651:
690:
wave is a result of the cyclical expansion and contraction of the gas bubble and will bend the submarine back and forth and cause catastrophic hull breach, in a way that can be likened to bending a plastic ruler rapidly back and forth until it snaps. Up to sixteen cycles of secondary shock waves have been recorded in tests. The effect of the secondary shock wave can be reinforced if another depth charge detonates on the other side of the hull in close time proximity to the first detonation, which is why depth charges are normally launched in pairs with different pre-set detonation depths.
1382:, 388 (Court of Customs and Patent Appeals April 15, 1931) ("Meanwhile, however, the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport had developed a type of hydrostatically operated depth charge, which appeared at least the equal of even the latest British design. This firing mechanism was mainly the work of the Bureau's engineer of mines and explosives, Mr. C. T. Minkler. ... The American and British depth charges differ in several main particulars. Ours fires by means of hydrostatic pressure, while the British utilize the seepage principle also.").
371:
172:
698:) would normally have a killing radius (resulting in a hull breach) of only 10–13 ft (3–4 m) against a conventional 1000-ton submarine, while the disablement radius (where the submarine is not sunk but is put out of commission) would be approximately 26–33 ft (8–10 m). A larger payload increases the radius only slightly because the effect of an underwater explosion decreases as the cube of the distance to the target.
678:
moving away from the gas bubble will create a gaseous void of lower pressure than the surrounding water. Surrounding water pressure then collapses the gas bubble with inward momentum causing excess pressure within the gas bubble. Re-expansion of the gas bubble then propagates another potentially damaging shock wave. Cyclical expansion and contraction can continue for several seconds until the gas bubble vents to the atmosphere.
290:
2291:
430:
359:
282:(15 m) increments, from 50 to 200 ft (15 to 61 m). Even slower ships could safely use the Type D at below 100 ft (30 m) and at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) or more, so the relatively ineffective Type D* was withdrawn. Monthly use of depth charges increased from 100 to 300 per month during 1917 to an average of 1745 per month during the last six months of
124:
1040:, p. 397 May stated publicly that American submarines had a high survival rate in combat with Japanese destroyers because Japanese depth charges were fuzed to explode at too shallow a depth. Admiral Edwards Lockwood wrote, "I hear ... Congressman May ... said the Jap depth charges ... are not set deep enough. ... He would be pleased to know the Japs set'em deeper now."
477:
308:
Cast iron weights of 150 lb (68 kg) were attached to the Mark VII at the end of 1940 to increase sinking velocity to 16.8 ft/s (5.1 m/s). New hydrostatic pistols increased the maximum detonation depth to 900 ft (270 m). The Mark VII's 290 lb (130 kg) amatol charge was estimated to be capable of splitting a
511:) to detect submerged submarines. However, to deliver its depth charges a ship had to pass over the contact to drop them over the stern; sonar contact would be lost just before attack, rendering the hunter blind at the crucial moment. This gave a skilful submarine commander an opportunity to take evasive action. In 1942 the forward-throwing
561:. The congressman, who had just returned from the Pacific theater where he had received confidential intelligence and operational briefings from the US Navy, revealed at a press conference that there were deficiencies in Japanese depth-charge tactics. After various press associations reported the depth issue, the
531:, Japanese depth charge attacks were initially unsuccessful because they were unaware that the latest United States Navy submarines could dive so deep. Unless caught in shallow water, an American submarine could dive below the Japanese depth charge attack. The Japanese had used attack patterns based on the older
484:
The effective use of depth charges required the combined resources and skills of many individuals during an attack. Sonar, helm, depth charge crews and the movement of other ships had to be carefully coordinated. Aircraft depth charge tactics depended on the aircraft using its speed to rapidly appear
303:
The United States requested full working drawings of the device in March 1917. Having received them, Commander
