:
the Armenian cultural heritage was targeted for destruction by the Turkish government. Of the several thousand churches and monasteries (usually estimated from two to three thousand) in the
286:
The Revivalist period ended in 1885–1890, when the Armenian people was passing tumultuous times. Notable events were the Berlin Treaty of 1878, the independence of Balkan nations such as
653:
in Armenia.Saint Karapet Monastery was also one of the three most important sites for Armenian Christian pilgrimage, and among the richest, most ancient institutions in Ottoman Armenia.
1128:
chose the island of Aghtamar as one of his residences, founding a settlement there. Between 1116 and 1895 Aght'amar Island was the location of the Armenian Catholicosate of Aghtamar.
750:. Its ruins are still visible in the Kurdish-populated village of Bakraçlı that later developed on the same site. The Monastery is now used as hay storage for domesticated animals.
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1922:
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and was named Cemeran School. By 1838, according to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, 439 Armenian schools operated in Anatolia. By the time of the proclamation of the
110:
and turned into military posts, hospitals, schools and prisons. Many of these were also given to Muslim migrants or refugees who had fled from their homelands during the
1634:
1532:
Biner, Z. Ö. (2010). Acts of defacement, memory of loss: Ghostly effects of the "Armenian crisis" in Mardin, southeastern Turkey. History and Memory, 22(2), 68–94, 178.
832:. It was formerly considered one of the most important pilgrimage sites of the Armenian people. The monastery was built on the traditional site of the martyrdom of the
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1841:
1893:
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which have been used as building materials by the current Muslim residents, mostly Kurds, and are often found encrusted in the walls of local homes and structures.
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The group also visited the village of Narek, now desolate. The image of a mosque on the very spot where once stood the famed Narek Monastery caused great sorrow.
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1313:
1306:
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808:
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in 1914, today only a few hundred are still standing in some form; most of these are in danger of collapse. Those that continue to function are mainly in
1159:
563:. The Patriarchate revealed that 2,549 religious sites under the control of the Patriarch which included more than 200 monasteries and 1,600 churches.
1354:
107:
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703:
Founded in the early 11th-century on a pre-existing religious site, it was one of the richest and best known monastery's in the Armenian kingdom of
132:
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and in later centuries, was the seat of the archbishop of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Van. It was founded by King Senekerim-Hovhannes of the
556:
205:
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was concealed under the identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani), and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events.
1609:
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2002:
1969:
1835:
1788:
1755:
1730:
1673:
1586:
1514:
1407:
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there were 803 Armenian schools in the Ottoman Empire with 81,226 students and 2,088 teachers in 1901–1902. Of these 438 schools were in the
1084:
2008:
440:
430:
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1473:
467:
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343:, Melkon Gurjian, Dikran Gamsarian, and others revolved around the said newspaper. The other important newspaper at that time was the
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that had been kept in a 7th-century hermitage on the same site. The interior form of the central church resembles the designs of the
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1359:
882:
2399:
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In 1978, the monastery was demolished with explosives. A military base now occupies the site. No traces of the Monastery remain.
888:
The Armenian Monastery on the island was called St. George or Sourp Kevork. It was built in 1305 and expanded in 1621 and 1766.
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1601:
1113:
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1413:
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457:
434:
1900:
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2144:
661:
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1435:
797:
724:
2209:
Hewsen, Robert H. (2000), "Van in This World; Paradise in the Next: The Historical Geography of Van/Vaspurakan", in
2700:
2240:
1368:
17:
2600:
Armenians in Turkey Today: A Critical Assessment of the Situation of the Armenian minority in the Turkish Republic
1223:
in Turkey, about 19 kilometres west of the border with Armenia. The monastery is located in a gorge formed by the
118:(Law of Abandoned Properties), which legalized the confiscation of Armenian property if the owner did not return.
979:
845:
623:
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230:
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The 10th century Armenian monastery of Narekavank, Lake Van, Vaspurakan (modern Turkey). Early 20th century.
