531:, by this time well advanced. Shackleton claimed priority because he had stated his initial intentions as far back as 1909; König claimed that as a co-discoverer of the Vahsel Bay location, and as Filchner's approved successor, he had the prior right to work in this area. Each refused to defer to other; attempts by Filchner and others to mediate, or to achieve a measure of cooperation between the two expeditions, were unsuccessful. It appeared that two competing expeditions, with similar objectives, would be in the same location at the same time.
483:
Weddell Sea that extended over eight months, before breaking free from the ice on 26 November 1912. She finally reached South
Georgia on 19 December, but by this time the expedition was in almost complete disarray. Vahsel had died during the drift, internal dissents and disagreements among officers, staff and crew had degenerated towards outright violence, and morale was at rock-bottom. In these circumstances the expedition could not continue, and the personnel dispersed.
372:
482:
was turned northwards, to head back to South
Georgia and await a further opportunity in the following summer. However, they had left it too late; almost immediately, the ship was beset in solid ice and all attempts, including the use of dynamite, failed to free her. She began a slow drift through the
201:
than any previous vessel in those waters, but became trapped, surviving an eight-months long drift in heavy ice before being freed. After the expedition she was sold to
Austria as the basis for another planned Antarctic expedition, but this was cancelled on the outbreak of the
411:
Under guidance freely provided by
Shackleton, further strengthening of the hull took place, with additional 20 cm (8 in) diagonal braces, and protection at the stem by iron plating. A well was built through which the propellers – nickel steel, created by the
503:
424:
to accommodate the crew, and a purpose-built laboratory on the main deck. Other features – galley, main saloon, charthouse and bridge, were likewise upgraded. A generator was installed, to provide electric light throughout the ship.
276:. The inner hull, probably of fir, gave another 15 cm of thickness. The oak ribs were 24 cm (9½in) at the waterline, extending to 39 cm (15¼in) at the keel. The oak deck was supported on 25 cm (10 in) beams.
478:, Filchner attempted to establish a shore base, but was unable to do so – the camp was set up on a berg that broke loose in a tidal surge. Further attempts also failed, and it now being late in the season, on 4 March 1912
591:
518:
who had accompanied
Filchner on the German expedition, was anxious to make a repeat attempt on a Weddell Sea landing and to resume Filchner's aborted plans. With the help of wealthy backers in Austria, he bought
420:– could be hauled to safety when not in use. The interior of the ship was substantially redesigned to meet the requirements of an Antarctic voyage; sixteen cabins for officers and scientific staff, an extended
391:
was again available, at the increased price of £12,700 (around £1,300,000 present-day). Filchner, with greater financial resources than
Shackleton, considered this a fair price, and bought her, renaming her
547:, awaiting instructions. The situation in Europe was rapidly descending into war; König received orders to cancel his expedition (Shackleton, on the other hand, received instructions from the
467:'s 90-year-old southernmost mark of 74°15'S on 29 January 1912. On 31 January, at 77°48'S after steaming through open waters, she reached the southern limits of the Weddell Sea at a vast
387:, to the Weddell Sea. He wished to land there, and to examine the nature of the connection between the eastern and western sectors of the still largely unexplored Antarctic continent.
340:
to inspect her. Unfortunately, Christiansen's price – £11,000, or approximately £1,150,000 in 2018 terms – was beyond
Shackleton's means; he eventually acquired the much older, smaller
463:
departed for the
Weddell Sea. In the course of the ensuing seven-week voyage, often held up by thick ice, she travelled further south than any previous ship in this sea, surpassing
408:, her engine capacity was increased to 300 hp. This could provide a speed of around 7 knots in suitable weather, burning approximately 6 tons of coal daily – 3 at half-speed.
573:
entered the
Weddell Sea in January 1911 but failed to reach Vahsel Bay, was caught in the ice, and drifted until October 1915 before being crushed and sunk. Her crew escaped to
459:, although was unable to land there due to bad weather. On 11 December 1911 sea conditions were deemed satisfactory for travelling south, and the heavily laden
1305:
456:
272:. The all-wooden hull was constructed to an exceptional strength, with outer oak planking of 15 cm (6 in) oak sheathed with 8 cm (3¼in)
237:, and was employed in the Arctic, under her captain, Bjørn Jorgensen, where she gained a good reputation as a reliable sailer in ice-bound waters.