Fullinwider of the U.S. Bureau of Naval Ordnance and U.S. Navy engineer Minkler made some modifications and then patented it in the U.S. It has been argued that this was done to avoid paying
685:
Very large depth charges, including nuclear weapons, may be detonated at sufficient depth to create multiple damaging shock waves. Such depth charges can also cause damage at longer distances, if reflected shock waves from the ocean floor or surface converge to amplify radial shock waves. Submarines
681:
Consequently, explosions where the depth charge is detonated at a shallow depth and the gas bubble vents into the atmosphere very soon after the detonation are quite ineffective, even though they are more dramatic and therefore preferred in movies. A sign of an effective detonation depth is that the
677:
This gas expansion propagates a shock wave. The density difference of the expanding gas bubble from the surrounding water causes the bubble to rise toward the surface. Unless the explosion is shallow enough to vent the gas bubble to the atmosphere during its initial expansion, the momentum of water
673:
The high explosive in a depth charge undergoes a rapid chemical reaction at an approximate rate of 26,000 ft/s (8,000 m/s). The gaseous products of that reaction momentarily occupy the volume previously occupied by the solid explosive, but at very high pressure. This pressure is the source
425:
The K-gun, standardized in 1942, replaced the Y-gun as the primary depth charge projector. The K-guns fired one depth charge at a time and could be mounted on the periphery of a ship's deck, thus freeing valuable centerline space. Four to eight K-guns were typically mounted per ship. The K-guns were
689:
The damage that an underwater explosion inflicts on a submarine comes from a primary and a secondary shock wave. The primary shock wave is the initial shock wave of the depth charge, and will cause damage to personnel and equipment inside the submarine if detonated close enough. The secondary shock
641:
when it was necessary to inform submarines of the other side that they had been detected but without actually launching an attack, low-power "signalling depth charges" (also called "practice depth charges") were sometimes used, powerful enough to be detected when no other means of communication was
441:
Depth charges could also be dropped from an aircraft against submarines. At the start of World War II, Britain's primary aerial anti-submarine weapon was the 100 lb (45 kg) anti-submarine bomb, but it was too light to be effective. To replace it, the Royal Navy's 450 lb (200 kg)
417:
pointing outboard, two depth charges were cradled on shuttles inserted into each arm. An explosive propellant charge was detonated in the vertical column of the Y-gun to propel a depth charge about 45 yd (41 m) over each side of the ship. The main disadvantage of the Y-gun was that it had
408:
created an improved version able to throw a charge 40 yd (37 m). The first was fitted in July 1917 and became operational in August. In all, 351 torpedo boat destroyers and 100 other craft were equipped. Projectors called "Y-guns" (in reference to their basic shape), developed by the U.S.
378:
The first delivery mechanism was to simply roll the "ashcans" off racks at the stern of the moving attacking vessel. Originally depth charges were simply placed at the top of a ramp and allowed to roll. Improved racks, which could hold several depth charges and release them remotely with a trigger,
337:
Although the explosions of the standard United States 600 lb (270 kg) Mark 4 and Mark 7 depth charge used in World War II were nerve-wracking to the target, a U-boat's pressure hull would not rupture unless the charge detonated within about 15 ft (5 m). Getting the weapon within
206:
pistol (developed in 1914 by Thomas Firth and Sons of
Sheffield) preset for 45 ft (14 m) firing, to be launched from a stern platform. Weighing 1,150 lb (520 kg), and effective at 100 ft (30 m), the "cruiser mine" was a potential hazard to the dropping ship. The design
333:
The teardrop-shaped United States Mark 9 depth charge entered service in the spring of 1943. The charge was 200 lb (91 kg) of Torpex with a sinking speed of 14.4 ft/s (4.4 m/s) and depth settings of up to 600 ft (180 m). Later versions increased depth to 1,000 ft
307:
The Royal Navy Type D depth charge was designated the "Mark VII" in 1939. Initial sinking speed was 7 ft/s (2.1 m/s) with a terminal velocity of 9.9 ft/s (3.0 m/s) at a depth of 250 ft (76 m) if rolled off the stern, or upon water contact from a depth charge thrower.
