2624:, 2. Januar 1989"). The next denomination was DM 10 on 16 April 1991, followed by DM 50 on 30 September 1991. Next was the DM 20 note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the DM 5, DM 500, and DM 1000 denominations on 27 October 1992. The DM 500, and DM 1000 denominations were rarely seen in circulation due to value and all were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (DM 50, DM 100 and DM 200) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new
444:
402:
1967:
494:
1174:
availability of consumer goods is seen as a giant success story by most historians of the present, the perception at the time was a different one: prices were so high that average people could not afford to shop, especially since prices were free-ranging but wages still fixed by law. Therefore, in the summer of 1948 a giant wave of strikes and demonstrations swept over West
Germany, leading to an incident in Stuttgart where strikers were met by US tanks ("Stuttgarter Vorfälle"). Only after the wage-freeze was abandoned, Deutschmark and free-ranging prices were accepted by the population.
291:
465:
2606:
unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a DM 200 denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g., place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician
Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.
1365:. In 1950, cupronickel DM1 coins were released, while a cupronickel DM2 and a .625 silver DM5 were released in 1951. Cupronickel replaced silver in the DM5 in 1975. The DM2 and DM5 coins have often been used for commemorative themes, though typically only the generic design for the DM5 is intended for circulation. Commemorative silver DM10 coins have also been issued which have periodically found their way into circulation. Unlike other European countries, Germany retained the use of the smallest coins (1pf and 2pf) until adoption of the euro.
91:
2405:
2064:
2031:
between 1963 and 1974 in fear if the
Eastern Bloc would start systematically counterfeiting the BBk I series of banknotes to cripple the economy, then they would quickly be replaced by emergency notes. Another reserve series for West Berlin (BBk IIa) was commissioned on 1 July 1963, consisting of DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 banknotes. 115 million West Berlin banknotes were printed, total value 4 billion marks. 15 billion marks worth of the banknotes were held in Bundesbank's custom-built
6639:
1165:
place unofficially. The reform replaced the old money with the new
Deutsche Mark at the rate of one new per ten old. This wiped out 90% of government and private debt, as well as private savings. Prices were decontrolled, and labor unions agreed to accept a 15% wage increase, despite the 25% rise in prices. The result was the prices of German export products held steady, while profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy. The currency reforms were simultaneous with the $ 1.4 billion in
6675:
2843:
2836:
5016:
527:
387:
1794:
1693:
1626:
4824:
3034:
5040:
337:
2983:
2976:
2933:
2885:
4752:
2734:
2782:
423:
5028:
2693:
2686:
1508:
1481:
1730:
1535:
6156:
6144:
6132:
1454:
1425:
1396:
6663:
1593:
3354:
322:
2892:
6651:
2741:
2789:
353:
306:
1564:
2073:
were in circulation. Starting in 1976, banknotes were equipped with machine-readable feature - a colorless inorganic oxide mixture applied to the security thread. Banknotes featuring that were designated BBk Ia within the
Bundesbank. All banknotes of the third series bore the penalty for counterfeiting and forgery on the upper right corner of the reverse, from
3089:
1361:(Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins. These coins were issued in denominations of 1pf, 2pf, 5pf, 10pf, and 50pf. The 1pf and 2pf coins were struck in bronze clad steel (although during some years the 2pf was issued in solid bronze) while 5pf and 10pf were brass clad steel and the 50-pfennig was in
1771:. Unlike other countries (such as Australia) there was no attempt or proposal suggested for the withdrawal of the 1pf and 2pf coins. Both coins were still in circulation in 2001 and supermarkets in particular still marked prices to the nearest pfennig. This penchant for accuracy continues with the euro (while
2072:
Typical security features at the time were guilloches, a multi-level head watermark and a security thread. Note numbers that fluoresced under UV light and green, yellow, and blue. 27 fluorescent fibers embedded in the paper appeared on most banknotes; however, some specimens without these features
1108:
During the first two years of occupation the occupying powers of France, United
Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union were not able to successfully negotiate a possible currency reform in Germany. Due to the strains between the Allies each zone was governed independently as regards monetary
2104:. The third series banknotes ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995, when the fourth series notes had been in circulation for 3–5 years. There were a total of five issues of the third series, main differences being the dates, and signatures of the Presidents and Vice Presidents of Bundesbank:
2059:
and the states' central banks merging to form the
Bundesbank, new banknotes were being designed, as "Bank deutscher Länder" on the previous series was no longer correct. The previous series' notes had been made out of less durable paper and had a rather short life. While previously damaged notes
1164:
Since the 1930s, prices and wages had been controlled, but money had been plentiful. That meant that people had accumulated large paper assets, and that official prices and wages did not reflect reality, as the black market dominated the economy and more than half of all transactions were taking
2030:
The notes with a value greater than DM 200 were rarely seen. A reserve series (BBk II) was commissioned on 1 July 1960, consisting of DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 banknotes. 670 million BBk II banknotes in value of 25 billion marks were printed. The notes were printed
984:
circulation, with one poll from 2011 showing a narrow majority of
Germans favouring the currency's restoration (although only a minority believed this would bring any economic benefit). Polls in the early 2020s indicated only a minority of Germans supported reintroduction of the Deutsche Mark.
983:
has guaranteed that all German marks in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so in person at any branch of the
Bundesbank in Germany. Banknotes and coins can even be sent to the Bundesbank by mail. In 2012, it was estimated that as many as 13.2 billion marks were in
2605:
The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances and so, in the late 1980s, the
Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained
1132:
A few weeks later Erhard, acting against orders, issued an edict abolishing many economic controls which had been originally implemented by the Nazis, and which the Allies had not removed. He did this, as he often confessed, on Sunday because the offices of the American, British, and French
2025:
technology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a DM200 denomination, to decrease the use of DM 100 banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the DM 100 and
1173:
Marshall plan funding overcame bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls (which were removed in 1949), and opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports. Overnight, consumer goods appeared in the stores, because they could be sold for higher prices. While the
531:
2084:
The third series banknotes entered circulation on 10 February 1961, with the DM 20 note. DM 100 and DM 50 followed next year, and DM 5 and DM 10 in 1963. High-denomination DM 1000 and DM 500 followed in 1964 and 1965, respectively.
1304:), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. East German marks were exchanged for Deutsche Marks at a rate of 1:1 for the first M 4,000 and 2:1 for larger amounts. Before reunification, each citizen of East Germany coming to West Germany was given
1202:) was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West. In July 1948, a completely new series of East German mark banknotes was issued.
1807:
to issue, in 2001, a special .999 pure gold DM 1 coin commemorating the end of the German mark. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel DM 1 coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read
1169:
money coming in from the United States, which primarily was used for investment. In addition, the Marshall plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices, and take account of the wider market.
2018:, depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painters, and buildings. There were denominations of DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50, DM 100, DM 500 and DM 1,000. The series ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995.
2067:
The penalty for counterfeiting and forgery of banknotes (imprisonment at least two years) appeared on the upper right corner of the reverse of all third series banknotes. Note this is the post-1970 variant, featuring "Freiheitsstrafe" instead of
1113:(in effect until July 1947), which forbade the US military governor "to take any steps to strengthen German financial structure". As a consequence a separate monetary reform in the U.S. zone was not possible. Each of the Allies printed its
3586:
2010:
and the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5pf and 10pf, DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 marks. The last of the banknotes (DM 5 and DM 10) were phased out by 31 July
1331:. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy was the foundation of the
1840:
include the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for German mark coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the
3776:
1826:
was the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold DM 1 coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in mid-2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of the
1308:(welcome money), a per capita allowance of DM 100 in cash. The government of Germany and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German mark and the German mark.
846:
3883:
3532:
1129:. Large amounts were exchanged for 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ to 65pf. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of DM 60 in two parts, the first being DM 40 and the second DM 20.
972:
states, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. Mark coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 1 March 2002.
1858:
s continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, owing to a temporary shortage of small coins. These coins were legal tender only in the territory of the former East Germany.