1256:
1237:
1040:
1330:
586:
528:
21:
384:
366:
194:
1315:
1190:
1158:
1137:
1116:
1196:
397:
230:
69:
47:
494:
weather station. After carrying out further oceanographical work in the South
Atlantic, she returned to Germany in late 1913.
1310:
1127:
1180:
468:
1300:
1295:
1169:
1104:
1285:
490:
sailed to Buenos Aires, where she was loaned temporarily to the Argentine government to relieve the government's
1325:
1320:
455:
and, while waiting for ice conditions in the southern ocean to improve, made a brief experimental trip to the
1290:
253:
120:
569:
556:
207:
452:
1275:
527:. When he announced his plans early in 1914, he found that they clashed with those of Shackleton's
1075:
1067:
1252:
1233:
1154:
1133:
1112:
1036:
548:
329:
325:
256:
598, with measurements of 48.5 metres (158 feet) length overall, 9.02 m (29.68 ft)
1280:
1201:
1059:
380:
51:
574:
292:
257:
203:
1087:
511:
447:
study of the Atlantic was carried out. Filchner joined the expedition at Buenos Aires;
436:
284:
280:
55:
1269:
1019:
491:
464:
342:
307:
in fair weather. She was equipped with a coal-burning auxiliary engine that gave 210
1079:
564:
444:
440:
332:, and seeking a suitable ship to take him south. He learned from Christiansen that
296:
273:
261:
190:
93:
1220:
193:
ship, built in 1905. She is best known for her role as the expedition ship in the
1148:
401:
1050:
Filchner, Wilhelm; Przybyllok, Erich (1913). "The German Antarctic Expedition".
563:. She served in this capacity until 1917, when she was sunk by a torpedo in the
560:
432:
304:
265:
211:
198:
1205:
1088:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"
371:
357:
continued successfully with her sealing duties in the Arctic, under Jorgensen.
475:
421:
337:
308:
73:
20:
510:
Filchner had lost his enthusiasm for Antarctic exploration, but the Austrian
291:
plan; Rorke Bryan in his history of the polar ships states that "she carried
225:
began her career as a Norwegian bottle-nosed whaler and sealer, built at the
919:
917:
1003:
515:
226:
65:
502:
146:
At stem, 5.49 m (18.0 ft); at stern 6.56 m (21.5 ft)
544:
405:
300:
288:
1071:
197:
of 1911–13. During this expedition she was taken further south in the
249:
186:
109:
1063:
592:
List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922
501:
417:
413:
370:
269:
400:
shipyard in Sandefjord for extensive modification; later, in the
577:
by sledge and boat, and were ultimately rescued in August 1916.
303:". Under full sail she was reportedly capable of speeds of 9–10
1132:. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford, England: ABC-CLIO.
923:
650:
648:
498:
Felix König and proposed Austrian Antarctic Expedition, 1914
1150:
German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870-1940
1020:"Antarctic Rivalry: the Shackleton and Koenig Expeditions"
806:
794:
1111:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–71.
1153:. Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press.
841:
839:
299:, and rather surprisingly for a new ship, had undivided
958:
956:
868:
866:
778:
776:
774:
677:
675:
635:
633:
631:
629:
616:
614:
612:
1200:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1129:
Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia
439:, on the first leg of her voyage, which took her to
283:
stood at 24m (78¾ft), with a 21 m (69 ft)
214:until 1917, when she was sunk in a torpedo attack.
154:
330 hp (250 kW) Coal fired steam and sail
1189:
1105:"Wilhelm Filchner and Deutschland, 1911 and 1912"
1004:"Antarctic Explorers: Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957"
311:and was later modified to provide greater power.