908:
633:
586:
377:
2247:
417:, they kept records in Armenian script, but in the Turkish language. From the end of the 19th-century, the
386:
describes, for about 250 years, from the early 18th century until around 1950, more than 2000 books in the
2520:
2210:
1254:
1216:
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petroleum. During the 1960s and 1970s it housed a small museum. The church is currently used as a mosque.
853:
2546:
2276:
Papazian, Iris (19 July 1997). "Archbishop Mesrob Ashjian on a Sentimental Journey to Western Armenia".
1208:
1109:
747:
716:
1703:
Modern History of Armenia in the Works of Foreign Authors , edited by R. Sahakyan, Yerevan, 1993, p. 15
941:
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2199:
Armenia, Travels and Studies. Volume 2. The Turkish Provinces By Harry Finnis Blosse Lynch – Page 114
1393:
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During the Armenian genocide, on 30 April 1915, the Ottoman army destroyed the monastery during the
405:
1606:
1339:
1249:
410:
383:
364:
226:
1798:
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The church was largely intact until 1955, when the entire eastern half collapsed during a storm.
1224:
1188:
291:
165:
84:
2221:, Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, p. 28,
1722:
1715:
983:
723:. The Armenian archbishops of Van resided here until the late 19th century. Of them, the future
1989:
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2222:
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1998:
1965:
1961:
1831:
1784:
1751:
1726:
1669:
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1510:
1403:
1344:
1048:
1019:
833:
539:
524:
418:
307:
151:
92:
1780:
1773:
2496:
1440:
1349:
1121:
1104:
1044:
387:
332:
303:
260:
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1211:
built between the 7th and 13th centuries in what was then the Armenian Bagratid kingdom of
2503:
2107:
1810:
1613:
1478:
956:
727:
336:
256:
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compiled a list of monasteries, churches and other religious institutions throughout the
414:
196:
1633:. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Tourism, Center for Strategic Research. 2005. p. 44.
1235:
998:). The Ktuts Monastery is situated on a small island in the middle of lake Van, Turkey.
1056:
869:
841:
560:
476:
392:
276:
240:
201:
183:
96:
967:
2684:
2215:
1954:
1220:
461:
460:, change of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent
340:
268:
252:
244:
1112:
several centuries earlier; the best-known example being that of the seventh century
1003:
734:(The Eagle of Vaspurakan), the first newspaper to be printed in historical Armenia.
566:
In 2011, there were 34 Armenian churches functioning in Turkey, mostly in Istanbul.
2655:
1243:
825:
816:
The Saint Bartholomew Monastery was built in the 13th century in what was then the
520:
400:
209:
2297:
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1663:
1397:
2136:
1863:
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248:
111:
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was also used for books written in the Kurdish language in the Ottoman Empire.
347:(Fatherland) newspaper, which became very populist, encouraged criticism, etc.
1991:
Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
1292:
1125:
1117:
991:
821:
817:
757:
712:
704:
684:
160:
Before 1915, most Armenian schools were located in eastern Turkey, now all in
2583:
Thierry, Jean-Michel, "Notes Sur des Monuments Armeniens en Turque (1964),"
2226:
893:
674:
508:
504:
484:
88:
1096:
325:
Some specialists claim that the Armenian Realist authors appeared when the
2036:
Hayali Coğrafyalar: Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye'de Değiştirilen Yeradları
1507:
Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world
1581:(1st paperback ed.). New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p. 151.
1364:
987:
708:
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and had it taken to Tbilisi for safekeeping. The door was later taken to
496:
488:
287:
236:
214:
192:
161:
100:
2251:
739:
614:
One of the double doors of the Monastery (dated 1134) was discovered in
607:
399:. For instance, the first novel to be written in the Ottoman Empire was
1474:"Bedrosyan: Searching for Lost Armenian Churches and Schools in Turkey"
1052:
881:
837:
768:
720:
619:
358:
327:
188:
169:
2042:(in Turkish). Istanbul: TESEV Demokratikleşme Programı. Archived from
1215:. It is now near the town of Digor, the administrative capital of the
475:
Most Armenian geographical names were in the eastern provinces of the
1043:, the Holy Apostles Church completed construction in the 940s during
995:
829:
615:
528:
280:
264:
2071:
The destruction of memory : architectural and cultural warfare
1543:
317:
1509:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 36.