1339:. However, it should be remembered that "hard" is relative only if it is compared to other currencies, as in its 53-year history, the purchasing power of the German mark was reduced by over 70%.
1052:
was based on gold rather than silver (at 2.79 marks per gram of fine gold), a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the mark of 3 marks = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.
2617:
representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the DM 500 and DM 1000 denominations), a see-through registration device and ultraviolet-visible security features.
3142:
2590:
4105:
3998:
6193:
872:
1335:'s present policy towards the euro. The German mark's stability was greatly apparent in 1993, when speculation on the French franc and other European currencies caused a change in the
2079:
Wer Banknoten nachmacht oder verfälscht, oder nachgemachte oder verfälschte sich verschafft und in Verkehr bringt, wird mit Zuchthaus/Freiheitsstrafe nicht unter zwei Jahren bestraft.
3654:
1144:
trade (where cigarettes were used as currency). Although the new currency was initially only distributed in the three western occupation zones outside Berlin, the move angered the
2081:" ("Who falsifies or counterfeits banknotes, or procures falsified or counterfeit banknotes and releases them into circulation, is liable to imprisonment for at least two years".
1256:
rejected in a referendum the proposal to turn it into a "European territory". Despite French pre-referendum claims that a "no" vote would mean that the Saar would remain a French
3773:
956:
fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = €1. In 1999, the Deutsche Mark was replaced by the euro; its
5902:
5148:
4700:
3488:
1316:
4144:
3684:
6186:
3796:
3950:
3714:
6730:
6112:
5325:
1836:
German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during the
1783:
1016:
4015:
674:
964:
remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be
6715:
6179:
5418:
3897:
6725:
6590:
4554:
4092:
3995:
747:
3243:
do not take the plural in German when used with numbers (like all names of units), the singular being used to refer to any amount of money (e.g.
428:
6735:
6695:
5216:
5201:
2341:
1133:
occupation authorities were closed that day. He was sure that if he had done it when they were open, they would have countermanded the order.
6107:
5124:
4693:
3882:
Jörg Roesler: Die Stuttgarter Vorfälle vom Oktober 1948. Zur Entstehung der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschlands, in:
3481:
2026:
DM 500 denominations. In 1997–1998, new versions of DM 50, DM 100 and DM 200 were issued with improved security elements.
1081:
499:
6570:
3886:, No I/2007; Uwe Fuhrmann: Stuttgart 48 und die soziale Marktwirtschaft, in: Fuhrman et. a. (eds.): Ignoranz und Inszenierung, Münster 2012
3624:
3190:
form) is capitalized because it is part of a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is always capitalized. The English
1148:
authorities, who regarded it as a threat. The Soviets promptly cut off all road, rail and canal links between the three western zones and
3646:
6710:
6495:
5681:
2609:
The new security features were: a windowed security thread (with the notes' denominations in microprinting), watermarks, microprinting,
6330:
6582:
5910:
470:
449:
4272:
4042:
1991:, DM 1, DM 2, DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100, with two designs of DM 20 and DM 50.
26:
This article is about the mark issued by the Federal Republic of Germany. For the mark issued by the German Democratic Republic, see
6528:
6468:
3822:
929:
3928:
1156:. In response, the U.S. and Britain launched an airlift of food and coal and distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well.
6705:
5891:
5774:
5206:
4686:
4492:
3474:
1336:
1238:. It became a source of national pride and an anchor for the country's economic prosperity, particularly during the years of the
952:
and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year. On 31 December 1998, the
759:
5423:
1884:('sixer') could refer to a coin of 5pf. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre-1871 currencies of the previously independent
6408:
6700:
4717:
4621:
4524:
2803:
1327:
The German mark had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the
1966:
6720:
5283:
4941:
2063:
953:
6629:
4142:
6575:
5940:
5308:
5257:
5247:
3676:
2293:
476:
455:
6553:
5960:
5925:
5920:
5711:
4419:
4165:
3508:
2620:
First to be issued were the DM 100 and DM 200 denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "
2227:"Deutsche Bundesbank" copyright notice with year of the denomination's first issue added on the bottom of the reverse
1625:
5413:
1293:
1187:
668:
3793:
90:
6740:
5676:
5303:
5242:
5117:
3958:
3706:
4068:
5870:
5580:
4188:
3295:
3260:
3217:
3172:
2404:
1692:
865:
839:
5633:
2056:
1350:
1218:
1592:
5763:
5262:
5089:
4651:
2573:
2562:
2484:
2335:
1971:
150:
4762:
6607:
6595:
6565:
5976:
5880:
5638:
5158:
4974:
4772:
4129:
3333:
Before the switch to the euro, the Deutsche Mark was the largest international reserve currency after the
2610:
1183:
1012:
606:
4916:
3194:"Deutschmark" has a slightly different spelling and one syllable fewer (possibly due to the frequency of
6453:
6290:
6147:
5706:
5686:
5595:
5575:
5433:
5196:
5173:
5153:
4236:
4194:
3620:
1332:
652:
406:
4792:
4223:
2867:
1729:
1534:
662:
2060:
could be replaced from reserve stocks, this stock was also coming to an end, necessitating a reprint.
1280:. On 9 July 1959 the Deutsche Mark replaced the Saar franc at a ratio of 100 francs = DM 0.8507.
5935:
5731:
5721:
5716:
5628:
5605:
5110:
4829:
4452:
3384:
3334:
2997:
2755:
2629:
2528:
2518:
2468:
1289:
593:
505:
20:
4277:
3366:
6061:
5864:
5848:
5758:
5736:
5726:
5671:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5333:
5315:
4740:
4100:
4019:
1766:
1669:
1507:
1480:
1311:
France and the United Kingdom were opposed to German reunification, and attempted to influence the
1253:
1225:
1136:
The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave of
1024:
1020:
1002:
998:
978:
742:
566:
6155:
6143:
6131:
4180:
International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (February 2006),
3577:
Derek Boothby (January–March 2004). "The Political Challenges of Administering Eastern Slavonia".
6679:
6446:
6159:
5981:
5643:
5610:
5585:
5570:
5565:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5438:
4999:
4767:
4596:
4517:
3980:
3865:
3857:
3840:
3598:
3503:
3463:
3289:
3227:
3211:
3184:
3181:
3163:
2473:
2222:
2202:
2097:
1453:
1424:
1395:
1062:
732:
31:
4252:
4210:
3616:
2632:
on the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colours were changed slightly to hamper counterfeiting.
1563:
6503:
6275:
6203:
6066:
5600:
5550:
5545:
5428:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5278:
4949:
4926:
4911:
4906:
4854:
4302:
4298:
4248:
4240:
4206:
4198:
3818:
3518:
3513:
2953:
2857:
2707:
2568:
2375:
2298:
2217:
2197:
2181:
2032:
1885:
1842:
1779:
for example, price to the nearest 5 cents) with the 1-cent coin still encountered in Germany.
1265:
1240:
3205:
In Germany and other German speaking countries, the currency's name was often abbreviated as
6602:
6340:
6071:
6051:
6046:
5915:
5819:
5590:
5560:
5555:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5338:
4901:
4864:
4636:
4631:
4581:
4438:
4366:
4282:
3849:
3590:
3341:
3328:
3180:
is the same as the singular. In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" in
2842:
2835:
2716:
2165:"Zuchthaus" has been replaced with "Freiheitsstrafe" following 1969 Great Penal Code Reform
2140:
1297:
1191:
1049:
1006:
900:
72:
27:
2021:
The fourth (BBk III/III a) was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in
6508:
6347:
6263:
6081:
5930:
5293:
5033:
4994:
4745:
4709:
4538:
4148:
4002:
3800:
3780:
3177:
3065:
2817:
2089:
2074:
2040:
2006:, as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the
1793:
1659:
1649:
1153:
852:
639:
601:
137:
56:
6368:
5824:
4369:
since 1 January 1999, with DM coins and banknotes being the German appearance of the euro
6655:
6612:
6533:
6488:
6310:
6303:
6283:
6086:
6026:
6011:
6006:
5448:
5348:
5252:
5065:
5027:
5004:
4989:
4969:
4859:
4844:
4817:
4725:
4601:
4591:
4473:
4316:
3920:
3838:
Sauermann, Heinz (1950). "The Consequences of the Currency Reform in Western Germany".