1249:1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica
654:
523:and changed her name once again, this time to
1052:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
8:
287:. Little information is available as to her
1170:"As if the Weddell Sea were not Big Enough"
486:Under a replacement captain, Alfred Kling,
361:Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13
1191:"Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry (1874–1922)"
830:
741:
1197:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
974:
608:
469:ice barrier, later named after Filchner
206:in August 1914. The ship served in the
185:between 1914 and 1917, was a Norwegian
884:
857:
845:
818:
753:
717:
705:
15:
1033:Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic
986:
962:
935:
908:
896:
872:
782:
765:
729:
693:
681:
666:
639:
620:
38:
7:
947:
551:to proceed). When war was declared,
268:and 6.56 m (21 ft) at the
39:Norway, later Germany, later Austria
1306:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1230:Shackleton: By Endurance we Conquer
1035:. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House.
587:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
529:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
264:of 5.49 m (18 ft) at the
474:Here, in a small inlet christened
385:Second German Antarctic Expedition
367:Second German Antarctic Expedition
195:Second German Antarctic Expedition
14:
1232:. London: OneWorld Publications.
443:. During this stage an extensive
924:Adelaide Advertiser 8 April 1914
19:
567:. Meanwhile, Shackleton's ship
383:began his preparations for the
336:was for sale, and travelled to
807:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
795:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1:
1188:Savours, Ann (January 2011).
1181:New Zealand Antarctic Society
1147:Murphy, David Thomas (2002).
1126:Mills, William James (2003).
1221:UK public library membership
396:. She was then taken to the
330:British Antarctic Expedition
248:was built as a three-masted
1251:. London: The Bodley Head.
1109:The Island of South Georgia
435:in May 1911, under Captain
179:between 1905 and 1909, and
68:shipyard, modified 1910 at
1347:
1331:Maritime incidents in 1917
1026:. 8 April 1914. p. 5.
398:Framnæs Mekaniske Værksted
364:
138:9.02 m (29.6 ft)
70:Framnæs Mekaniske Værksted
1103:Headland, Robert (1984).
555:was requisitioned by the
130:48.5 m (159 ft)
100:
92:Sunk by a torpedo in the
33:
18:
1316:Expeditions from Germany
1024:The Advertiser, Adelaide
1228:Smith, Michael (2019).
101:General characteristics
1247:Turney, Chris (2012).
1206:10.1093/ref:odnb/36034
559:and commissioned as a
539:Early in August 1914,
507:
457:South Sandwich Islands
376:
254:gross register tonnage
1311:Antarctic expeditions
1168:Rack, Ursula (2014).
1031:Bryan, Rorke (2011).
557:Austro-Hungarian Navy
505:
374:
233:. She was christened
229:shipyard in 1905 for
208:Austro-Hungarian Navy
708:, pp. 184, 186.
260:, and a fully laden
231:Christen Christensen
48:Christen Christensen
1179:. 32, no. 3 (229).
938:, pp. 267–268.
768:, pp. 228–229.
696:, pp. 257–259.
346:for around half of
328:was organising his
1301:1912 in Antarctica
1296:1911 in Antarctica
809:, pp. 425–27.
797:, pp. 423–24.
732:, pp. 260–61.
655:MeasuringWorth.com
543:lay in harbour in
514:, a biologist and
508:
377:
28:at an unknown date
1286:Exploration ships
1258:978-1-84792-174-1
1239:978-1-78074-707-1
1219:(Subscription or
1042:978-1-57409-312-4
950:, pp. 33–34.
549:British Admiralty
451:then moved on to
326:Ernest Shackleton
166:
165:
1338:
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1090:. MeasuringWorth
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1006:. South-Pole.com
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375:Wilhelm Filchner
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52:Wilhelm Filchner
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1326:1912 in science
1321:1911 in science
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535:First World War
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204:First World War
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1064:10.2307/200593
1058:(6): 423–430.
1047:
1041:
1028:
1016:
998:
995:
992:
991:
989:, p. 372.
979:
967:
965:, p. 268.
952:
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911:, p. 258.
901:
899:, p. 257.
889:
887:, p. 207.
877:
875:, p. 264.
862:
860:, p. 102.
850:
848:, p. 205.