852:
338:
this range was a matter of luck and quite unlikely as the target took evasive action. Most U-boats sunk by depth charges were destroyed by damage accumulated from an extended barrage rather than by a single charge, and many survived hundreds of depth charges over a period of many hours, such as
190:
charge in a lanyarded can. Two of these lashed together became known as the "depth charge Type A". Problems with the lanyards tangling and failing to function led to the development of a chemical pellet trigger as the "Type B". These were effective at a distance of around 20 ft (6 m).
281:
Numbers of depth charges carried per ship increased to four in June 1917, to six in August, and 30–50 by 1918. The weight of charges and racks caused ship instability unless heavy guns and torpedo tubes were removed to compensate. Improved pistols allowed greater depth settings in 50 ft
589:
mortars. These weapons threw a pattern of warheads ahead of the attacking vessel to bracket a submerged contact. The
Hedgehog was contact fuzed, while the Squid fired a pattern of three large, 440 lb (200 kg) depth charges with clockwork detonators. Later developments included the
234:
the charge. Initial depth settings were 40 or 80 ft (12 or 24 m). Because production could not keep up with demand, anti-submarine vessels initially carried only two depth charges, to be released from a chute at the stern of the ship. The first success was the sinking of
394:
for a single depth charge, but there do not seem to be any records of it being used in action. Specialized depth charge throwers were developed to generate a wider dispersal pattern when used in conjunction with rack-deployed charges. The first of these was developed from a
226:
was also used when TNT became scarce). There were initially two sizes—Type D, with a 300 lb (140 kg) charge for fast ships, and Type D* with a 120 lb (54 kg) charge for ships too slow to leave the danger area before the more powerful charge detonated.
329:
of older destroyers to achieve a sinking velocity of 21 ft/s (6.4 m/s). The launching ship needed to clear the area at 11 knots to avoid damage, and the charge was seldom used. Only 32 were actually fired, and they were known to be troublesome.
38:
1958:
693:
The killing radius of a depth charge depends on the depth of detonation, the payload of the depth charge and the size and strength of the submarine hull. A depth charge of approximately 220 lb (100 kg) of TNT (400
1699:
442:
Mark VII depth charge was modified for aerial use by the addition of a streamlined nose fairing and stabilising fins on the tail; it entered service in 1941 as the Mark VII Airborne DC. Other designs followed in 1942.
286:. The Type D could be detonated as deep as 300 ft (90 m) by that date. By the war's end, 74,441 depth charges had been issued by the RN, and 16,451 fired, scoring 38 kills in all, and aiding in 140 more.
426:
often used together with stern racks to create patterns of six to ten charges. In all cases, the attacking ship needed to be moving fast enough to get out of the danger zone before the charges exploded.
1747:
674:
of the damage and is proportional to the explosive density and the square of the detonation velocity. A depth charge gas bubble expands to equalize with the pressure of the surrounding water.
402:. 1277 were issued, 174 installed in auxiliaries during 1917 and 1918. The bombs they launched were too light to be truly effective; only one U-boat is known to have been sunk by them.
1837:
480:
To be effective depth charges had to explode at the correct depth. To ensure this, a pattern of charges set to different depths would be laid atop the submarine's suspected position.
1787:
1722:
1685:
1593:
581:
For the reasons expressed above, the depth charge was generally replaced as an anti-submarine weapon. Initially, this was by ahead-throwing weapons such as the
British-developed
1822:
1792:
1742:
1689:
1703:
1857:
1842:
1832:
1802:
1757:
485:
from over the horizon and surprising the submarine on the surface (where it spent most of its time) during the day or night (at night using radar to detect the target and a
186:
The first attempt to fire charges against submerged targets was with aircraft bombs attached to lanyards which triggered them. A similar idea was a 16 lb (7.3 kg)
1847:
1772:
1752:
1732:
1852:
1827:
1782:
1767:
866:
1812:
504:
forces became particularly adept at depth charge tactics, and formed some of the first destroyer hunter-killer groups to actively seek out and destroy German U-boats.