3430:
3055:
2906:
2625:
2176:
2160:
2007:
1998:, an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the
1231:
1137:
540:
517:
480:
434:
413:
6171:
3307:(), but the singular could also be used instead with no difference in meaning. (e.g.:
6689:
6643:
6558:
6541:
6382:
6362:
6320:
6298:
6268:
6076:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5834:
5793:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5343:
5179:
4959:
4807:
4735:
4586:
4510:
3869:
3762:"Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948"
3737:"RTL/ntv Trendbarometer: Sehnsucht nach der D-Mark geringer als noch vor zehn Jahren"
3048:
3010:
2426:
2135:
1664:
1654:
1166:
1126:
1028:
751:
536:
513:
484:
4286:
1940:
is less widespread. In northern Germany the DM 5 coin used to be also called a
6667:
6461:
6401:
6135:
6091:
6056:
6041:
6036:
6016:
5829:
5814:
5798:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5015:
4984:
4954:
4931:
4839:
4823:
4797:
4641:
4626:
4502:
4442:
4401:
4320:
3441:
3417:
3265:
3033:
2949:
2003:
1981:
The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of DM
1875:
1837:
1787:
1755:
1721:
1679:
1674:
1612:
1584:
1555:
1312:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1145:
1141:
965:
882:
558:
509:
342:
311:
3362:
3198:
in English, or due to English's lack of adjectival endings), and a plural form in
2982:
2975:
2932:
2884:
2759:
1194:(also named "Deutsche Mark" from 1948 to 1964 and colloquially referred to as the
1070:, the mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as the
4181:
3551:
6031:
5456:
5408:
5403:
5226:
4889:
4782:
4757:
4667:
3052:
2861:
2781:
2733:
2155:
2093:
1776:
1362:
1149:
1067:
823:
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
326:
3736:
2692:
2685:
1928:
name. Both usages are only regional and may not be understood in areas where a
6476:
6441:
5365:
5211:
5055:
5009:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4849:
4812:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4405:
3853:
3650:
3594:
3587:
Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations
3527:
3187:
2958:
2432:
2015:
1607:
1273:
1222:("Bank of the German States") assumed responsibility, followed in 1957 by the
1096:
1090:
1072:
949:
4244:
4202:
4161:
4005:
Withdrawn on 1 July 1958 over confusion with the similarly designed DM 1
677:, formed by Staatliche Münze Karlsruhe (G) and Staatliche Münze Stuttgart (F)
5221:
5163:
5050:
5045:
4787:
4777:
4730:
4646:
3979:
The sculptor Richard Martin Werner designed the woman relief after his wife
3014:
3006:
3001:
2807:
2621:
2524:
2044:
1999:
1943:
1315:
to stop it. However, in late 1989 France extracted German commitment to the
1235:
1077:
656:
4751:
2436:
1916:
s would be converted into 10pf of the mark, hence 10pf coins inherited the
1833:. The issue price varied by the dealer but averaged approximately US$ 165.
2891:
6513:
6483:
5507:
5168:
5039:
5021:
4921:
4834:
4533:
4415:
3452:
3195:
3191:
2386:
1869:
1801:
On 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing the
1269:
1110:
1084:
occurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. The
969:
961:
878:
101:
3602:
2788:
2740:
6546:
6520:
5298:
5073:
4964:
4802:
4571:
4306:
3861:
3522:
3088:
2910:
2764:
2614:
2022:
1949:
1889:
1772:
1114:
968:
immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the other
938:
886:
358:
295:
214:
194:
178:
3361:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1763:
The weights and dimensions of the coins can be found in an FAQ of the
1125:
The Deutsche Mark was officially introduced on Sunday 20 June 1948 by
6434:
6396:
6389:
6354:
4488:
3059:
2711:
2382:
2101:
2036:
945:
4278:
Historical US Dollars to German Marks currency conversion, 1913–2005
4162:"Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)"
1019:
issued a variety of different currencies, the most common being the
715:
4678:
3898:"Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification"
5288:
4267:
3277:
3268:
form or to refer to a small number of D-Mark coins or bills, e.g.
2915:
2813:
2480:
2062:
1965:
1792:
391:
624:
6421:
5747:
5658:
5620:
5133:
4979:
4376:
4362:
3395:
1234:
at times when other national currencies succumbed to periods of
1109:
matters. The US occupation policy was governed by the directive
1045:
957:
890:
6175:
5106:
4682:
4506:
1958:
and this expression is now used for the €2 coin in the region.
1852:) and 1 July 1991, East German coins in denominations up to 50
30:. For the currency of the German Empire from 1873 to 1914, see
5102:
4230:
4123:
3533:
List of commemorative coins of the Federal Republic of Germany
3347:
1849:
1260:
it in fact resulted in the incorporation of the Saar into the
909:
710:
705:
3817:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 511–13.
912:
3884:
Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
3340:
The percental composition of currencies of official foreign
1934:
coin did not exist before 1871. In particular, the usage of
918:
3756:
3754:
2088:
The banknotes were printed exclusively in West Germany; in
1797:
Obverse view of the 2001 special gold issue of the DM1 coin
700:
581:
2014:
The third series (I/Ia BBk) was introduced in 1960 by the
1866:
In colloquial German the 10pf coin was sometimes called a
1292:
of Germany. It was introduced as the official currency of
4315:
intended to protect West Germany from the second wave of
3921:"Germany's neighbors try to redeem their 1989 negativity"
3792:
Tyler Cowen, "The Marshall Plan: myths and realities" in
4016:"Deutsche Mark coins - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
3231:) with the latter term also often used in English. Like
629:
4122:
Linzmayer, Owen (2012). "Federal Republic of Germany".
4193:, Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main:
3794:
U.S. Aid to the Developing World, A Free Market Agenda
1994:
The second series (BdL) was introduced in 1948 by the
6627:
1790:
but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles.
930:
921:
3095:
2186:
Machine-readable "M" feature, now designated BBk Ia
1230:. The Deutsche Mark earned a reputation as a strong
906:
6100:
5969:
5949:
5856:
5847:
5807:
5783:
5772:
5745:
5695:
5656:
5619:
5506:
5499:
5447:
5364:
5357:
5324:
5271:
5235:
5189:
5141:
5082:
5064:
4940:
4716:
4660:
4564:
4547:
1784:
commemorative silver DM 5 and DM 10 coins
915:
903:
808:
798:
788:
778:
768:
758:
741:
731:
726:
686:
638:
615:
592:
574:
556:
551:
370:
273:
268:
258:
251:
241:
231:
224:
211:
204:
191:
184:
163:
156:
149:
136:
128:
120:
115:
107:
100:
44:
3707:"Most Germans want Deutsche mark back, poll shows"
1288:The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the
1011:A mark had been the currency of Germany since its
893:in 2002. In English, it was typically called the "
5149:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
2613:(viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a
1977:There were four series of German mark banknotes:
1347:The first Deutsche Mark coins were issued by the
3677:"Why are Germans still using the deutsche mark?"
1319:in return for support for German reunification.
1276:, which was in a currency union at par with the
4348:except of the state of the Saarland (1957–1959)
4342:21 (24 W-Berlin) June 1948 – 30 June 1990
3251:). Sometimes, a very colloquial plural form of
2304:A branch with oak leaves and acorns symbolizes
2043:, the rest was stored in Bundesbank's vault in
1066:, was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak of
1027:. By 1857, both currencies were linked to the
6187:
5118:
4694:
4518:
3482:
1355:in 1948 and 1949. From 1950, the inscription
1178:Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone
64:
8:
4339:Currency of West Germany (incl. West Berlin)
4225:Review of the International Role of the Euro
3617:"Determination of the euro conversion rates"
1953:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1879:
1867:
1853:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1764:
1356:
1348:
1223:
976:
564:
48:
39:
4451:currency union (1 July 1990) preparing the
4128:. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com.