542:
that 3600 Armenian geographical location names have been changed.
466:
316:
2547:"Asbarez, 1 October 2010: The Mass at Akhtamar, and What's Next"
1983:
1981:
1748:
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
1163:
Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God before the Armenian genocide
1040:
352:
2298:"The Condition of the Armenian Historical Monuments in Turkey"
1544:"Minority and Foreign Schools on the Ottoman Education System"
1270:
1212:
2497:
Paylaşılan Bir Restorasyon Süreci: Akhtamar Surp Haç Kilisesi
1628:"Armenian Claims and Historical Facts: Questions and Answers"
187:
The first higher education institution was opened in 1838 in
2663:"The Destruction of the Armenian Church during the Genocide"
1281:
1198:
1158:
1132:
1095:
1067:
1030:
1002:
966:
918:
892:
880:
852:
807:
767:
738:
694:
643:
606:
596:
106:
Most of the properties formerly belonging to Armenians were
2656:
Multi-Cultural Heritage of Anatolia Project Interactive Map
2571:
Antarnik L. Pladian, 1969, New York – Arapkir Union, p. 931
91:. Along with the Armenian population, during and after the
1960:(4th ed.). New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction. pp.
1207:
The Khtzkonk Monasteries were a monastic ensemble of five
844:, Saint Bartholomew is considered the patron saint of the
479:. Villages, settlements, or towns that contain the suffix
409:, written in the Armenian script. Also, when the Armenian
114:. The legal justification for the seizures was the law of
1779:(US ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. p.
1181:
28,005 lira. Today, in place of the cathedral are ruins.
1035:
Armenian Cathedral of Kars at the end of the 19th century
1607:
The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16
861:
now very heavily ruined and the dome is entirely gone.
331:(Orient) newspaper was founded (1884). Writers such as
2131:
2129:
1505:
Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2004).
1286:
The Church of the Holy Redeemer in early 20th century.
1577:
Oshagan, Vahe (2004). Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
711:
early in his reign (1003–24) to house a relic of the
483:, meaning built or built by (i.e. Manavazkert (today
1436:"Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey"
2137:"Surp Arakelots Vank – The Holy Apostles Monastery"
1923:"Patrik II. Mesrob Hazretleri 6 Agustos 2006 Pazar"
18:
Destruction of Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey
2214:
1953:
1772:
1714:
1203:The Khtzkonk Monasteries in the early 20th century
923:The Surp Nishan Monastery seen from the south-east
1258:occurred as a result of an earthquake, historian
83:The eastern part of the current territory of the
2370:. London: I.B. Taurus and Co. Ltd. p. 322.
1617:, London, T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., 1916, pp. 662–64
1579:The Armenian people from ancient to modern times
1467:
1465:
1463:
2611:Dalrymple, William, "Armenia's Other Tragedy,"
1775:The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900–1925
1548:E-International Journal of Educational Research
836:who is reputed to have brought Christianity to
2673:International Association of Genocide Scholars
2423:
2421:
2292:
2290:
471:Armenian geographical names renamed in Turkey
413:managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of
8:
443:were formally introduced under the reign of
1388:
1386:
1384:
601:Holy Apostles Monastery in the 20th century
1894:"Yiğidi öldürmek ama hakkını da vermek..."
978:in Armenian, is an abandoned 15th century
577:Early 20th century image with description
28:
2368:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
1399:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
1355:Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey
820:of Greater Armenia, now near the town of
235:Notable writers from this period include
87:is part of the ancestral homeland of the
2329:
2327:
2325:
2074:(1st ed.). London: Reaktion Books.
1771:Books, the editors of Time-Life (1989).