1520:
318: in (22 mm) submarine pressure hull at a distance of 20 ft (6 m), and forcing the submarine to surface at twice that. The change of explosive to
143:
from a surface ship, or another submarine, located a safe distance away. By the late 1990s all nuclear anti-submarine weapons had been withdrawn from service by the
554:
515:
mortar, which fired a spread salvo of bombs with contact fuzes at a "stand-off" distance while still in sonar contact, was introduced, and proved to be effective.
2006:
1903:
1797:
569:, commander of the U.S. submarine fleet in the Pacific, later estimated that May's ill-advised comments cost the US Navy as many as ten submarines and 800 seamen
1379:
464:
Later depth charges for dedicated aerial use were developed. These are still useful today and remain in use, particularly for shallow-water situations where a
2345:
2335:
1628:
1312:
890:
650:
1938:
1908:
1510:
1535:
1658:
1144:
1762:
1257:
Sea War II pilots in the sky: Marine
Aviation, the Finnish sea pilots stages of vv. 1918-39, the Winter and Continuation War, the battle flights
1777:
547:
418:
to be mounted on the centerline of a ship's deck, which could otherwise be occupied by superstructure, masts, or guns. The first were built by
1100:
1862:
1588:
1288:
1817:
1495:
468:
may not be effective. Depth charges are especially useful for "flushing the prey" in the event of a diesel submarine hiding on the bottom.
1737:
1923:
1727:
1963:
1953:
1807:
353:
1648:
1515:
1253:
Merilentäjät sodan taivaalla: meri-ilmailusta, suomalaisten merilentäjien vaiheista vv. 1918–39, talvi- ja jatkosodan taistelulennoista
1918:
1653:
1308:
419:
1563:
1413:
1358:
1264:
1234:
1173:
1996:
1928:
489:
to illuminate it immediately before attacking), then quickly attacking once it had been located, as the submarine would normally
2001:
1933:
1439:
208:
1986:
1618:
1074:
214:. The first effective depth charge, the Type D, became available in January 1916. It was a barrel-like casing containing a high
2320:
2315:
1613:
1553:
1525:
1500:
1490:
532:
41:
US World War II Mark IX depth charge. Streamlined and equipped with fins to impart rotation, allowing it to fall in a straight
1981:
1558:
2158:
1913:
1695:
1623:
1573:
1568:
163:. They have been replaced by conventional weapons whose accuracy and range had improved greatly as ASW technology improved.
1898:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1583:
1578:
847:, Fullinwider, Simon P. & Minkler, Chester T., "Horn Mine", published 1919-11-17, assigned to
1948:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1545:
31:
1991:
325:
The
British Mark X depth charge weighed 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) and was launched from the 21 in (530 mm)
108:, and were one of the first viable methods of attacking a submarine underwater. They were widely used in World War I and
2163:
1943:
1714:
1505:
611:
565:
began setting their depth charges to explode at a more effective average depth of 246 ft (75 m). Vice
Admiral
2340:
1462:
1350:
2325:
2276:
2168:
1888:
1883:
1676:
413:
from the
Thornycroft thrower, became available in 1918. Mounted on the centerline of the ship with the arms of the
334:(300 m) and sinking speed to 22.7 ft/s (6.9 m/s) with increased weight and improved streamlining.
1893:
322:(or Minol) at the end of 1942 was estimated to increase those distances to 26 and 52 ft (8 and 16 m).
2203:
2026:
1457:
1452:
848:
896:
686:
or surface ships may be damaged if operating in the convergence zones of their own depth charge detonations.
1477:
1447:
536:
501:
77:
set to detonate the charge, typically at a specific depth from the surface. Depth charges can be dropped by
2350:
2330:
2116:
562:
497:
380:
140:
58:
2051:
2046:
2041:
1467:
1406:
1226:
1214:
654:
540:
363:
844:
1485:
615:
2096:
1126:
566:
383:. These racks remained in use throughout World War II because they were simple and easy to reload.