3739:(in German). Presseportal. 28 December 2021
1581:Denomination between rye stalks and grapes
885:from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified
6194:
6180:
6172:
6113:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
5853:
5780:
5503:
5361:
5125:
5111:
5103:
4701:
4687:
4679:
4557:(konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)
4525:
4511:
4503:
3951:"Coins of the Federal Republic of Germany"
3489:
3475:
1624:
937:). One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100
19:"DEM" redirects here. For other uses, see
1015:in 1871. Before that time, the different
6212:
4414:currency union (9 July 1959), after the
4291:
2634:
2232:
2106:
2051:Banknotes of the third series (BBk I/Ia)
1970:One Deutsche Mark (1948), first series,
1367:
1104:Early military occupation following WWII
264:1pf, 2pf, 5pf, 10pf, 50pf, DM1, DM2, DM5
6634:
6591:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
4555:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
4464:2 GDR marks = 1 DM above 4000 GDR marks
4273:Overview of German Mark from BBC online
3764:, Rutgers University Press, 1964 p. 145
3543:
3303:does have a commonly used plural form:
748:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
382:
286:
38:
6589:
6540:
6420:
6375:
6108:European Financial Stability Facility
5299:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)
4485:
4469:
4434:
4397:
4372:
4351:
4337:
4294:
3931:from the original on 11 November 2009
3896:Binyon, Michael (11 September 2009).
3687:from the original on 13 December 2014
3294:
3259:
3216:
3171:
2423:Portrait of Hans Urmiller and his Son
2372:Portrait of Elsbeth Tucher, née Pusch
864:
838:
500:Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
16:Currency of Germany from 1948 to 2002
7:
6571:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5500:Coins by country with minting rights
4356:1 July 1990 – 31 December 2001
4183:The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves
4132:from the original on 29 August 2012.
4041:Zeitung, Süddeutsche (17 May 2010).
3815:History of Modern Germany since 1815
3627:from the original on 1 December 2007
1782:There were a considerable number of
1094:(RM) from 15 November 1923, and the
889:from 1990 until the adoption of the
6497:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
5682:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
4111:from the original on 9 August 2019.
3657:from the original on 3 January 2015
3276:("The lovely money again", with an
3157:The German name of the currency is
1786:, which actually had the status of
1140:and to stop the rampant barter and
675:Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg
237:DM5, DM10, DM20, DM50, DM100, DM200
6584:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5911:European Monetary Cooperation Fund
5309:European payments initiative (EPI)
3319:). The official form is singular.
2559:Portrait of Dr. Johannes Scheyring
1264:on 1 January 1957. The new German
471:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
450:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
14:
6731:2002 disestablishments in Germany
6529:Independent State of Croatia kuna
4429:100 Francs = 0.8507 Deutsche Mark
4330:1 DM = 1 RM (either) below 600 RM
4043:"DM-Mark-Scheine mit Sammlerwert"
3288:
3272:("Just give me a few marks") and
1922:name and 5pf coins inherited the
1160:Economics of 1948 currency reform
535:(1996–1998, in parallel with the
504:(1993–1995, in parallel with the
475:(1991–1996, in parallel with the
454:(1992–1998, in parallel with the
433:(1996–2002, in parallel with the
412:(1992–2002, in parallel with the
95:Deutsche Mark banknotes from 1989
6673:
6661:
6649:
6637:
6154:
6142:
6130:
5304:Single euro payments area (SEPA)
5207:European System of Central Banks
5038:
5026:
5014:
4822:
4750:
4319:and stop the rampant barter and
3717:from the original on 21 May 2020
3352:
3283:The subdivision unit is spelled
3226:
3210:
3162:
3087:
3032:
2981:
2974:
2931:
2890:
2883:
2841:
2834:
2787:
2780:
2739:
2732:
2691:
2684:
2403:
1850:currency union with East Germany
1728:
1691:
1591:
1562:
1552:Denomination between oak leaves
1533:
1506:
1498:Denomination between rye stalks
1479:
1471:Denomination between rye stalks
1452:
1444:Denomination between rye stalks
1423:
1415:Denomination between rye stalks
1394:
1337:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
1248:Currency union with the Saarland
899:
525:
492:
463:
442:
421:
400:
385:
351:
335:
320:
304:
289:
89:
6716:Currencies replaced by the euro
4283:Historical banknotes of Germany
2421:Portrait of Hans Urmiller from
1528:Woman planting an oak seedling
1438:1968–2001: Bronze-plated steel
1409:1950–2001: Copper-plated steel
6726:1948 establishments in Germany
4622:German South West African Mark
4497:1999 – 31 December 2001
4482:political and economic reasons
4392:1 euro = 1.95583 Deutsche Mark
4334:and each person received 40 DM
3919:Ben Knight (8 November 2009).
2601:Banknotes of the fourth series
1952:the DM 2 coin was called
1743:
1739:
1709:
1705:
1639:
1635:
1407:1948–1949: Bronze-plated steel
1:
6736:Currencies introduced in 1948
6696:Currencies with ISO 4217 code
5284:Economy of the European Union
3141:For table standards, see the
2589:For table standards, see the
1272:maintained its currency, the
1060:The first mark, known as the
1048:of pure silver. Although the
954:Council of the European Union
6577:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
6410:Kosovo and Western Macedonia
5414:2 € commemorative coins
5248:European Stability Mechanism
4093:"Kursfähige Bundesbanknoten"
3955:Coin and banknote collection
3143:banknote specification table
2591:banknote specification table
2294:Portrait of a Venetian Woman
1296:in July 1990, replacing the
1121:Currency reform of June 1948
477:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
456:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
6554:Republic of Serbian Krajina
5921:European Monetary Institute
4462:at par up to 4000 GDR marks
4166:International Monetary Fund
3803:, Heritage Foundation, p.65
3552:"Kosovo adopts Deutschmark"
3509:German adoption of the euro
3270:Gib mir mal ein paar Märker
2804:Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
2515:Portrait of a beardless man
1910:into 6. After 1871, 12 old
1262:Federal Republic of Germany
1031:, a silver coin containing
6757:
6711:Modern obsolete currencies
5775:Other extant EU currencies
5621:Monetary agreement with EU
3326:
3153:Spelling and pronunciation
3139:
3081:
3058:, historical buildings of
3000:, historical buildings of
2952:, historical buildings of
2909:, historical buildings of
2860:, historical buildings of
2806:, historical buildings of
2758:, historical buildings of
2710:, historical buildings of
2483:with stretched-out wings (
1817:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1358:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1188:German Democratic Republic
996:
944:It was first issued under
790:Replaced by euro, non cash
760:EU Exchange Rate Mechanism
25:
18:
6611:
6594:
6574:
6564:
6557:
6545:
6527:
6519:
6507:
6487:
6482:
6440:
6430:
6427:
6415:
6381:
6378:
6353:
6339:
6302:
6282:
6267:
6262:
6215:
6210:
6125:
5748:Countries and territories
5677:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5419:Other commemorative coins
5243:Stability and Growth Pact
4332:1 DM = 10 RM above 600 RM
3854:10.1017/S0034670500045009
3813:Tipton, Frank B. (2003).