573:
133:Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire
1380:
557:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
321:Sample from the Arevelk daily newspaper
206:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
2433:"Ճարտարապետություն" ("Architecture").
2110:. Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute.
1806:
1796:
2310:from the original on 28 December 2017
2241:"Holy Cross survives, diplomacy dies"
2181:from the original on 21 December 2015
1952:Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. (1991).
1844:from the original on 18 February 2021
1713:Boar, Roger; Blundell, Nigel (1991).
1402:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 278.
570:List of notable churches, monasteries
182:Armenian schools were not allowed in
108:confiscated by the Turkish government
7:
2633:from the original on 20 January 2007
2406:from the original on 15 January 2016
2147:from the original on 4 February 2018
1956:The Armenian genocide in perspective
1870:from the original on 3 February 2013
1448:from the original on 25 January 2014
1864:"Turkey renames 'divisive' animals"
1746:Balakian, Peter (13 October 2009).
1103:It was ordered to be built by King
812:Saint Bartholomew Monastery in 1913
431:Geographical name changes in Turkey
2696:Turkish people of Armenian descent
2481:Aght'amar Church of the Holy Cross
2114:from the original on 28 April 2019
1933:from the original on 1 August 2020
1721:. New York: Dorset Press. p.
1472:Bedrosyan, Raffi (1 August 2011).
622:in 1925 where is displayed at the
25:
2553:from the original on 3 April 2015
2527:from the original on 25 July 2011
2347:from the original on 5 March 2016
2303:Research on Armenian Architecture
2088:from the original on 13 June 2020
1830:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9.
1640:from the original on 22 July 2016
1486:from the original on 11 July 2018
1416:from the original on 4 April 2019
1360:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey
1248:In 1959 the French art historian
1124:(r. 908-943/944) of the Armenian
2400:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
2175:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
2014:from the original on 26 May 2013
1682:from the original on 22 May 2021
1558:from the original on 9 July 2021
1312:
1305:
580:Current status with image today
441:renaming of Armenian place names
150:
141:
2668:Genocide Studies and Prevention
2278:Armenian Reporter International
2239:Suciyan, Talin (7 April 2007).
1602:James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce
1266:
1185:
1145:
1080:
1015:
953:
905:
865:
840:in the 1st century. Along with
794:
754:
681:
648:Saint Karapet Monastery c. 1915
630:
583:
122:Language, literature, education
2435:History of the Armenian People
2396:Rensselaer Digital Collections
2171:Rensselaer Digital Collections
382:As Bedross Der Matossian from
1:
1929:(in Turkish). 7 August 2006.
1750:. HarperCollins. p. 36.
1542:Gökçe, Feyyat (Summer 2010).
435:Animal name changes in Turkey
368:) are published in Istanbul.
30:Armenian community in Turkey
2627:"The church of the Redeemer"
2586:Revue des Études Arméniennes
2439:Armenian Academy of Sciences
1899:(in Turkish). Archived from
1717:Crooks, crime and corruption
699:Varagavank Monastery in 1923
2457:University of Chicago Press
2453:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
2366:Kevorkian, Raymond (2011).
798:Saint Bartholomew Monastery
730:"Hayrik" (Father), founded
454:Turkification of last names
2717:
2451:Hewsen, Robert H. (2001).
2335:"A Pilgrimage to Lake Van"
1824:K. Al-Rawi, Ahmed (2012).
1369:Armenian cemetery in Julfa
1298:
1280:
1230:
1197:
1171:
1157:
1131:
1094:
1066:
1029:
1001:
965:
931:
917:
891:
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851:
806:
778:
766:
737:
693:
656:
642:
605:
595:
428:
375:
301:
224:
130:
2661:Payaslian, Simon (2006).
1988:Sahakyan, Lusine (2010).
1267:
1186:
1146:
1120:. During his reign, King
1081:
1016:
974:Ktuts monastery, meaning
954:
906:
866:
846:Armenian Apostolic Church
802:Սուրբ Բարդուղիմեոսի վանք
795:
755:
682:
631:
624:History Museum of Armenia
584:
2613:The Independent Magazine
2431:Harutyunyan, Varazdat M.