370:
171:
2101:
2061:
2031:
1430:
1334:
711:
603:
457:
contacted a navy friend to use
Finnish Navy depth charges from aircraft, which led to his unit's
410:
136:
45:
with less chance of drifting off target. This depth charge contained 200 lb (91 kg) of
2178:
2153:
2148:
2081:
2056:
1681:
1354:
1326:
1297:
McKee, Fraser M. (January 1993), "An
Explosive Story: The Rise and Fall of the Depth Charge",
1284:
1260:
1230:
1169:
666:
582:
512:
450:
82:
1274:
1163:
2294:
2233:
2198:
2188:
2121:
2076:
2071:
2036:
1530:
1399:
1316:
1299:
570:
434:
339:
176:
2218:
2086:
1668:
294:
249:
219:
132:
94:
445:
Experiencing the same problems as the RAF with ineffective anti-submarine bombs, Captain
289:
2238:
2193:
2183:
2143:
586:
148:
117:
70:
2309:
2271:
2261:
2208:
2131:
2111:
1973:
1385:
1338:
1280:
707:
558:
550:
399:
387:
199:
144:
116:, during which they were supplemented, and later largely replaced, by anti-submarine
429:
2266:
2213:
2173:
721:
599:
591:
528:
396:
358:
326:
242:
109:
66:
266:
on 20 April 1916. The only other submarines sunk by depth charge during 1916 were
2106:
2091:
524:
486:
405:
283:
203:
105:
621:
Russia has also developed homing (but unpropelled) depth charges including the
716:
610:
retains a depth charge labelled as Mk11 Mod 3, which can be deployed from its
607:
490:
458:
391:
123:
98:
65:
by detonating in the water near the target and subjecting it to a destructive
42:
37:
17:
1330:
682:
surface just slightly rises and only after a while vents into a water burst.
112:, and remained part of the anti-submarine arsenals of many navies during the
2066:
695:
622:
446:
215:
187:
86:
62:
1321:
254:
Germany became aware of the depth charge following unsuccessful attacks on
139:". These were designed to be dropped from a patrol plane or deployed by an
710:, the specialized air-delivered depth charge–like bomb used for the RAF's
207:
work was carried out by Herbert Taylor at the RN Torpedo and Mine School,
1872:
638:
626:
273:
267:
231:
195:
127:
The Mk 101 Lulu was a US nuclear depth bomb operational from 1958 to 1972
113:
476:
230:
A hydrostatic pistol actuated by water pressure at a pre-selected depth
194:
A 1913 Royal Navy Torpedo School report described a device intended for
2256:
2228:
2223:
2138:
465:
390:
used for anti-submarine work during 1917 and 1918 had a thrower on the
261:
255:
236:
90:
1422:
1386:
Depth Charges, Mark 6, Mark 6 Mod. 1, Mark 7, Mark 7, Mod. 1 - PART 2
595:
454:
319:
246:
223:
156:
152:
46:
1102:
Written answer 4.5.2.5 (Type 26 Frigate) to Defence Select Committee
662:
649:
508:
475:
428:
369:
357:
288:
170:
160:
122:
36:
1145:"PLANAF conducts live-fire exercise with new guided depth charge"
78:
74:
1395:
665:
anti-submarine rocket, armed with a nuclear depth bomb, during
461:
bombers being modified in early 1942 to carry depth charges.
1243:
Jones, Charles R. (January 1978), "Weapons Effects Primer",
1391:
594:
acoustic homing torpedo (and later such weapons), and the
202:'s request, the standard Mark II mine was fitted with a
892:
Inventor Of The Depth Charge Discovered At Explosion!
2249:
2019:
1972:
1871:
1713:
1667:
1544:
1476:
1438:
1429:
598:, which was armed with a nuclear depth charge. The
1211:Silent Victory: The US Submarine War against Japan
344:, which survived 678 depth charges in April 1945.