3595:10.1163/19426720-01001005
3313:dreißig (thirty) Pfennige
3064:The 'German Dictionary',
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2587:
2391:the world of German music
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
1930:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1854:
1848:Between 1 July 1990 (the
1829:
1822:
1803:
1765:
1697:
1568:
1224:
977:
821:
716:Karlsruhe-Stuttgart mints
565:
88:
65:
49:
6101:Former fiscal provisions
5871:European Monetary System
5661:using euro per agreement
4268:Coins of the Third Reich
3647:"Exchanging DM for euro"
3317:dreißig (thirty) Pfennig
3274:Die lieben Märker wieder
2342:Training ship Gorch Fock
653:Bayerisches Hauptmünzamt
6706:Economy of West Germany
5750:using euro unilaterally
5263:European Fiscal Compact
4942:Obsolete and historical
4652:South West African mark
4385:deployment of euro cash
2574:Romanesque architecture
2563:Lucas Cranach the Elder
2336:Lucas Cranach the Elder
1898:was subdivided into 12
1115:own occupation currency
948:in 1948 to replace the
669:Staatliche Münze Berlin
630:Giesecke & Devrient
607:Giesecke & Devrient
6608:Republika Srpska dinar
6596:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6566:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5977:European Currency Unit
5663:without minting rights
5159:European banking union
4159:For 1995–99, 2006–22:
3176:); its plural form in
3173:[ˈdɔʏtʃəˈmaʁk]
2489:German state awareness
2346:German cosmopolitanism
2124:Notable other changes
2069:
1974:
1954:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1918:
1880:
1868:
1862:Colloquial expressions
1816:
1810:
1798:
1357:
1349:
1252:The population in the
1186:of Germany (later the
1184:Soviet occupation zone
840:[ˈdɔʏtʃəˈmaʁk]
800:Replaced by euro, cash
429:Republic of Montenegro
6701:Currencies of Germany
6455:Kingdom of Montenegro
6292:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
6148:European Union portal
5697:Potential adoption by
5687:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
5434:Europa coin programme
5197:European Central Bank
5154:Capital Markets Union
4287:East German banknotes
4237:European Central Bank
4235:, Frankfurt am Main:
4195:European Central Bank
3621:European Central Bank
3249:dreißig (thirty) Mark
3169:German pronunciation:
2066:
2057:Bank deutscher Länder
1996:Bank deutscher Länder
1972:Allied military issue
1969:
1796:
1351:Bank deutscher Länder
1333:European Central Bank
1219:Bank deutscher Länder
1207:Bank deutscher Länder
1076:, especially as high
6721:Currencies of Europe
5970:Preceding currencies
5936:European debt crisis
5326:International status
4453:German reunification
4147:14 July 2014 at the
3981:Gerda Johanna Werner
3760:Nicholas Balabkins,
3589:: 37–51 (15 pages).
3335:United States dollar
2998:Maria Sibylla Merian
2866:Partial view of the
2756:Carl Friedrich Gauss
2630:EURion constellation
2529:Rhineland-Palatinate
2519:Hans Maler zu Schwaz
1284:German reunification
1088:was replaced by the
1013:original unification
877:), was the official
506:United States dollar
21:DEM (disambiguation)
6470:Occupied Montenegro
5951:Previous EU members
5865:Snake in the tunnel
5316:Euro Currency Index
5083:Generic placeholder
4353:Currency of Germany
4101:Deutsche Bundesbank
4020:Deutsche Bundesbank
3783:Accessed 2015-01-04
3264:was used either as
2637:
2332:Beardless Young Man
2235:
2108:
1811:Deutsche Bundesbank
1685:denomination below
1670:Franz Josef Strauss
1618:denomination below
1492:Brass-plated steel
1465:Brass-plated steel
1226:Deutsche Bundesbank
1216:Later in 1948, the
1211:Deutsche Bundesbank
1025:South German gulden
1021:North German thaler
1003:South German gulden
999:North German thaler
979:Deutsche Bundesbank
866:[ˈdeːˌmaʁk]
737:1.4%, December 2001
567:Deutsche Bundesbank
346:(July–October 1990)
41:
6448:Montenegrin perper
6202:Currencies of the
6160:Numismatics portal
5982:Austrian schilling
5659:Non-EU territories
5334:Proposed eurobonds
4474:Yugoslav new dinar
4164:. Washington, DC:
4001:2018-04-27 at the
3841:Review of Politics
3799:2011-01-22 at the
3779:2017-01-24 at the
3713:. 5 October 2011.
3623:. 1 January 1999.
3558:. 3 September 1999
3504:Economy of Germany
3344:from 1995 to 2022.
3218:[ˈdeːmaʁk]
2868:Würzburg Residence
2647:Value in Euros (€)
2635:
2474:Christoph Amberger
2441:German civic pride
2233:
2223:Helmut Schlesinger
2203:Helmut Schlesinger
2107:
2070:
2033:underground bunker
1975:
1799:
663:Hamburgische Münze
372:Unofficial user(s)
243: Rarely used
32:German mark (1871)
6625:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6614:FR Yugoslav dinar
6504:German Reichsmark
6277:Kingdom of Serbia
6204:former Yugoslavia
6169:
6168:
6121:
6120:
6067:Portuguese escudo
5843:
5842:
5652:
5651:
5495:
5494:
5424:Identifying marks
5279:Economy of Europe
5236:Fiscal provisions
5100:
5099:
4676:
4675:
4661:As a denomination
4617:German Rentenmark
4612:German Reichsmark
4607:German Papiermark
4501:
4500:
4483:
4465:
4456:
4430:
4423:
4393:
4386:
4370:
4349:
4335:
4324:
4239:, December 2005,
4125:The Banknote Book
3579:Global Governance
3528:German Reichsmark
3519:German Papiermark
3514:German euro coins
3470:
3469:
3374:
3373:
3342:exchange reserves
3309:ein (one) Pfennig
3296:[ˈpfɛnɪç]
3150:
3149:
3146:
3082:Hologram variant
2954:Frankfurt am Main
2858:Balthasar Neumann
2708:Bettina von Arnim
2622:Frankfurt am Main
2611:intaglio printing
2598:
2597:
2594:
2569:Limburg Cathedral
2469:Sebastian Münster
2231:
2230:
2098:Giesecke+Devrient
2075:German penal code
1843:German euro coins
1761:
1760:
1436:1949–1968: Bronze
1254:Saar Protectorate
1241:Wirtschaftswunder
946:Allied occupation
855:"), abbreviated "
828:
827:
544:
521:
488:
459:
438:
417:
396:
363:
347:
331:
316:
300:
279:None, previously:
260: Freq. used
233: Freq. used
6748:
6741:Currency symbols
6678:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6633:
6615:
6603:Republika Srpska
6585:
6578:
6498:
6491:
6471:
6464:
6456:
6449:
6424:
6411:
6404:
6385:
6371:
6365:
6343:
6342:Macedonian denar
6337:
6333:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6293:
6286:
6278:
6271:
6213:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6173:
6158:
6146:
6134:
6072:Sammarinese lira
6062:Monégasque franc
6052:Luxembourg franc
6047:Lithuanian litas
5916:Delors Committee
5905:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5854:
5820:Hungarian forint
5787:
5781:
5672:Saint Barthélemy
5504:
5362:
5339:Reserve currency
5127:
5120:
5113:
5104:
5092:
5042:
5030:
5018:
4897:
4826:
4754:
4710:Currency symbols
4703:
4696:
4689:
4680:
4637:New Guinean mark
4632:Lodz Ghetto mark
4582:East German mark
4527:
4520:
4513:
4504:
4478:
4458:
4455:(3 October 1990)
4447:
4425:
4422:(1 January 1957)
4410:
4388:
4381:
4367:money of account
4358:
4344:
4326:
4311:
4292:
4256:
4247:
4234:
4220:
4214:
4205:
4192:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4151:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4104:. January 1986.
4097:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4012:
4006:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3957:. Archived from
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3810:
3804:
3790:
3784:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3683:. 19 July 2012.
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3461:
3450:
3439:
3428:
3415:
3404:
3393:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3329:Reserve currency
3323:Reserve currency
3299:), which unlike
3298:
3292:
3263:
3261:[ˈmɛʁkɐ]
3230:
3220:
3214:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3140:
3091:
3036:
2985:
2978:
2935:
2894:
2887:
2845:
2838:
2791:
2784:
2743:
2736:
2717:Brandenburg Gate
2695:
2688:
2638:
2588:
2407:
2236:
2141:Heinrich Troeger
2109:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1957:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1904:s, hence half a
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1883:
1873:
1857:
1856:
1838:Second World War
1832:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1770:
1769:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1595:
1566:
1537:
1510:
1483:
1456:
1427:
1398:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1298:East German mark
1229:
1228:
1192:East German mark
1100:(ℛ︁ℳ︁) in 1924.