2033:Nisanyan, Sevan (2011).
1997:. Montreal: Arod Books.
503:, meaning village (i.e.
231:List of Armenian writers
204:alone. According to the
57:churches and monasteries
2217:Armenian Van/Vaspurakan
2211:Hovannisian, Richard G.
2167:"Varagavank' Monastery"
1662:Mansel, Philip (2011).
1063:between 1969 and 1980.
1039:Located in the city of
982:on the small island of
909:Sourb Nshan of Sebastia
638:Մշո Սուրբ Կարապետ վանք
634:Saint Karapet Monastery
587:Holy Apostles Monastery
378:Armeno-Turkish alphabet
2479:Sirape Der Nersessian
2340:. EasternTurkeyTours.
2068:Bevan, Robert (2004).
1827:Media Practice in Iraq
1287:
1271:Church of the Redeemer
1204:
1164:
1153:Արաբկիրի մայր եկեղեցի
1137:
1100:
1085:Holy Cross of Aghtamar
1072:
1036:
1024:Սուրբ Առաքելոց եկեղեցի
1007:
971:
924:
897:
885:
857:
813:
772:
743:
700:
667:Source: Aztagdaily.com
649:
611:
602:
472:
458:change of animal names
350:Today, three dailies (
322:
2521:"Restoration Process"
2483:, 1964, pp. 7, 49–52.
2437:. vol. iii. Yerevan:
2248:The Armenian Reporter
1866:. BBC. 8 March 2005.
1394:Kévorkian, Raymond H.
1285:
1241:Source: Panoramio.com
1202:
1162:
1136:
1126:kingdom of Vaspurakan
1099:
1071:
1034:
1006:
970:
942:Armenia. A guidebook.
922:
896:
884:
856:
811:
771:
742:
698:
647:
610:
600:
519:, meaning town (i.e.
470:
320:
290:, and of course, the
176:in Istanbul pictured.
2502:2 April 2015 at the
1444:. 15 December 2008.
1176:Completely destroyed
1149:Cathedral of Arapgir
1020:Holy Apostles Church
936:Completely destroyed
783:Completely destroyed
591:Սուրբ Առաքելոց վանք
447:. In 1880, the word
445:Sultan Abdulhamit II
425:Armenian place names
2510:. 26 February 2008.
2441:, 1976, pp. 381–84.
2257:on 13 November 2013
2108:"Cultural Genocide"
1612:11 May 2019 at the
1340:Armenians in Turkey
834:Apostle Bartholomew
818:Vaspurakan Province
546:Religious buildings
534:It is estimated by
384:Columbia University
227:Armenian literature
31:
2691:Culture of Armenia
2306:. 1 October 2008.
1903:on 21 October 2013
1809:has generic name (
1288:
1205:
1189:Khtzkonk Monastery
1165:
1138:
1101:
1073:
1047:under the rule of
1037:
1008:
980:Armenian monastery
972:
925:
898:
886:
858:
824:(Albayrak) in the
814:
773:
744:
732:Artsiv Vaspurakani
701:
650:
612:
603:
473:
323:
292:Hamidian massacres
166:Sanasarian College
85:Republic of Turkey
65:(functioning only)
29:
2701:Armenian genocide
2589:, volume 2, 1965.
2377:978-1-84885-561-8
2049:on 26 August 2015
2004:978-0-9699879-7-0
1971:978-0-88738-636-7
1837:978-0-230-35452-4
1790:978-0-8094-6470-8
1757:978-0-06-186017-1
1732:978-0-88029-615-1
1675:978-1-84854-647-9
1588:978-1-4039-6422-9
1516:978-0-306-48321-9
1409:978-1-84885-561-8
1345:Armenian genocide
1331:
1330:
1260:William Dalrymple
1209:Armenian churches
419:Armenian alphabet
308:Armenian dialects
93:Armenian genocide
81:
80:
66:
16:(Redirected from
2708:
2676:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2622:
2616:
2615:, 18 March 1989.