362:Loading a drum-type Mark VII depth charge onto a
1127:"Anti-submarine rocket launcher system RPK-8 |"
293:Depth charge exploding after being released by
1259:] (in Finnish), Helsinki, Finland: Otava,
1189:
1187:
1185:
1407:
602:, United States and United Kingdom developed
543:(1943) could reach 400 ft (120 m).
8:
539:of 200 ft (61 m); while the WWII
433:Depth bombs hung under the wings of an RAF
1435:
1414:
1400:
1392:
1313:North American Society for Oceanic History
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
1320:
1245:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
1080:. Fleet Air Arm Association. 21 June 2018
895:, Brighton, UK: Culture24, archived from
1388:illustration and operation of the pistol
1025:
960:
931:
629:. China has also produced such weapons.
1049:
956:
954:
952:
871:, Explosion – Museum of Naval Firepower
831:
787:
732:
1168:. Macmillan Education UK. p. 43.
1099:Ministry of Defence (9 October 2014),
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
1193:
1061:
1037:
1013:
1001:
972:
943:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
808:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
762:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
739:
7:
1165:Leadership: Limits and Possibilities
519:Pacific theater and the May Incident
245:, Ireland, on 22 March 1916, by the
104:Depth charges were developed during
2346:Naval weapons of the United Kingdom
354:Anti-submarine unguided projectiles
2336:Naval weapons of the United States
1309:Canadian Nautical Research Society
889:Prudames, David (20 August 2003),
507:Surface ships usually used ASDIC (
420:New London Ship and Engine Company
25:
868:Museum Discovers Unknown Inventor
61:(ASW) weapon designed to destroy
2290:
2289:
555:House Military Affairs Committee
533:United States S-class submarines
198:, a "dropping mine". At Admiral
642:possible, but not destructive.
546:This changed in June 1943 when
422:beginning on 24 November 1917.
1347:The U-Boat Offensive 1914-1945
1307:(1), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada:
1223:Naval Weapons of World War Two
1131:Catalog Rosoboronexport roe.ru
381:the end of the First World War
1:
131:A depth charge fitted with a
32:Depth charge (disambiguation)
1704:National Revolutionary Army
1351:Sterling Publishing Company
1162:Grint, Keith (2005-01-20).
2367:
1516:War of the Triple Alliance
374:Y-gun depth charge thrower
351:
29:
2285:
1536:Pre-20th century firearms
69:. Most depth charges use
1924:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
1914:South African Border War
1696:Second Sino-Japanese War
1311:in association with the
1251:Karhunen, Joppe (1980),
1209:Blair, Clay Jr. (2001),
1075:"815 NAVAL AIR SQUADRON"
849:United States Government
1904:Portuguese Colonial War
1345:Tarrant, V. E. (1989),
1221:Campbell, John (1985),
1213:, Annapolis, Maryland:
616:Merlin HM.2 helicopters
535:(1918–1925) that had a
379:were developed towards
304:the original inventor.
81:(typically fast, agile
2321:Anti-submarine weapons
2316:Anti-submarine warfare
2272:Civilian gun ownership
1322:10.25071/2561-5467.767
1273:Kershaw, Alex (2008),
670:
612:AgustaWestland Wildcat
563:Japanese Imperial Navy
541:Balao-class submarines
498:Battle of the Atlantic
481:
438:
375:
367:
300:
260:on 15 April 1916, and
183:
141:anti-submarine missile
128:
59:anti-submarine warfare
50:
1949:Nicaraguan Revolution
1899:Araguaia Guerilla War
1468:Early thermal weapons
1227:Naval Institute Press
1215:Naval Institute Press
653:
646:Underwater explosions
500:wore on, British and
479:
432:
373:
364:Flower-class corvette
361:
292:
174:
126:
40:
27:Anti-submarine weapon
1954:Salvadoran Civil War
1521:Spanish–American War
1496:American Indian Wars
1300:The Northern Mariner
1276:Escape from the Deep
899:on 29 September 2012
135:is also known as a "
30:For other uses, see
2007:Russo-Ukrainian War
1944:Dominican Civil War
1919:Cambodian Civil War
1880:First Indochina War
1380:48 F.2d 386
1151:. December 8, 2020.