1050:German gold mark
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1007:German gold mark
982:
981:
933:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
876:
875:
874:
868:
850:
849:
848:
842:
837:
814:
812:
801:
791:
784:31 December 1998
781:
780:Fixed rate since
771:
764:
689:
618:
588:
585:
583:
577:
570:
569:
561:
534:
530:
529:
528:
503:
497:
496:
495:
474:
468:
467:
466:
453:
447:
446:
445:
432:
426:
425:
424:
411:
405:
404:
403:
394:
390:
389:
388:
373:
361:
357:
355:
354:
345:
341:
339:
338:
329:
325:
324:
323:
314:
310:
308:
307:
298:
294:
293:
292:
276:
275:Official user(s)
261:
244:
234:
217:
197:
175:
174:
173:
169:
144:
93:
83:
76:
68:
67:
60:
52:
51:
42:
28:East German mark
6756:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6662:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6638:
6636:
6628:
6626:
6621:
6613:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6509:Slovenian tolar
6496:
6493:
6489:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6422:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6383:
6370:Occupied Serbia
6369:
6363:
6348:North Macedonia
6341:
6335:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6264:North Macedonia
6206:
6200:
6170:
6165:
6117:
6096:
6082:Slovenian tolar
5965:
5954:
5952:
5945:
5931:Black Wednesday
5901:
5897:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5875:
5839:
5803:
5785:
5777:
5768:
5752:
5749:
5741:
5700:
5699:other countries
5698:
5691:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5648:
5615:
5491:
5443:
5353:
5320:
5294:Euro calculator
5267:
5231:
5185:
5137:
5131:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5078:
5060:
4936:
4895:
4712:
4707:
4677:
4672:
4656:
4560:
4543:
4531:
4496:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4457:
4446:
4436:
4424:
4409:
4399:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4357:
4355:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4310:
4296:
4264:
4259:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4186:
4179:
4178:For 1999–2005:
4177:
4173:
4168:. 3 April 2023.
4160:
4158:
4154:
4149:Wayback Machine
4141:
4137:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4003:Wayback Machine
3994:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3900:. London: Times
3895:
3894:
3890:
3881:
3877:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3801:Wayback Machine
3791:
3787:
3781:Wayback Machine
3772:
3768:
3759:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3500:
3495:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3370:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3331:
3325:
3245:eine (one) Mark
3178:standard German
3168:
3155:
3066:Alte Bibliothek
3039:178×83 mm
2988:170×80 mm
2940:162×77 mm
2897:154×74 mm
2848:146×71 mm
2794:138×68 mm
2746:130×65 mm
2698:122×62 mm
2603:
2549:180×90 mm
2533:German chivalry
2505:170×85 mm
2457:160×80 mm
2412:150×75 mm
2362:140×70 mm
2322:130×65 mm
2283:120×60 mm
2214:2 January 1980
2194:2 January 1980
2152:2 January 1970
2132:2 January 1960
2121:Vice President
2090:Bundesdruckerei
2053:
2041:Rheinland-Pfalz
1987:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1864:
1683:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Kurt Schumacher
1657:
1652:
1650:Konrad Adenauer
1616:
1437:
1408:
1345:
1325:
1286:
1250:
1214:
1180:
1162:
1154:Berlin Blockade
1152:, starting the
1123:
1106:
1058:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1009:
995:
990:
931:
902:
898:
871:
870:
869:
845:
844:
843:
835:
810:
809:
799:
789:
779:
769:
762:
722:
721:
720:
695:
687:
682:
681:
680:
647:
634:
625:Bundesdruckerei
616:
611:
602:Bundesdruckerei
580:
575:
557:
547:
526:
524:
493:
491:
464:
462:
443:
441:
422:
420:
401:
399:
386:
384:
381:
380:
371:
366:
352:
350:
336:
334:
321:
319:
305:
303:
290:
288:
285:
284:
274:
259:
242:
232:
212:
192:
171:
167:
166:
164:
142:
96:
84:
81:
79:
70:
54:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6754:
6752:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6536:
6534:Croatian dinar
6531:
6526:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6490:Yugoslav krone
6486:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6459:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6360:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6312:SFR Yugoslavia
6305:Yugoslav dinar
6301:
6296:
6285:Yugoslav dinar
6281:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6151:
6139:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6087:Spanish peseta
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6012:Finnish markka
6009:
6007:Estonian kroon
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5961:United Kingdom
5957:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5895:
5884:
5868:
5860:
5858:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:Czech Republic
5709:
5703:
5701:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5349:World currency
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5253:Euro Plus Pact
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5190:Administration
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5066:Cryptocurrency
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:German ostmark
4599:
4594:
4592:Finnish markka
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4484:
4467:
4466:
4432:
4431:
4395:
4394:
4371:
4350:
4336:
4317:hyperinflation
4290:
4289:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4262:External links
4260:
4258:
4257:
4215:
4171:
4152:
4135:
4114:
4084:
4069:"GERMANY F.R."
4060:
4047:Süddeutsche.de
4033:
4007:
3988:
3972:
3961:on 8 July 2009
3942:
3925:Deutsche Welle
3911:
3888:
3875:
3848:(2): 175–196.
3830:
3823:
3805:
3785:
3766:
3750:
3728:
3698:
3668:
3638:
3608:
3569:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3360:
3358:
3351:
3327:Main article:
3324:
3321:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3062:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3004:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2907:Clara Schumann
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:European beech
2810:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:First Printing
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2626:euro banknotes
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2522:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2477:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2430:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2379:
2376:Albrecht Dürer
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:Albrecht Dürer
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2218:Karl Otto Pöhl
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:Karl Otto Pöhl
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:Karl Otto Pöhl
2179:
2177:Otmar Emminger
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:Otmar Emminger
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2077:section 146: "
2055:In 1957, with
2052:
2049:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2008:Bank of France
1992:
1963:
1960:
1863:
1860:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1738:Cupro-nickel (
1736:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1646:
1645:26.75 mm
1643:
1634:Cupro-nickel (
1632:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1604:26.75 mm
1602:
1599:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:19.25 mm
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1344:
1341:
1324:
1321:
1317:Monetary Union
1306:Begrüßungsgeld
1285:
1282:
1249:
1246:
1244:in the 1950s.