835:
831:South-pole.com
823:
821:, p. 198.
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785:, p. 229.
770:
758:
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686:
684:, p. 228.
671:
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659:
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437:Richard Vahsel
402:Blohm and Voss
365:Main article:
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242:
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164:
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162:up to 10 knots
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1291:Whaling ships
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1160:0-8032-3205-5
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1139:1-57607-422-6
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1118:0-521-25274-1
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779:
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756:, p. 97.
755:
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747:
744:, p. 70.
743:
742:Headland 1984
738:
735:
731:
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723:
720:, p. 95.
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492:Laurie Island
489:
484:
481:
477:
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466:
465:James Weddell
462:
458:
454:
453:South Georgia
450:
446:
445:oceanographic
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1229:
1209:. Retrieved
1195:
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1128:
1108:
1092:. Retrieved
1055:
1051:
1032:
1023:
1008:. Retrieved
982:
975:Savours 2011
970:
943:
931:
904:
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826:
814:
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749:
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689:
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568:
565:Adriatic Sea
552:
540:
538:
524:
520:
509:
487:
485:
479:
473:
460:
448:
441:Buenos Aires
431:sailed from
428:
427:
410:
404:shipyard in
393:
388:
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354:
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341:
333:
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315:Polar career
278:
245:
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241:Construction
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222:
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169:
168:
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94:Adriatic Sea
25:
1010:9 September
885:Turney 2012
858:Murphy 2002
846:Turney 2012
819:Turney 2012
754:Murphy 2002
718:Murphy 2002
706:Turney 2012
561:minesweeper
521:Deutschland
512:Felix König
506:Felix König
488:Deutschland
480:Deutschland
461:Deutschland
449:Deutschland
433:Bremerhaven
429:Deutschland
416:factory in
394:Deutschland
293:topgallants
223:Deutschland
212:minesweeper
199:Weddell Sea
173:, known as
170:Deutschland
56:Felix König
26:Deutschland
1276:1905 ships
1270:Categories
1223:required.)
987:Smith 2019
963:Smith 2019
936:Smith 2019
909:Smith 2019
897:Smith 2019
873:Bryan 2011
783:Mills 2003
766:Mills 2003
730:Bryan 2011
694:Bryan 2011
682:Mills 2003
667:Smith 2019
640:Bryan 2011
621:Bryan 2011
598:References
553:Osterreich
541:Osterreich
525:Osterreich
476:Vahsel Bay
353:s price.
338:Sandefjord
320:Shackleton
309:horsepower
274:greenheart
182:Osterreich
151:Propulsion
74:Sandefjord
1211:4 October
1177:Antarctic
1094:4 October
948:Rack 2014
603:Citations
570:Endurance
119:598
72:shipyard
1183:: 33–34.
581:See also
516:alpinist
422:fo'c'sle
379:In 1909
324:In 1907
301:topsails
285:foremast
281:mainmast
81:Launched
76:, Norway
1281:Barques
1080:4033913
997:Sources
545:Trieste
406:Hamburg
295:but no
289:rigging
262:draught
191:sealing
187:whaling
143:Draught
116:Tonnage
62:Builder
54:, then
50:, then
34:History
1255:
1236:
1217:
1157:
1136:
1115:
1078:
1072:200593
1070:
1039:
343:Nimrod
297:royals
250:barque
218:Origin
127:Length
110:Barque
96:, 1917
1173:(PDF)
1076:S2CID
1068:JSTOR
418:Essen
414:Krupp
389:Bjørn
355:Bjørn
351:'
348:Bjørn
334:Bjørn
305:knots
270:stern
246:Bjørn
235:Bjørn
227:Risør
210:as a
176:Bjørn
159:Speed
66:Risør
44:Owner
1253:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1213:2019
1155:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1096:2019
1037:ISBN
1012:2019
279:The
266:stem
258:beam
189:and
135:Beam
106:Type
89:Fate
84:1905
1202:doi
1060:doi
121:GRT
1272::
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1056:45
1054:.
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955:^
916:^
865:^
838:^
773:^
674:^
647:^
628:^
611:^
471:.
252:,
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