604:nuclear depth bombs
567:Charles A. Lockwood
348:Delivery mechanisms
2341:British inventions
1997:Russo-Georgian War
1939:Lebanese Civil War
1909:Rhodesian Bush War
1526:Mexican Revolution
1511:American Civil War
1501:War of the Pacific
1491:Napoleonic Warfare
712:Operation Chastise
671:
606:. As of 2018, the
577:Later developments
493:to escape attack.
482:
439:
411:Bureau of Ordnance
376:
368:
301:
184:
137:nuclear depth bomb
129:
83:surface combatants
51:
2326:Explosive weapons
2303:
2302:
2015:
2014:
1959:Soviet–Afghan War
1934:Laotian Civil War
1682:Spanish Civil War
1290:978-0-306-81519-5
1225:, New York City:
667:Dominic Swordfish
451:Finnish Air Force
175:Depth charges on
16:(Redirected from
2358:
2293:
2292:
2169:Mass destruction
2077:Blunt instrument
2002:Syrian Civil War
1436:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1377:
1363:
1341:
1324:
1293:
1269:
1247:
1239:
1217:
1197:
1196:, pp. 50–55
1191:
1180:
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1064:, p. 397
1063:
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1026:Karhunen 1980
1022:
1019:
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986:
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978:
974:
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966:
963:, p. 163
962:
961:Campbell 1985
957:
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749:
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727:
723:
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718:
715:
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709:
708:Bouncing bomb
706:
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664:
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652:
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551:Andrew J. May
549:
544:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
478:
472:Effectiveness
471:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
436:
431:
427:
423:
421:
416:
412:
407:
403:
401:
400:trench mortar
398:
393:
389:
388:Navy trawlers
384:
382:
372:
365:
360:
355:
347:
345:
343:
342:
335:
331:
328:
327:torpedo tubes
323:
321:
305:
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240:
239:
233:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:John Jellicoe
197:
196:countermining
192:
189:
182:
180:
173:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:United States
142:
138:
134:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2164:Martial arts
2127:Depth charge
2126:
2097:Conventional
1838:Soviet Union
1715:World War II
1374:
1349:, New York:
1346:
1304:
1298:
1275:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1222:
1210:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1110:, retrieved
1101:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1069:
1057:
1052:, p. 22
1050:Kershaw 2008
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
1004:, p. 52
975:, p. 51
968:
946:, p. 53
939:
934:, p. 89
903:29 September
901:, retrieved
897:the original
891:
884:
875:29 September
873:, retrieved
867:
861:
839:
834:, p. 40
832:Tarrant 1989
811:, p. 50
790:, p. 27
788:Tarrant 1989
765:, p. 49
742:, p. 46
735:
722:Shock factor
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
661:launches an
656:
636:
620:
580:
545:
529:World War II
522:
506:
502:Commonwealth
495:
483:
463:
444:
440:
424:
414:
404:
397:British Army
385:
377:
340:
336:
332:
324:
306:
302:
296:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
251:Farnborough.
250:
243:County Kerry
237:
229:
210:
193:
185:
179:Cassin Young
178:
130:
110:World War II
103:
55:depth charge
54:
52:
2102:Crew-served
2062:Area denial
1894:Six-Day War
1889:Vietnam War
1818:New Zealand
1813:Netherlands
1686:Nationalist
1619:New Zealand
1546:World War I
1506:Crimean War
637:During the
487:Leigh light
437:flying boat
406:Thornycroft
386:Some Royal
284:World War I
204:hydrostatic
106:World War I
99:helicopters
2310:Categories
2179:Non-lethal
2159:Insurgency
2154:Incendiary
2149:Improvised
2082:Ceremonial
2072:Biological
2032:Amphibious
1884:Korean War
1858:Yugoslavia
1690:Republican
1614:Montenegro
1203:References
1194:Jones 1978
1062:Blair 2001
1038:Blair 2001
1028:, p.