1232:store of value
1213:
1204:
1179:
1176:
1161:
1158:
1138:hyperinflation
1122:
1119:
1105:
1102:
1082:hyperinflation
1057:
1054:
994:
991:
989:
986:
826:
825:
819:
818:
815:
806:
805:
802:
796:
795:
794:1 January 1999
792:
786:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
766:
765:
756:
755:
745:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
724:
723:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
697:
696:
693:
692:
690:
688: Website
684:
683:
679:
678:
672:
666:
660:
649:
648:
645:
644:
642:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
621:
619:
617: Website
613:
612:
610:
609:
604:
598:
596:
590:
589:
578:
576: Website
572:
571:
562:
554:
553:
549:
548:
546:
545:
541:Yugoslav dinar
522:
518:Yugoslav dinar
489:
481:Croatian dinar
460:
439:
435:Yugoslav dinar
418:
414:Yugoslav dinar
397:
378:
377:
376:
374:
368:
367:
365:
364:
348:
332:
317:
301:
282:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
253:
249:
248:
247:DM500, DM1,000
245:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
226:
222:
221:
218:
209:
208:
206:
202:
201:
198:
189:
188:
186:
182:
181:
176:
161:
160:
158:
154:
153:
147:
146:
140:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
98:
97:
94:
86:
85:
80:
78:
77:
62:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6753:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6635:
6631:
6616:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6559:Krajina dinar
6555:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6543:
6542:Croatian kuna
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6450:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6425:
6418:
6412:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6384:Serbian dinar
6372:
6366:
6364:Serbian dinar
6361:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6334:
6324:
6322:FR Yugoslavia
6314:
6307:
6300:
6299:Bulgarian lev
6297:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6272:
6270:Serbian dinar
6265:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:Slovak koruna
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6027:Greek drachma
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:Dutch guilder
6000:
5998:
5997:Cypriot pound
5995:
5993:
5992:Croatian kuna
5990:
5988:
5987:Belgian franc
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5904:
5896:
5893:
5885:
5882:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5836:
5835:Swedish krona
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:Bulgarian lev
5792:
5791:
5789:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5655:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5358:Denominations
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:ECB president
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5180:Euro-Skulptur
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Estonian mark
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Deutsche Mark
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4373:Succeeded by:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3824:0-520-24050-2
3820:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:Bundesbank.de
3770:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3435:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3400:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3368:
3367:MediaWiki.org
3364:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:Deutsche Mark
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3165:
3160:
3159:Deutsche Mark
3152:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:) symbolizes
2486:
2485:Federal Eagle
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:Barthel Beham
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:German nature
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2237:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Karl Blessing
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:, whereas in
1946:
1945:
1938:
1926:
1920:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:). Likewise,
1877:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1818:
1812:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1757:
1754:
1752:Denomination
1751:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:Denomination
1717:
1714:
1704:.625 silver (
1703:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1665:Ludwig Erhard
1661:
1656:
1655:Theodor Heuss
1651:
1647:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:Cupro-nickel
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:25.5 mm
1577:
1575:Cupro-nickel
1574:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1549:23.5 mm
1548:
1546:Cupro-nickel
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:Denomination
1524:
1521:
1519:Cupro-nickel
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:21.5 mm
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:18.5 mm
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:16.5 mm
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:Dates issued
1376:
1374:Denomination
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:reunification
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:Marshall Plan
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:Ludwig Erhard
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1030:
1029:Vereinsthaler
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:German states
1014:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
987:
985:
980:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
935:
926:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
867:
862:
858:
854:
847:
841:
833:
832:Deutsche Mark
824:
820:
816:
807:
803:
797:
793:
787:
783:
777:
774:13 March 1979
773:
767:
761:
757:
753:
752:Bulgarian lev
749:
746:
744:
740:
736:
734:
730:
725:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
691:
685:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
651:
650:
643:
641:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
620:
614:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
579:
573:
568:
563:
560:
555:
550:
542:
538:
537:Croatian kuna
533:
523:
519:
515:
514:Croatian kuna
511:
507:
502:
501:
490:
486:
485:Croatian kuna
482:
478:
473:
472:
461:
457:
452:
451:
440:
436:
431:
430:
419:
415:
410:
409:
408:FR Yugoslavia
398:
393:
383:
375:
369:
360:
349:
344:
333:
328:
318:
313:
302:
297:
287:
278:
272:
267:
263:
257:
254:
250:
246:
240:
236:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
190:
187:
183:
180:
177:
162:
159:
155:
152:
151:Denominations
148:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
92:
87:
74:
63:
58:
50:Deutsche Mark
47:
46:
43:
40:Deutsche Mark
37:
33:
29:
22:
6463:Italian lira
6416:
6403:Albanian lek
6153:
6141:
6136:Money portal
6129:
6092:Vatican lira
6057:Maltese lira
6042:Latvian lats
6037:Italian lira
6021:
6017:French franc
5830:Romanian leu
5825:Polish złoty
5815:Czech koruna
5799:Danish krone
5644:Vatican City
5429:Starter kits
5178:
4642:Polish marka
4627:Hamburg mark
4576:
4537:
4487:Currency of
4486:
4479:
4472:
4470:Preceded by:
4459:
4448:
4437:
4435:Preceded by:
4426:
4420:West Germany
4411:
4402:French franc
4400:
4398:Preceded by:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4327:
4321:black market
4312:
4297:
4295:Preceded by:
4224:
4218:
4182:
4174:
4155:
4138:
4124:
4117:
4099:
4087:
4077:23 September
4075:. Retrieved
4071:
4063:
4053:23 September
4051:. Retrieved
4046:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4010:
3991:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:the original
3954:
3945:
3933:. Retrieved
3924:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3891:
3878:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3814:
3808:
3788:
3769:
3761:
3741:. Retrieved
3731:
3721:24 September
3719:. Retrieved
3710:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3680:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3611:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3555:
3546:
3442:Japanese yen
3418:French franc
3406:
3339:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3284:
3282:
3280:undertone).
3273:
3269:
3266:hypocoristic
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3221:) or simply
3206:
3204:
3199:
3158:
3156:
3096:As previous
2950:Paul Ehrlich
2854:Olive Green
2636:1989 series
2619:
2608:
2604:
2572:
2558:
2532:
2514:
2488:
2466:
2440:
2422:
2390:
2371:
2345:
2331:
2305:
2292:
2251:Description
2234:1960 series
2173:1 June 1977
2087:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2068:"Zuchthaus".
2054:
2029:
2004:French franc
1995:
1976:
1865:
1847:
1835:
1814:(instead of
1800:
1788:legal tender
1781:
1762:
1756:German eagle
1722:German eagle
1684:
1680:German eagle
1675:Willy Brandt
1617:
1613:German eagle
1585:German eagle
1556:German eagle
1380:Composition
1346:
1328:
1326:
1313:Soviet Union
1310:
1305:
1302:Mark der DDR
1301:
1294:East Germany
1287:
1278:French franc
1266:member state
1258:protectorate
1251:
1239:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1142:black market
1135:
1131:
1124:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1010:
974:
966:legal tender
943:
894:
883:West Germany
860:
856:
831:
829:
822:
804:1 March 2002
706:Hamburg mint
559:Central bank
510:French franc
498:
469:
448:
427:
407:
343:East Germany
312:West Germany
269:Demographics
36:
6680:Numismatics
6417:German mark
6032:Irish pound
6022:German Mark
5926:Enlargement
5591:Netherlands
5227:Euro summit
4718:Circulating
4597:German mark
4548:Circulating
4418:had joined
4365:existed as
4072:banknote.ws
4049:(in German)
4022:(FAQ). 2021
3996:Sammler.com
3984:(in German)
3711:reuters.com
3681:theweek.com
3631:20 February
3407:German mark
3363:Phabricator
3135:31/12/2001
3120:31/12/2001
3105:31/12/2001
3077:31/12/2001
3074:27/10/1992
3025:31/12/2001
3022:27/10/1992
2969:31/12/2001
2926:31/12/2001
2916:Grand Piano
2878:31/12/2001
2829:31/12/2001
2775:31/12/2001
2727:31/12/2001
2724:27/10/1992
2679:Withdrawal
2653:Description
2628:), and the
2571:symbolizes
2531:symbolizes
2467:Cosmograph
2439:symbolizes
2389:symbolizes
2350:21/10/1963
2344:symbolizes
2274:Withdrawal
2245:Paper color
2242:Dimensions
2156:Karl Klasen
2094:West Berlin
1892:), where a
1777:Netherlands
1749:29 mm
1715:29 mm
1673:1994–2001:
1668:1990–2001:
1663:1988–2001:
1658:1979–1993:
1653:1970–1987:
1648:1969–1987:
1522:20 mm
1363:cupronickel
1198:—literally
1150:West Berlin
1068:World War I
993:Before 1871
895:Deutschmark
711:Berlin mint
701:Munich mint
584:.bundesbank
437:until 2002)
416:until 2002)
395:(1999–2002)
362:(1990–2002)
330:(1949–1990)
327:West Berlin
315:(1949–1990)
299:(1948–1949)
66:German mark
6690:Categories
6477:Montenegro
6442:Montenegro
6258:territory
5941:Withdrawal
5764:Montenegro
5639:San Marino
5581:Luxembourg
5487:500 €
5482:200 €
5477:100 €
5212:Eurosystem
4668:Merk Scots
4542:or similar
4534:Currencies
4493:Montenegro
4406:Saar Franc
4303:Rentenmark
4299:Reichsmark
4285:including
3935:9 November
3743:9 December
3651:Bundesbank
3539:References
3188:nominative
3068:in Berlin
2966:1/10/1990
2959:Microscope
2923:1/10/1990
2875:30/9/1991
2826:20/3/1992
2816:pen and a
2772:16/4/1991
2650:Main color
2644:Dimensions
2583:30/6/1995
2580:27/7/1964
2576:in Germany
2540:30/6/1995
2537:26/4/1965
2496:30/6/1995
2493:26/2/1962
2448:30/6/1995
2445:18/6/1962
2433:Holstentor
2398:30/6/1995
2395:10/2/1961
2353:30/6/1995
2313:30/6/1995
2248:Main color
2118:President
2016:Bundesbank
1874:(compare:
1830:Bundesbank
1823:Bundesbank
1820:), as the
1804:Bundesbank
1767:Bundesbank
1735:1975–2001
1701:1951–1974
1698:DM 5
1631:1969–2001
1608:Max Planck
1598:1957–1971
1572:1951–1956
1569:DM 2
1543:1950–2001
1540:DM 1
1516:1949–2001
1501:Oak sprig
1489:1949–2001
1474:Oak sprig
1462:1949–2001
1447:Oak sprig
1433:1949–2001
1418:Oak sprig
1404:1948–2001
1329:Bundesbank
1274:Saar franc
1097:Reichsmark
1091:Rentenmark
1086:Papiermark
1073:Papiermark
997:See also:
950:Reichsmark
851:; "German
817:DM 1.95583
655:, Munich (
6336:1999-2003
6326:1992-1999
6316:1944-1992
6216:territory
5576:Lithuania
5472:50 €
5467:20 €
5462:10 €
5449:Banknotes
5439:Euro mint
5344:Petroeuro
5222:Eurogroup
5164:Euro sign
4647:Saar mark
4255:(online).