2609:
2603:
2598:Hofmann, Tessa.
2596:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2537:
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2416:
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2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2250:. Archived from
2245:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2163:
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2054:
2048:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2013:
1996:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1959:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1877:
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1860:
1854:
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1849:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1804:
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1794:
1778:
1768:
1762:
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1743:
1737:
1736:
1720:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1390:
1350:Armenian culture
1316:
1309:
1122:Gagik I Artsruni
1105:Gagik I Artsruni
1045:Bagratid Armenia
984:Ktuts (Çarpanak)
913:Սուրբ Նշան վանք
828:of southeastern
728:Mkrtich Khrimian
709:Artsruni Dynasty
574:
388:Turkish language
333:Arpiar Arpiarian
304:Western Armenian
261:Avetis Aharonyan
154:
145:
64:
32:
21:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:
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2705:
2681:
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2647:
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2624:
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2566:
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2554:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:Wayback Machine
2492:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:. p. 232.
2450:
2449:
2445:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2392:"Ktuts' Anapat"
2390:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
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2337:
2333:
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2313:
2311:
2296:
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2275:
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2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
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2238:
2237:
2233:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1823:
1822:
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1740:
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1683:
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1668:. Hachette UK.
1661:
1660:
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1643:
1641:
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1625:
1621:
1614:Wayback Machine
1600:
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1559:
1541:
1540:
1536:
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1527:
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1487:
1479:Armenian Weekly
1471:
1470:
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1245:
1239:
1233:
1192:
1178:
1174:
1152:
1090:
1088:
1025:
1023:
960:
957:Ktuts monastery
947:
946:
945:
938:
934:
912:
875:
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801:
787:
785:
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761:
688:
670:
669:
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637:
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437:
429:Main articles:
427:
397:Ottoman Turkish
380:
374:
337:Levon Pashalian
315:
310:
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257:Rupen Zartarian
233:
223:
180:
179:
178:
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116:Emval-i Metruke
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
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2679:
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2658:
2651:
2650:External links
2648:
2645:
2644:
2629:. VirtualANI.
2617:
2604:
2591:
2573:
2564:
2538:
2523:. Bianet.org.
2512:
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2383:
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2358:
2321:
2286:
2280:. p. 18.
2268:
2231:
2201:
2192:
2158:
2125:
2099:
2080:
2060:
2025:
2003:
1977:
1970:
1944:
1927:Bolsohays News
1914:
1885:
1855:
1836:
1816:
1789:
1763:
1756:
1738:
1731:
1705:
1693:
1674:
1665:Constantinople
1654:
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1217:Digor district
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1057:Ottoman Empire
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842:Saint Thaddeus
804:
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764:
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736:
717:Saint Hripsime
691:
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561:Ottoman Empire
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540:Sevan Nişanyan
477:Ottoman Empire
426:
423:
406:Akabi Hikayesi
393:Ottoman Empire
376:Main article:
373:
370:
314:
311:
299:
296:
294:of 1895–1896.
277:Constantinople
241:Hagop Baronian
222:
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202:Constantinople
195:era by Sultan
184:Ottoman Empire
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131:Main article:
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2468:
2466:0-226-33228-4
2462:
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2428:(in Armenian)
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2109:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2081:1-86189-205-5
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1898:
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1441:Today's Zaman
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1250:J. M. Thierry
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1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:Kars Province
1218:
1214:
1210:
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994:(present-day
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870:Lim monastery
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555:In 1914, the
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459:
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341:Krikor Zohrab
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269:Gostan Zarian
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253:Krikor Zohrab
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245:Vahan Tekeyan
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40:
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34:
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27:
19:
2666:
2635:. Retrieved
2620:
2612:
2607:
2599:
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2252:the original
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1554:(1): 44–45.