1014:McKee 1993
1002:McKee 1993
973:McKee 1993
944:McKee 1993
845:US 1321428
809:McKee 1993
763:McKee 1993
740:McKee 1993
717:Naval mine
608:Royal Navy
585:and later
537:test depth
513:"hedgehog"
491:crash dive
459:Tupolev SB
392:forecastle
352:See also:
87:destroyers
63:submarines
43:trajectory
2199:Pneumatic
2189:Offensive
2122:Explosive
2067:Artillery
2057:Anti-tank
2037:Ancillary
1723:Australia
1677:Chaco War
1559:Australia
1440:Premodern
1339:159700228
1331:1183-112X
1315:: 45–58,
1149:Janes.com
633:Signaling
623:S3V Zagon
453:squadron
447:Birger Ek
232:detonated
218:(usually
216:explosive
188:guncotton
177:USS
2295:Category
2262:Industry
2219:Tectonic
2204:Practice
2194:Personal
2087:Chemical
2027:Aircraft
1992:Iraq War
1964:Gulf War
1873:Cold War
1863:Infantry
1843:Thailand
1743:Bulgaria
1700:Japanese
1659:Infantry
1624:Portugal
1574:Bulgaria
1554:Chemical
1463:Japanese
1458:Medieval
702:See also
659:(DD-826)
657:Agerholm
639:Cold War
625:and the
583:Hedgehog
366:'s K-gun
114:Cold War
91:frigates
85:such as
2257:Arsenal
2234:Vehicle
2224:Torpedo
2184:Nuclear
2144:Hunting
2139:Firearm
1833:Romania
1793:Hungary
1783:Germany
1773:Finland
1768:Denmark
1758:Croatia
1733:Belgium
1728:Austria
1629:Romania
1589:Germany
1569:Belgium
1531:Antique
1453:Chinese
1448:African
1431:History
1423:Weapons
1112:21 June
1084:21 June
557:caused
553:of the
527:during
523:In the
496:As the
409:Navy's
313:⁄
167:History
73:with a
2239:Combat
2209:Ranged
2112:Deadly
1828:Poland
1823:Norway
1808:Mexico
1788:Greece
1778:France
1748:Canada
1738:Brazil
1644:Turkey
1639:Serbia
1634:Russia
1594:Greece
1584:France
1579:Canada
1478:Modern
1378:,
1357:
1337:
1329:
1287:
1263:
1233:
1172:
854:
669:(1962)
596:SUBROC
455:LeLv 6
320:Torpex
297:Ceylon
247:Q-ship
224:amatol
222:, but
211:Vernon
157:Russia
153:France
147:, the
57:is an
47:Torpex
2267:Mount
2250:Other
2214:Space
2174:Melee
2107:Cyber
2020:Types
1803:Japan
1798:Italy
1753:China
1609:Japan
1604:Italy
1599:India
1335:S2CID
1255:[
1106:(PDF)
1078:(PDF)
728:Notes
663:ASROC
587:Squid
509:sonar
341:U-427
275:UB-29
269:UC-19
161:China
79:ships
2132:List
2092:Cold
1355:ISBN
1327:ISSN
1285:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1114:2018
1086:2018
905:2012
877:2012
655:USS
627:90SG
614:and
600:USSR
295:HMS
272:and
263:U-69
257:U-67
241:off
238:U-68
209:HMS
159:and
97:and
75:fuze
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1305:III
449:of
220:TNT
93:),
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1283:,
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795:^
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696:MJ
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155:,
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53:A
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1408:t
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1133:.
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415:Y
315:8
311:7
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34:.
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