4253:1725-6593
4245:1725-2210
4213:(online).
4211:1725-6534
4203:1607-1484
3870:145428438
3661:4 January
3385:US dollar
3132:1/8/1997
3129:2/1/1996
3117:1/8/1997
3114:2/1/1996
3102:2/2/1998
3099:2/1/1996
3071:1/8/1991
3019:1/8/1991
3015:Butterfly
3007:Dandelion
3002:Nuremberg
2963:2/1/1989
2920:2/1/1989
2872:2/1/1989
2823:1/8/1991
2808:Meersburg
2769:2/1/1989
2760:Göttingen
2721:1/8/1991
2525:Burg Eltz
2310:6/5/1963
2045:Frankfurt
2000:US Dollar
1962:Banknotes
1944:Heiermann
1888:(notably
1383:Diameter
1323:Stability
1236:inflation
1078:inflation
1056:1873–1948
962:banknotes
743:Pegged by
733:Inflation
727:Valuation
657:Mint mark
225:Banknotes
6514:Slovenia
6484:Slovenia
5953:and euro
5707:Bulgaria
5606:Slovenia
5601:Slovakia
5596:Portugal
5508:Eurozone
5457:5 €
5409:2 €
5404:1 €
5258:Six pack
5174:Language
5169:Eurozone
4416:Saarland
4145:Archived
4130:Archived
4106:Archived
3999:Archived
3929:Archived
3904:30 April
3797:Archived
3777:Archived
3715:Archived
3691:27 April
3685:Archived
3655:Archived
3625:Archived
3603:27800508
3498:See also
3453:Renminbi
3431:Sterling
3305:Pfennige
3196:silent e
3192:loanword
3185:singular
3182:feminine
3042:€511.29
3011:Inchworm
2991:€255.65
2943:€102.26
2862:Würzburg
2656:Date of
2387:clarinet
2254:Date of
1931:groschen
1919:groschen
1907:groschen
1895:groschen
1870:groschen
1389:Obverse
1386:Reverse
1270:Saarland
1209:and the
1200:Eastmark
1111:JCS 1067
1063:Goldmark
1023:and the
970:eurozone
939:pfennigs
879:currency
811:1 €
552:Issuance
102:ISO 4217
6656:Germany
6630:Portals
6547:Croatia
6521:Croatia
5857:General
5849:History
5732:Romania
5722:Hungary
5717:Denmark
5629:Andorra
5561:Ireland
5551:Germany
5541:Finland
5536:Estonia
5526:Croatia
5521:Belgium
5516:Austria
5272:Economy
5142:General
4572:AM-Mark
4565:Defunct
4480:Reason:
4449:Reason:
4441:of the
4412:Reason:
4383:Reason:
4313:Reason:
4307:AM-Mark
3862:1405052
3562:22 June
3523:Notgeld
3365:and on
3285:Pfennig
3049:Wilhelm
2946:Orange
2911:Leipzig
2900:€51.13
2851:€25.56
2797:€10.23
2765:Sextant
2752:Purple
2670:Reverse
2667:Obverse
2664:Reverse
2661:Obverse
2615:Braille
2565:(1529)
2552:Yellow
2521:(1521)
2508:Yellow
2476:(1552)
2429:(1525)
2415:Yellow
2378:(1499)
2338:(1500)
2301:(1505)
2268:Reverse
2265:Obverse
2262:Reverse
2259:Obverse
2096:and in
2023:forgery
1986:⁄
1950:Bavaria
1937:sechser
1925:sechser
1913:pfennig
1901:pfennig
1890:Prussia
1881:sechser
1855:pfennig
1775:or the
1773:Finland
1712:37.5%)
1268:of the
1196:Ostmark
1190:), the
1182:In the
1080:, then
1040:⁄
988:History
887:Germany
836:German:
813: =
594:Printer
359:Germany
296:Trizone
215:Pfennig
213:
200:Pfennig
195:Pfennig
193:
179:Pfennig
170:⁄
165:
157:Subunit
145:
73:English
6644:Europe
6538:
6525:
6435:Kosovo
6431:
6428:
6397:Kosovo
6390:Serbia
6379:
6376:
6359:
6355:Serbia
6332:Serbia
5900:
5889:
5878:
5759:Kosovo
5737:Sweden
5727:Poland
5634:Monaco
5571:Latvia
5556:Greece
5546:France
5531:Cyprus
5217:Ecofin
5136:topics
4536:named
4489:Kosovo
4460:Ratio:
4427:Ratio:
4390:Ratio:
4328:Ratio:
4251:
4243:
4209:
4201:
4026:2 June
3868:
3860:
3821:
3601:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3278:ironic
3257:Märker
3237:D-Mark
3207:D-Mark
3060:Kassel
3045:Brown
2749:€5.11
2712:Berlin
2704:Green
2701:€2.56
2555:Brown
2437:Lübeck
2418:Brown
2385:and a
2383:violin
2368:Green
2365:Green
2289:Green
2286:Green
2112:Issue
2102:Munich
2037:Cochem
1955:Zwickl
1886:states
1708:62.5%
1371:Image
1146:Soviet
1005:, and
932:DOYTCH
861:D-Mark
859:" or "
754:at par
532:UNTAES
516:, and
483:, and
356:
340:
309:
205:Symbol
185:Plural
138:Symbol
129:Plural
82:D-Mark
69:
61:
57:German
53:
6668:Money
5808:Other
5611:Spain
5586:Malta
5566:Italy
5366:Coins
5289:Eonia
4360:Note:
4346:Note:
4323:trade
4109:(PDF)
4096:(PDF)
3965:2 May
3866:S2CID
3858:JSTOR
3599:JSTOR
3585:(1).
3464:Other
3290:masc.
3056:Grimm
3053:Jacob
2903:Blue
2820:tree
2814:quill
2800:Aqua
2676:Issue
2641:Image
2481:eagle
2463:Blue
2460:Blue
2328:Blue
2325:Blue
2271:Issue
2239:Image
2115:Date
2011:1966.
1876:groat
1746:25%)
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