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1193:Խծկոնք վանք
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1114:St. Hripsime
1102:
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826:Van Province
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748:Siege of Van
745:
731:
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521:Charentsavan
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415:Abdülmecid I
404:
401:Vartan Pasha
381:
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210:Six vilayets
197:Abdülmecid I
181:
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105:
82:
35:Armenian...
26:
2677:– Article 6
2602:(2002), 40.
2581:(in French)
2455:. Chicago:
1275:Սուրբ Փրկիչ
1225:Digor River
1061:Kars Museum
762:Նարեկավանք
689:Վարագավանք
538:and author
536:etymologist
525:Nakhichevan
493:Dikranagert
395:written in
249:Levon Shant
112:Balkan Wars
2685:Categories
2637:23 January
2141:VirtualAni
2118:12 January
2092:14 October
2053:12 January
1937:16 January
1907:16 January
1881:Capreolus.
1874:16 January
1848:16 January
1686:14 October
1420:14 October
1375:References
1293:True Cross
1262:remarked.
1118:Echmiadzin
1116:church in
992:Vaspurakan
758:Narekavank
725:Catholicos
719:church in
713:True Cross
705:Vaspurakan
685:Varagavank
302:See also:
225:See also:
221:Literature
174:Getronagan
46:population
1799:cite book
1452:5 January
1365:Khachkars
1089:Սուրբ Խաչ
675:khachkars
509:Pemzashen
505:Aratashen
485:Malazgirt
89:Armenians
49:1,914,620
2631:Archived
2551:Archived
2525:Archived
2508:Mimarizm
2500:Archived
2404:Archived
2342:Archived
2308:Archived
2227:44774992
2179:Archived
2151:22 March
2145:Archived
2112:Archived
2086:Archived
2009:Archived
1931:Archived
1868:Archived
1842:Archived
1680:Archived
1635:Archived
1610:Archived
1556:Archived
1484:Archived
1446:Archived
1414:Archived
1396:(2011).
1334:See also
988:Lake Van
939:Source:
551:Overview
513:Norashen
497:Noyakert
489:Norakert
439:Initial
403:'s 1851
372:Alphabet
345:Hayrenik
298:Dialects
288:Bulgaria
237:Siamanto
215:Istanbul
193:Tanzimat
162:Istanbul
101:Istanbul
2557:13 July
2531:13 July
2261:28 June
2213:(ed.),
2018:13 July
1490:13 July
1367:of the
1219:of the
1110:Armenia
1053:Seljuks
838:Armenia
822:Başkale
721:Armenia
620:Yerevan
515:), and
449:Armenia
365:Marmara
359:Jamanak
328:Arevelk
189:Uskudar
170:Erzurum
127:Schools
71:schools
52:60,000
2463:
2374:
2351:25 May
2314:1 June
2225:
2078:
2001:
1968:
1962:128–30
1897:Lraper
1834:
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1754:
1729:
1672:
1644:26 May
1585:
1562:26 May
1513:
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1049:Abas I
996:Turkey
961:Կտուց
933:
830:Turkey
786:
780:
658:
616:Bitlis
529:Tatvan
281:Tiflis
267:, and
265:Atrpet
2410:4 May
2345:(PDF)
2338:(PDF)
2255:(PDF)
2244:(PDF)
2185:3 May
2047:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1995:(PDF)
1638:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1255:Digor
1236:Image
662:Image
501:-shen
481:-kert
313:Press
74:1,996
60:2,538
41:2011
38:1914
2639:2007
2559:2013
2533:2013
2461:ISBN
2412:2009
2372:ISBN
2353:2013
2316:2009
2263:2013
2223:OCLC
2187:2009
2153:2013
2120:2013
2094:2016
2076:ISBN
2055:2013
2020:2013
1999:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1939:2013
1909:2013
1876:2013
1850:2013
1832:ISBN
1811:help
1785:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1688:2016
1670:ISBN
1646:2013
1583:ISBN
1564:2013
1511:ISBN
1492:2013
1454:2013
1422:2016
1404:ISBN
1041:Kars
976:beak
517:-van
433:and
362:and
353:Agos
306:and
279:and
229:and
172:and
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